George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville PC (26 January 1716 – 26 August 1785), known as Lord George Sackville until 1770 and as Lord George Germain from 1770 to 1782, was a British soldier and politician who was Secretary of State for America in Lord North's cabinet during the American Revolution. His ministry received much of the blame for Britain's loss of her American colonies. His issuance of detailed instructions in military matters, coupled with his failure to understand either the geography of the colonies or the determination of the colonists, may justify this conclusion. He had two careers. His military career had some distinction, but ended with a court martial. His political career ended with the North ministry after the loss of the American colonies.
Background and education
Born Lord George Sackville, he was the third son of Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Lieutenant-General Walter Philip Colyear. He was educated at Westminster School, and graduated from Trinity College, Dublin in 1737 before he entered the army. Sackville was elected Grandmaster of the Grand Lodge of Ireland in 1751, serving in this post for the next two years.[1]
Military career
Sackville started as a Captain in the 7th Horse (later the 6th Dragoon Guards). In 1740, he transferred to the Gloucestershire Regiment of Foot as a Lieutenant Colonel. The regiment was sent to Germany to participate in the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1743. Sackville was advanced to brevet Colonel. He saw his first battle, leading the charge of the Duke of Cumberland's infantry in the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745. He was captured, but since he was wounded in the charge, the French treated and released him. When he returned home, it was to duty in Scotland as the Colonel of the 20th Foot (Lancashire Fusiliers) Regiment.
In 1747 and 1748, he again joined the Duke of Cumberland. He became Colonel of the 7th Irish horse and served in Holland. There was a break in his military career between wars when he served as first secretary to his father and as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the Irish House of Commons for Portarlington from 1733 until 1761. During the Seven Years' War, George returned to active military service. In 1755, he was promoted to Major General and returned to active service to oversee ordnance. In 1758, he was given a fourth regiment and joined the Duke of Marlborough as a Lieutenant General. They joined the allied forces of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick in Germany. When Marlborough died, Sackville became Commander of the British forces.
Battle of Minden
In the Battle of Minden on 1 August 1759, British/Hanoverian infantry of the center made an ill advised advance on the French cavalry/artillery in that sector. They apparently went in without orders. Their attacking line formation even repulsed repeated French cavalry charges by holding until the last moment then firing a massive volley when the charge came within ten yards. As the disrupted French began to fall back on Minden, Ferdinand called for a British cavalry charge to complete the victory, but Sackville withheld permission for their advance. Ferdinand sent his order several times, but Sackville was estranged from Lord Granby, the force commander. He continued to withhold permission for Granby to gain glory through an attack, and the allies lost the opportunity for a decisive victory or a rout. For this action, he was cashiered and sent home.
Court martial
Sackville refused to accept responsibility for refusing to obey orders. Back in England, he demanded a court martial, and made it a large enough issue that he obtained his demand in 1760. The court found him guilty, and imposed one of the strangest and strongest verdicts ever rendered against a general officer. The court's verdict not only upheld his discharge, but ruled that he was "...unfit to serve his Majesty in any military capacity whatsoever", then ordered that their verdict be read to and entered in the orderly book of every regiment in the Army. The king had his name struck from the Privy Council rolls.
Political career
In
The State Tinkers (1780),
James Gillray caricatured Germain (second from left) and his political allies as incompetent tinkers of the National Kettle. Posted on the wall behind Germain is the "Plan of Minden".
Sackville had been a Member of Parliament at intervals since 1741. He had served terms in both the Dublin and the Westminster bodies, sometimes simultaneously, but had not taken sides in political wrangles. As George III took the throne, he began his political rehabilitation. There did not seem to be negative repercussions to the European stalemate of the Seven Year's War. The victories over the French within the colonial empire provided a chance for events of the war to be forgotten. The difficulty of repaying the debts incurred to fight the war caused a period of unstable ministries and shifting political alliances. In 1763, King George quietly returned him to the rolls of the Privy Council. He increasing lined up as a supporter of Lord North and, in 1769, he made this alliance formal. Then, in 1769, Lady Elizabeth Germain died without natural heirs, and left her estates to him. This not only improved his finances, it also gave him the chance to take that name formally. After 1770, he was known as Lord George Germain.
On 10 November, 1775, Germain was appointed Secretary of State for the American Department. At that time, North's cabinet had three secretaries of state; one each for Europe (the Northern Department), America, and the rest of the world (the Southern Department). Besides international relations, these secretaries were responsible for a great deal of Colonial administration and for military operations within their area. This made Germain the primary minister responsible for suppressing the revolt in the colonies. He promoted or relieved Generals, took care of provisions and supplies, and became involved with the strategic planning of the war. His general approach was based on his idea that "...the rabble ... ought not trouble themselves with politics and government, which they do not understand." and that "...these country clowns cannot whip us."
Sackville and Prime Minister Lord North made three assumptions about the war they were about to face. One was that the American forces could not withstand the assaults of the British. Secondly, the war would be similar to wars they had fought successfully in Europe. Lastly, their victory would bring about their goal of having the colonies' allegiance. All of their assumptions proved to be false. In 1776, he worked with General Burgoyne to plan, support, and issue orders for the Saratoga campaign. However, his unclear orders to General Howe contributed to the campaign's failure. In 1781, the confusion between orders for Cornwallis and Clinton contributed to the loss at Yorktown.
After the Revolution
When Lord North stepped down in 1782, Sackville gave up both his cabinet post and his seat in parliament. King George made him a peer as Viscount Sackville, of Drayton in the County of Northampton, but the controversy over his handling of the war continued. Some members were opposed to his seat in the House of Lords, but his declining health soon made the issue irrelevant. He retired to his country home at Stoneland Lodge in Sussex, and died there in 1785.
Further reading
- Valentine, Alan. Lord George Germain. 1962
References
- ^ Waite, Arthur Edward (2007). A New Encyclopedia of Freemasonry. vol. I. Cosimo, Inc.. pp. 400. ISBN 1602066418.
