George Davis Snell
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George Davis Snell
American geneticist (1903–1996)
Snell was born in Bradford, Massachusetts, and educated at Dartmouth and Harvard, where he obtained his doctorate in 1930. After brief appointments at Texas, Brown, and Washington University, St. Louis, he joined the staff of the Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, in 1935 and remained there for his entire career, retiring finally in 1969.
Early in his career, while at the University of Texas, Snell was the first to show that x-rays can cause mutations in mammals, by his demonstration that x-rays induce chromosome translocations in mice. His main work concerned what he called the major histocompatibility complex. It had been known since the 1920s that although skin grafts between mice are generally rapidly rejected they survive best when made between the same inbred line. Snell's coworker Peter Gorer showed in 1937 that this was due to the presence of certain histocompatibility antigens found on the surface of mouse cells and since known as the H-2 antigens. In the 1940s Snell began a detailed study of the system.
His first task was to develop inbred strains of mice through backcrossing, genetically identical except at the H-2 locus. After much effort he was able to show that the H-2 antigens were controlled by the genes at the H-2 complex of chromosome 17, described by him as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
It was for this work that Snell shared the 1980 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Jean Dausset and Baruj Benacerraf.
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George Davis Snell
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George Davis Snell
Snell, George Davis, 1903-96, American immunologist, b. Bradford, Mass., Ph.D. Harvard, 1930. He was associated with the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine from 1935 to 1973. His identification of the H-2 gene complex in mice helped make future organ transplants possible. Snell, Jean Dausset, and Baruj Benacerraf shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the genetic basis of immune system responses. His work greatly increased the understanding of autoimmune diseases and histocompatibility (see transplantation, medical).
(snĕl), George Born 1903.
American geneticist. He shared a 1980 Nobel Prize for discoveries concerning cell structure that enhanced understanding of the immunological system, resulting in higher success rates in organ transplantation.
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George Davis Snell
For the Anglican bishops, see George Snell (bishop).
| George Davis Snell | |
|---|---|
| Born | December 19, 1903 Bradford, Massachusetts |
| Died | June 6, 1996 (aged 92) Bar Harbor, Maine |
| Nationality | United States |
| Fields | genetics immunologist |
| Notable awards | 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |
George Davis Snell (December 19, 1903 – June 6, 1996) was an American mouse geneticist and basic transplant immunologist.
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Contents
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Work
George Snell shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Baruj Benacerraf and Jean Dausset for their discoveries concerning "genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions". Snell specifically "discovered the genetic factors that determine the possibilities of transplanting tissue from one individual to another. It was Snell who introduced the concept of H antigens."[1] Snell's work in mice led to the discovery of HLA, the major histocompatibility complex, in humans (and all vertebrates) that is analogous to the H-2 complex in mice. Recognition of these key genes was prerequisite to successful tissue and organ transplantation.
Life
George Snell was born in Bradford, Massachusetts, the youngest of three children. His father (who was born in Minnesota), worked as a secretary for the local YMCA; he invented a device for winding induction coils for motorboat engines. Snell was educated in the Brookline, Massachusetts schools and then enrolled at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire where he continued his passion for mathematics and science, focusing on genetics. He received his Bachelor's degree from Dartmouth in 1926.
On the recommendation of John Gerould, his genetics professor at Dartmouth, Snell did graduate work at Harvard University with William E. Castle, the first American biologist to look for Mendelian inheritance in mammals. Snell earned his PhD from Harvard in 1930. His doctoral thesis was on genetic linkage in mice.
Upon receiving the Ph.D from Harvard, George Snell was employed as a teacher at Brown University, from 1930~1931.
Snell then spent two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas with H.J. Muller, who pioneered radiation genetics (and was also to win a Nobel Prize). Not surprisingly, Snell studied the genetic effects of x-rays on mice with Muller.
This experience "served to convince me that research was my real love," Snell wrote in his autobiography.[2]"If it were to be research, mouse genetics was the clear choice and the Jackson Laboratory, founded in 1929 by Dr. Clarence Cook Little, one of Castle's earlier students, almost the inevitable selection as a place to work." The Jackson Laboratory was (and still is) the world's mecca for mouse genetics.
From 1933~1934, Snell was a teacher at WUSTL.
After brief stints as teachers, in 1935 Snell joined the staff of The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor on beautiful Mount Desert Island by the coast of Maine and he remained there for the entire balance of his long career. In Bar Harbor, he met and married Rhoda Carson. Together they had three sons, Thomas, Roy, and Peter. In his leisure time, Snell enjoyed skiing, a passion he developed during his years at Dartmouth, as well as tennis.
Snell received the Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award in 1978 for distinguished research in immunology. In 1988, he authored a substantial book, Search for a Rational Ethic, on the nature of ethics and the rules by which we live. It includes an evolution-based ethic founded on biological realities that he believed to be applicable to all human beings.
Snell died in Bar Harbor, Maine on June 6, 1996.
Awards and honors
1935-68 The Jackson Laboratory, Staff Scientist
1952 Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1955 Hekteon Medal of American Medical Association
1962 Griffen Animal Care Panel Award
1962 Bertner Foundation Award
1967 Gregor Mendel Medal, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
1968-96 The Jackson Laboratory, Senior Staff Scientist Emeritus
1970 Elected to National Academy of Sciences
1976 Gairdner Foundation Award
1978 National Cancer Institute Award
1978 Elected to British Transplantation Society, Honorary
1978 Wolf Prize in Medicine
1979 Elected to French Academy of Sciences, Foreign Associate
1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1982 Elected to American Philosophical Society
1983 Elected to British Society of Immunology, Honorary
See also
External links
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