George P. Shultz

• Born: 13 December 1920
• Birthplace: New York, New York
• Best Known As: United States Secretary of State, 1982-89

George Pratt Shultz is an economist and Republican presidential adviser known best as the secretary of state under Ronald Reagan. An academic who thrust himself into politics, Shultz graduated from Princeton in 1942 with an economics degree, served in the Marine Corps Reserves, and earned a PhD. in Industrial Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He taught at MIT (1948-57), was a professor and dean at the University of Chicago (1962-68) and a fellow at Stanford University's Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1968-69) before joining Richard M. Nixon's administration in 1969. He served as secretary of labor, director of the Office of Management and Budget and secretary of the treasury under Nixon. He returned to the private sector in 1974, a few months before Nixon's resignation, and became president and director of the Bechtel Group, a San Francisco-based engineering and financial firm. Already an economic advisor to President Ronald Reagan, Shultz left his post at Bechtel to replace Alexander Haig as secretary of state in 1982. He served for the remainder of Reagan's term, staying out of the spotlight and emerging unscathed from the Iran-Contra scandal. Shultz has since continued his long association with Bechtel as a board member, and has been a fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institution since 1989. A Washington insider with close ties to military contractors, Shultz has been the target of critics who argue that his brand of free-market economics encourages perpetual armed conflict and benefits the haves more than the have-nots. He was awarded the Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1989.

Shultz reportedly has a tattoo of a tiger, the mascot of Princeton, on his bottom. When asked about the alleged tattoo by editors of The San Francisco Chronicle in 2006, Shultz said wryly, "I have a no-confirm-or-deny policy."

(b. New York, 13 Dec. 1920) US; Secretary of the Treasury 1972 – 4, Secretary of State 1982 – 9 Shultz took a BA at Princeton University and a Ph.D. at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He pursued an academic career in industrial relations, serving as dean of the Graduate School of Business at the University of Chicago 1957 – 68. In the administration of President Nixon he served as Secretary of Labor 1969 – 70, Director of the Office of Management and the Budget 1970 – 2, and Secretary of the Treasury 1972 – 4. He resumed his academic and business careers, becoming dean of the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University and president of the Bechtel Group, Inc.

In 1982 he was appointed Secretary of State by President Reagan, following the resignation of Alexander Haig. He served with great distinction and was one of the most influential and successful secretaries of state in American history. He worked quietly to tone down the virulently anti-Soviet rhetoric in which Reagan had engaged in the early 1980s and to resume talks with the Soviets after their breakdown in 1983. Following the accession to power in the Soviet Union of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 he worked very closely with his Soviet counterpart, Eduard Shevardnadze, to establish a remarkable thaw in US-Soviet relations. He encouraged regular summit meetings between Reagan and Gorbachev, while he engaged in frequent meetings with Shevardnadze. By the end of his tenure as Secretary of State the Cold War had virtually ended and the Soviet Union had embarked on the course which led to the collapse of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union itself 1989 – 91. He was the single most important figure in transforming American foreign policy from confrontation to constructive engagement with the Soviet Union during the 1980s. He published his account of the remarkable developments during his tenure as Secretary of State in Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (1993).

Shultz, George Pratt (1920?-) secretary of state and educator. A New York City native, Shultz headed the business school at the University of Chicago (1962-68) and then took on a variety of federal positions, including secretary of labor (1969-70), director of the Office of Management and Budget (1970-72), and secretary of the Treasury (1972-74). He then left Washington to head a major defense contractor. In 1982 he returned to the cabinet as secretary of state to President Ronald Reagan; he served until 1989. Shultz was considered a conciliatory and reliable secretary.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

George Pratt Shultz (born 1920), a labor and economics specialist, educator, author, businessman, and international negotiator, served under three U.S. presidents. He was the first director of the Office of Manpower and Budget and served as secretary of the Department of Labor, of the Department of the Treasury, and of the Department of State.

George P. Shultz was born in New York City on December 13, 1920, the only child of Birl E. and Margaret Lennox (Pratt) Shultz. He spent his childhood in Englewood, New Jersey, and attended private school in Windsor, Connecticut. He majored in economics at Princeton University, where he received a B.A. degree in 1942. During World War II he joined the United States Marine Corps, served in the Pacific arena, and advanced to the rank of captain. While in Hawaii he met Helena Maria O'Brien, an Army nurse. They were married on February 16, 1946, and had three daughters and two sons.

Shultz resumed his academic career by enrolling at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1945. He earned his Ph.D. degree in 1949 within the program of industrial economics, specializing in the problems of labor relations, employment, and unemployment. Shultz stayed on at the university until 1957 to teach industrial relations. During this time period he began to serve on arbitration panels for labor-management conflicts, a role he was to enact many times over the next decade. He also served at the first of his many national government posts when he was appointed senior staff economist to President Dwight Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisors.

In 1957 Shultz joined the University of Chicago Gruate School of Business, where he also taught industrial relations. He became dean of the school in 1962. Presidents John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson appointed him to serve on several government task forces and committees related to labor-management and employment policies.

President Richard Nixon named Shultz to the post of secretary of labor on December 11, 1968. Although he advocated that the government not intervene in labor bargaining or strikes, circumstances thrust the secretary into many such disputes. One major crisis that forced his attention was the 1970 postal workers strike, which required sending the National Guard into New York City to sort the mail. During his term in office Shultz defended the Nixon administration's reluctance to pursue affirmative action programs aggressively and the administration's active campaign on union reform. He worked hard to keep wages from rising in both the private and public sectors.

