gecko

Gecko
Gold dust day gecko (also known as Madagascar day geckos)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Lacertilia Family: Gekkonidae Gray, 1825
Subfamilies
Aeluroscalabotinae Eublepharinae Gekkoninae Teratoscincinae Diplodactylinae

Geckos are small to average sized lizards belonging to the family Gekkonidae, found in warm climates throughout the world. Geckos are unique among lizards in their vocalizations, making chirping sounds in social interactions with other geckos. An estimated 2,000 different species of geckos exist worldwide, with many likely yet to be discovered. The name stems from the Indonesian/Javanese word Tokek, inspired by the sound these animals make. The Malay word for gecko is cicak.

All geckos, excluding the Eublepharinae family, have no eyelids and instead have a transparent membrane which they lick to clean. Many species will, in defense, expel a foul-smelling material and feces onto their aggressors. There are also many species that will drop their tails in defense, a process called autotomy. Many species are well known for their specialized toe pads that enable them to climb smooth and vertical surfaces, and even cross indoor ceilings with ease (it is believed that the van der Waal's force may contribute to this capability). These antics are well-known to people who live in warm regions of the world, where several species of geckos make their home inside human habitations. These species (for example the House Gecko) become part of the indoor menagerie and are often welcome guests, as they feed on insects, including mosquitoes.

The largest species, Delcourt's gecko, is only known from a single, stuffed specimen found in the basement of a museum in Marseille, France. This gecko was 60 cm long and it was native to New Zealand. It was probably wiped out along with much of the native fauna of these islands at the end of the 19th century, when new predators were introduced there. The smallest gecko, the Jaragua Sphaero, is a mere 16 mm long and was discovered in 2001 on a small island off the coast of the Dominican Republic.^[1]

Common traits

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Geckos come in various colors and patterns. Some are subtly patterned and somewhat rubbery looking, while others are brightly colored. Some species can change color to blend in with their environment or with particular temperatures. Some species are parthenogenic, which means the female is capable of reproducing without copulating with a male. This improves the gecko's ability to spread to new islands. However, in a situation where a single female gecko populates an entire island, said island will suffer from a lack of genetic variation within the geckos that inhabit it. Geckos also make a quality pet for small households. They can live and breed in small tanks or Terrariums. They must have proper livng space to survive. The average temperature in the day should be between 78-88 degrees and at night temperatures should not go below 72 degrees inside the tank. Proper foods for the geckos range from small baby crickets, to green vegetables such as lettuce and cabbage. Packaged food can also be a good substitute.

Gecko toes: setae and van der Waals forces

Close-up of the underside of a gecko's foot as it walks on vertical glass

The toes of the gecko have developed a special adaptation that allows them to adhere to most surfaces without the use of liquids or surface tension. Recent studies of the spatula tipped setae on gecko footpads demonstrate that the attractive forces that hold geckos to surfaces are van der Waals interactions between the finely divided setae and the surfaces themselves. Every square millimeter of a gecko's footpad contains about 14,000 hair-like setae. Each seta has a diameter of 5 micrometers. Human hair varies from 18 to 180 micrometers, so a human hair could hold between 3 to 36 setae. Each seta is in turn tipped with between 100 and 1,000 spatulae.^[2] Each spatula is 0.2 micrometers long^[2] (200 billionths of a meter), or just below the wavelength of visible light.^[3]

Uroplatus fimbriatus clinging to glass.

These van der Waals interactions involve no fluids; in theory, a boot made of synthetic setae would adhere as easily to the surface of the International Space Station as it would to a living room wall, although adhesion varies with humidity and is dramatically reduced under water, suggesting a contribution from capillarity.^[4] The setae on the feet of geckos are also self cleaning and will usually remove any clogging dirt within a few steps.^[2][5] Teflon, which has very low van der Waals forces,^[6] is the only known surface to which a gecko cannot stick.^[7] Geckos' toes seem to be "double jointed", but this is a misnomer. Their toes actually bend in the opposite direction from our fingers and toes. This allows them to overcome the van der Waals force by peeling their toes off surfaces from the tips inward. In essence, this peeling action alters the angle of incidence between millions of individual setae and the surface, reducing the van der Waals force. Geckos' toes operate well below their full attractive capabilities for most of the time. This is because there is a great margin for error depending upon the roughness of the surface, and therefore the number of setae in contact with that surface. If a typical mature 70 g (2.5 oz) gecko had every one of its setae in contact with a surface, it would be capable of holding aloft a weight of 133 kg (290 lb):^[8] each spatula can exert an adhesive force of 10 nanonewtons (0.0010 mg_f).^[4] Each seta can resist 10 milligrams-force (98 µN), which is equivalent to 10 atmospheres of pull.^[2]. This means a gecko can support about eight times its weight hanging from just one toe on smooth glass.^[2]

