George Eastman

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American inventor (1854–1932)

Eastman, who was born in Waterville, New York, began his career in banking and insurance but turned from this to photography. In 1880 he perfected the dry-plate photographic film and began manufacturing this. He produced a transparent roll film in 1884 and in the same year founded the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company. In 1888 he introduced the simple hand-held box camera that made popular photography possible. The Kodak camera with a roll of transparent film was cheap enough for all pockets and could be used by a child. It was followed by the Brownie camera, which cost just one dollar.

Eastman gave away a considerable part of his fortune to educational institutions, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He committed suicide in 1932.

(b Waterville, NY, 12 July 1854; d Rochester, NY, 14 March 1932). American inventor and photographer. He took up photography in 1877, and in 1878, dissatisfied with the cumbersome wet collodion process, he started making the new gelatin dry plates (see PHOTOGRAPHY,

See the Abbreviations for further details.

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By mass-producing his inventions, the American inventor and industrialist George Eastman (1854-1932) promoted photography as a popular hobby. He was also a benefactor of educational institutions.

George Eastman was born in Waterville, N.Y., on July 12, 1854, and educated in Rochester public schools. He advanced from messenger to bookkeeper in the Rochester Savings Bank by 1877. Frugal with money - his only extravagance amateur photography - he spent his savings on cameras and supplies and went to Mackinac Island. When photographic chemicals ruined his packed clothes, he became disgusted with the wet-plate process.

In the 1870s American photography was still slow, difficult, and expensive. Equipment included a huge camera, strong tripod, large plateholder, dark tent, chemicals, water container, and heavy glass plates. Eastman experimented with dry-plate techniques. He was the first American to contribute to photographic technology by coating glass plates with gelatin and silver bromide. In 1879 his coating machine was patented in England, in 1880 in America. He sold his English patent and opened a shop to manufacture photographic plates in Rochester. To eliminate glass plates, Eastman coated paper with gelatin and photographic emulsion. The developed film was stripped from the paper to make a negative. This film was rolled on spools. Eastman and William Walker devised a lightweight roll holder to fit any camera.

Amateurs could develop pictures after Eastman substituted transparent film for the paper in 1884. Flexible film was created by Hannibal Goodwin of New York and a young Eastman chemist, Henry Reichenback. The long patent dispute between Goodwin and Eastman was the most important legal controversy in photographic history. A Federal court decision on Aug. 14, 1913, favored Goodwin. Goodwin's heirs and Ansco Company, owners of his patent, received $5,000,000 from Eastman in 1914.

In 1888 Eastman designed a simple camera, the Kodak (Eastman's coined word, without meaning), which was easy to carry and eliminated focusing and lighting. With a 100-exposure roll of celluloid film, it sold for $25.00. After taking the pictures and sending the camera and $10 to the Rochester factory, the photographer received his prints and reloaded camera. Eastman's slogan, "You press the button, we do the rest," was well known.

Anticipating photography's increased popularity, in 1892 Eastman incorporated the Eastman Kodak Company. This was one of the first American firms to mass-produce standardized products and to maintain a chemical laboratory. By 1900 his factories at Rochester and at Harrow, England, employed over 3,000 people and by 1920 more than 15,000. Eastman, at first treasurer and general manager, later became president and finally board chairman.

Daylight-loading film and cameras eliminated returning them to the factory. To Eastman's old slogan was added "or you can do it yourself." A pocket Kodak was marketed in 1897, a folding Kodak in 1898, noncurling film in 1903, and color film in 1928. Eastman film was indispensable to Thomas Edison's motion pictures; Edison's incandescent bulb was used by Eastman and by photographers specializing in "portraits taken by electric light."

Eastman's staff worked on abstract problems of molecular structure and relativity, as well as on photographic improvements. During World War I his laboratory helped make America's chemical industry independent of Germany, and finally the world leader.

Concerned with employee welfare, Eastman was the first American businessman to grant workers dividends and profit sharing. He systematically gave away his huge fortune to the University of Rochester (especially the medical school and Eastman School of Music), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Hampton Institute, Tuskegee Institute, Rochester Dental Dispensary, and European dental clinics.

After a long illness the lonely, retiring bachelor committed suicide on March 14, 1932, in Rochester. He had written to friends, "My work is done. Why wait?"

Further Reading

The best biography of Eastman is Carl W. Ackerman, George Eastman (1930). Robert Taft, Photography and the American Scene: A Social History, 1839-1889 (1938), places Eastman in perspective in the evolution of photography. Mitchell Wilson, American Science and Invention: A Pictorial History (1954), is also helpful.