Nocturnal vision

A study from Lund University^[9] proved that nocturnal geckos such as the helmet gecko, Tarentola chazaliaei, discriminate colors in dim moonlight when humans are color blind. The sensitivity of the helmet gecko eye was calculated to be 350 times higher than human cone vision at the color vision threshold. The optics in the gecko's eyes, having distinct concentric zones of different refractive powers that constitute a multifocal optical system, together with the large cones of the gecko, are important reasons why they can use color vision at low light intensities. Although the intraspecific variation is large, in most of the individuals studied the concentric zones differed by 15 diopters. This is of the same magnitude as needed to focus light of the wavelength range to which gecko photoreceptors are most sensitive. In contrast, the optical system of a different day gecko species showed no signs of distinct concentric zones and is thereby monofocal. Another feature of the nocturnal geckos – and other lizards – in which they differ from most other vertebrates is that they only have cones in their retina.

Fossil Cretaceogekko

A gecko, partly preserved in Burmese amber for 100 million years, is the oldest fossilized gecko ever found, being about 50 million years older than Yanatarogecko, previously the oldest known preserved gecko. The preserved foot and partial tail show that the Lower Cretaceous already possessed the tiny lamellae, or sticking toe setae; counting them convinced paleontologists that the fossil was a juvenile. It had a striped skin pattern that probably served as camouflage.

The amber, which was mined in the isolated Hukawng Valley, Myanmar, began its existence as tree sap, in which the lizard was caught. The new species has been given the name Cretaceogekko burmae.^[10]

Taxonomy

The family Gekkonidae is divided into five subfamilies, containing numerous genera of gecko species.

Classification

Gold dust day gecko licking nectar from the 'bird of paradise' flower of Strelitzia.

Family Gekkonidae

• subfamily Aeluroscalabotinae
  • single genus Aeluroscalabotes, only one species A. felinus, Southeast Asia
• subfamily Diplodactylinae
  • 16 genera, found in Oceania
• subfamily Eublepharinae
  • 5 genera
• subfamily Gekkoninae
  • biggest subfamily, with 74 genera worldwide, some of the biggest genera are:
    • genus Gehyra, Web-toed Geckos or Dtellas
    • genus Gekko, true geckos
    • genus Hemidactylus
    • genus Phelsuma, day geckos, most are endemic to Madagascar.
    • genus Phyllodactylus, leaf-toed geckos
    • ...
• subfamily Teratoscincinae
  • single genus Teratoscincus (7 species)

Common species of geckos

Pores on the skin are often used in classification.

Mediterranean house gecko

• Bibron's gecko, Pachydactylus bibroni — Native to Southern Africa, this hardy arboreal gecko is relatively common as a pet.
• Crested gecko, Rhacodactylus ciliatus — Believed extinct until rediscovered in 1994. Gaining in popularity as a pet.
• Crocodile gecko or Moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica — very strong and heavily built for their size usually growing up to 15 cm (6 in). They are commonly found in the Mediterranean region from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France to Greece and northern Africa. Their most distinguishing characteristic is their pointed head and spiked skin with their tail resembling that of a crocodile's.
• Cyrtopodion brachykolon; commonly known as "bent-toed gecko", found in north-western Pakistan.
• Suras Gecko
• Gargoyle gecko, Rhacodactylus auriculatus — commonly known as the New Caledonian bumpy gecko or gargoyle gecko.
• Gold dust day gecko (Phelsuma laticauda laticauda (Boettger, 1880) (syn. Pachydactylus laticauda Boettger, 1880)) is a diurnal subspecies of geckos. It lives in northern Madagascar and on the Comoros.
• Golden Gecko, Gekko ulikovskii — native to the warm rainforests of Vietnam.
• House Gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus — A species that thrives around man and human habitation structures in the tropics and subtropics world wide.
• Indo-Pacific Gecko, Hemidactylus garnotii — Also known as a fox gecko because of its long, narrow snout. This species is found in houses throughout the tropics. This gecko may eat leafcutter ants.
• New Caledonian giant gecko, Rhacodactylus leachianus — first described by Cuvier in 1829, is the largest of the Rhacodactylus geckos.
• Leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius — The most common gecko kept as a pet is the leopard gecko, which does not have toe pads with setae, but rather claws. These enable it to more easily climb on rough surfaces like tree bark. This gecko cannot climb the glass of a terrarium. The leopard gecko tends to be docile and calm. This gecko can eat butterworms, cockroaches, crickets, mealworms, waxworms, superworms, and pink mice.
• Mediterranean gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus — residential and wild, introduced species (USA).
• Mourning gecko, originally an East Asian and Pacific species, Lepidodactylus lugubris is equally at home in the wild as in residential neighborhoods. Found in Hawaii, it may have been an early Polynesian introduction. A parthenogenic species. There is a report from Hawaii of someone having seen a larger gecko of this type eating a smaller one (or rather, running away from view with a smaller gecko halfway out of its mouth) on two occasions.^{[citation needed]}
• Ptychozoon, — a genus of arboreal gecko from Southeast Asia, known as Flying Geckos or Parachute Geckos, has wing-like flaps from the neck to the upper leg, to help it conceal itself on trees and provide lift while jumping.
• Stump-toed gecko, Gehyra mutilata (Peropus mutilatus) — This gecko, commonly referred to as a Gheckl, can vary its color from very light to very dark to blend into a background. At home in the wild as well as in residential neighborhoods.
• Tree gecko, Hemiphyllodactylus typus — Tree geckos are forest dwellers.
• Tokay gecko, Gekko gecko — a large, common, Southeast Asian gecko known for its aggressive temperament, loud mating calls, and bright markings.
• Western banded gecko, Coleonyx variegatus — Native to southwestern United States and northwest Mexico.
• Dwarf gecko, Sphaerodactylus ariasae — native to the Caribbean islands, and the world's smallest lizard

Geckos in popular culture

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Corporate symbols

• In the past few years, geckos have entered into the consciousness of the USA as the advertising icon for the insurance company GEICO, whose advertisements feature an animated anthropomorphic gecko (of the Phelsuma genus) that speaks with a British Cockney accent.
• The current mascot of SUSE Linux distribution is a gecko called Geeko, also known as the "SUSE Lizard", but is a Chameleon for the shape.
• The logo of the car builder Wiesmann is a gecko.
• The beverage company SoBe uses a dancing gecko as a mascot.

Video games

• Gex is an anthropomorphic, wise-cracking gecko and the protagonist of the GEX series.
• The Pokémon Treecko, and its evolved forms Grovyle and Sceptile are based on the gecko.
• Fallout 2 features mutated geckos as low-level enemies, with more powerful variants appearing later in the game. There is also a town called Gecko, and gecko skins can be harvested.

Literature

• A gecko called Geronimo is featured in the book My Family and Other Animals by the celebrated naturalist Gerald Durrell.
• Edgar, a character from the webcomic Pandect is an Ace of Blue and White geckos. He is possibly a piebald blue gecko.
• In the book Spud, the narrator's friend (who dies of malaria) is named Gecko (due to the fact that he's always sick).

Film and television

• The horror film Aberration featured mutated geckos.
• In the animated film Madagascar, there is a dancing Gecko used as King Julian's new crown
• The design of the Malaysian superhero Cicak Man is based on the gecko; cicak is Malay for gecko.
• In the sitcom Frasier episode The First Temptation Of Daphne, Martin and Frasier use a gecko to catch a cricket in Frasier's apartment.

See also

• Gu
• Adhesion
• Dispersive adhesion
• Geckel

References

Further reading

• Forbes, Peter (4th Estate, London 2005) 'The Gecko's Foot - Bio Inspiration: Engineered from Nature' ISBN 0-00-717990-1 in H/B

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gekkonidae

• Gecko-Conservation
• How Geckos Stick to Walls
• Comprehensive Gecko Care Information
• Global gecko association site with pictures, caresheets, species list
• Gecko anatomy picture
• The Gecko's Foot
• GeckoWebcam
• Artificial Gecko feet for a Spiderman suit (BBC 2007-08-28)\