Eastman, George (1854-1932), American industrialist and photographic innovator. Eastman, born in Waterville, New York, probably inherited his acute business sense from his father, who founded the Eastman Commercial College in 1842. Within a few years of the latter's death, George—still a young teenager—left school and began working his way up through bookkeeping jobs in small businesses and banks in Rochester where the family had moved. He took up photography at the age of 23. Confronted with the laborious complexity of the silver nitrate and wet-plate process, he began a search for simplifying remedies, the intensity of which came to govern his life. Sometimes accused of patent infringement and creating monopolies by buying out innovative competitors, Eastman nonetheless became noted for his fair treatment of employees and, later, his educational philanthropy. Sometimes overlooked was his close association with Thomas Edison and the development of effective motion-picture film. Eastman's greatest legacy, however, rests with his development—in stages—of a simple camera. Beginning in 1888 with the first of several Kodak models, followed by celluloid roll-film in 1889, and finally with the first Brownie in 1900, photography became increasingly accessible to the masses.

— Tim Troy

Bibliography

• Brayer, E., George Eastman: A Biography (1996)

(1854-1932), inventor, manufacturer, and philanthropist. Born at Waterville, New York, Eastman left school at age fourteen to help support his widowed mother and two sisters as an errand boy in a real estate office. He became interested in photography as a youth, and while working as a bookkeeper in a Rochester bank, he perfected a process for making dry plates in his home studio. In 1880, without quitting his job, he established the Eastman Dry Plate Company with partner Henry A. Strong in the loft of a factory building. So rapidly did this business grow that Eastman left the bank to devote himself full-time to the fledgling photography firm in September 1881.

During the next decade, Eastman transformed photography from a laborious and costly art into an easy, inexpensive hobby enjoyed by millions. In 1884, he replaced cumbersome glass plates with a paper-backed roll film which he invented and marketed through the reorganized Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company. Four years later, he introduced the hand-held Kodak; loaded with film sufficient for one hundred photographs, it produced round pictures two and one-half inches in diameter. "You push the button--we do the rest," Eastman advertised. After snapping a hundred pictures, the amateur photographer returned the loaded camera to the factory where the photos were processed and the camera reloaded.

In 1889 Eastman applied for a patent for celluloid film, which provided the foundation for an entirely new and unforeseen industry--moving pictures. Three years later, after developing daylight-loading film, the firm was reorganized as the Eastman Kodak Company; in 1901 it became the Eastman Kodak Company of New Jersey, capitalized at $35 million. To minimize his competition, Eastman bought out many rivals, acquired patent rights from others, and made exclusive contracts with his wholesale and retail dealers. By 1928, the year the company perfected color photography for motion pictures, Eastman Kodak was the largest manufacturer of photographic supplies in the world, producing everything required by amateur, commercial, scientific, and motion picture photographers.

Eastman's phenomenal success was rooted in continuing scientific research, cost-efficient manufacturing methods, and a loyal labor force. He was one of the first American manufacturers to employ full-time research chemists; he pioneered large-scale production at low costs for a world market; and he introduced profit-sharing and stock-option plans for employees. At the time of his death, the company operated manufacturing plants in Rochester, New York, Kingsport, Tennessee, and England, France, Germany, Australia, and Hungary. The main plant at Kodak Park, Rochester, spread over 480 acres and employed nineteen thousand people.

Eastman never married, and his philanthropies, including bequests, totaled more than $75 million. His primary beneficiary was the University of Rochester, to which he contributed $35 million for the Eastman Theater, the School of Music, the School of Medicine and Dentistry, and the College for Women. Lesser sums were donated to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Hampton and Tuskegee institutes. His hobbies included big-game hunting and growing orchids, and he advocated a calendar based on thirteen months of twenty-eight days. Long in poor health, he took his own life at age seventy-seven. The note he left read: "My work is done. Why wait?"

Bibliography:

Carl W. Ackerman, George Eastman (1930).

Author:

Patricia Condon Johnston

See also Photography.

George Eastman

On this date in 1888, George Eastman received a patent for his roll-film camera and registered his trademark: Kodak. His invention of flexible film and a hand-held camera revolutionized the photography industry, making it something that any hobbyist could enjoy. A year later, Eastman applied for a patent for celluloid film, which became the basis of the moving pictures industry. George Eastman was also a major philanthropist, bequeathing more than $75 million after his death. After a long illness, Eastman took his own life when he was 77, leaving a note that read, "My work is done. Why wait?"

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Eastman, George, 1854-1932, American inventor, industrialist, and philanthropist, b. Waterville, N.Y. By mass production of his photographic inventions, Eastman enormously stimulated the development of photography as a popular hobby. He invented a dry-plate process and established (1880) a factory at Rochester, N.Y., for making the plates; he devised a roll film and the Kodak camera (1888) to use it, as well as a process for color photography (1928). The Eastman Kodak Company, founded in 1892, was one of the first firms in America to establish a plant for large-scale production of a standardized product and to maintain a fine chemical laboratory; its progressive welfare program included a profit-sharing plan. Eastman's philanthropies were estimated at over $100 million: the principal recipients were the Univ. of Rochester and the Eastman School of Music, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tuskegee and Hampton institutes, Rochester Dental Dispensary, and dental clinics in several European capitals. In 1932 after a long illness Eastman committed suicide.

Bibliography

See biographies by C. W. Ackerman (1930, repr. 1973) and B. Mitchell (1986).

Quotes:

"My work is done why wait."

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