After 18 months at the Labor Department, he accepted President Nixon's appointment to become the first director of the Office of Management and Budget (which replaced the Bureau of the Budget in a major administrative reorganization). In this position he continued to face problems of wage control and price freezes, as well as major private industry strikes.

In May 1972 Shultz again changed posts in the Nixon administration. He was appointed secretary of the treasury, where he became a key adviser to the president on matters of the federal debt and both domestic and international economic policies. On the domestic front, Shultz was involved in efforts to defeat the rising inflation of the early 1970s. On the international side, he travelled abroad many times to negotiate a multi-national "floating" currency system with exchange rates set by the marketplace and several trade agreements with the former Soviet Union (now the Russian Federation, comprised of 21 autonomous republics, 49 oblasts, and 6 krays). When the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) drastically increased oil prices after October 1973, causing rapid inflation, Shultz's call for an international rollback of prices went unheeded and he worked hard to stop the recession in the American economy.

Shultz resigned from government service in March 1974 and entered the business community. He became an executive vice president of the Bechtel Corporation, an international construction and engineering firm based in San Francisco. He later became president and a director of the Bechtel Group, Inc.

Nominated as the 60th secretary of state by President Ronald Reagan, Shultz was sworn in on July 16, 1982. As the nation's major adviser and negotiator of international affairs, Shultz was intimately involved with the important problems of the world. He sought plans to end conflicts in the Middle East and in Central America and to deal with international terrorism. As a member of the president's team, he supported a strong American defense program, including a space-based anti-missile defense system (the Strategic Defense Initiative, or Star Wars). He guided U.S. arms limitation talks with the Soviet Union. A constant international traveller, he attended President Reagan's meetings with Soviet leaders. His academic and labor arbitration background molded his approach to his work as secretary of state. He proved to be a thoughtful and careful operator and a firm believer in quiet diplomacy. He served as Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989, at which time he returned to the private sector as an educator (Stanford University's Hoover Institute and Graduate School of Business) and writer. His entire cabinet service spanned over twelve years and covered four separate cabinet posts (Secretary of State, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Treasury, and Director of OMB.) He maintained a residence in Stanford, California.

Further Reading

Shultz authored a semi-autobiographical novel, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (1993), which was well reviewed. Accounts of his career during President Nixon's administration are in Dan Rather and Gary Paul Gates, ThePalace Guard (1974) and in William Safire, Before the Fall (1975). His early days in the Reagan administration are discussed in Laurence I. Barrett, Gambling With History: Reagan in the White House (1983). Shultz has written several works on economic policy and labor relations. One book that contains his insights and thoughts on economic policy issues and the government's role is George Shultz and Kenneth W. Dam, Economic Policy Beyond the Headlines (1978).

1920 -

U.S. secretary of state, 1982 to 1989.

George Shultz was born in New York City on 13 December 1920. He earned an economics B.A. from Princeton in 1942, and a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1949. During World War II he joined the Marine Corps Reserve. Shultz pursued an academic career at MIT, as a member of the U.S. Senate staff, and at the University of Chicago. In the late 1960s he started his political career as secretary of labor and then director of the Office of Management and Budget.

While secretary of the treasury in the administration of U.S. president Richard Nixon, George Shultz was confronted with the Oil Crisis. During a business career he established a solid economic knowledge of the Middle East. Following Alexander Haig as the second secretary of state of the administration of Ronald Reagan, Shultz had to tackle the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution and the Israeli invasion within the Lebanese civil war. His time in office as secretary of state was marked by the final stages of the Cold War, from a deterioration of relations up to the beginning of the U.S. - Soviet honeymoon in the short period before the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Despite Israeli - U.S. tensions that flared over the Reagan Plan, which linked Palestinian self-rule with Jordan, and escalated during the Lebanon invasion and the Pollard spy case, bilateral relations between Israel and the United States were largely improved as - due to the political wills of Shultz and Reagan - Israel was declared a strategic ally.

The Iran-Contra Affair and the clandestine U.S. involvement in the anti-Soviet resistance in Afghanistan were not shaped by Shultz. New approaches in engaging an Arab-Israeli peace process were only possible shortly after his term in office, when the end of the Cold War and the Kuwait crisis profoundly reshaped the political landscape of the Middle East.

Bibliography

Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary ofState. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993.

— OLIVER BENJAMIN HEMMERLE

Quotes:

"The minute you start talking about what your going to do if you lose, you have lost."

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2008) (Find sources: George P. Shultz – news, books, scholar)

George Pratt Shultz
60th United States Secretary of State
In office July 16, 1982 – January 20, 1989
President	Ronald Reagan
Deputy	Walter John Stoessel, Jr. (1982) Kenneth W. Dam (1982-1985) John C. Whitehead (1985-1989)
Preceded by	Alexander Haig Walter John Stoessel, Jr. (acting)
Succeeded by	James Baker
62nd United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office June 12, 1972 – May 8, 1974
President	Richard Nixon
Preceded by	John B. Connally
Succeeded by	William E. Simon
19th Director of the Office of Management and Budget
In office July 1, 1970 – June 11, 1972
President	Richard Nixon
Preceded by	Robert Mayo
Succeeded by	Caspar Weinberger
11th United States Secretary of Labor
In office January 22, 1969 – July 1, 1970
President	Richard Nixon
Preceded by	W. Willard Wirtz
Succeeded by	James D. Hodgson
Born	December 13, 1920 (1920-12-13) (age 88) New York City, New York, United States
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Helena Maria O'Brien Charlotte Mailliard Shultz
Alma mater	Princeton University Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Profession	Economist, Professor, Businessman, Public servant
Religion	Episcopalian
Military service
Service/branch	United States Marine Corps
Years of service	1942-1945
Rank	Captain

George Pratt Shultz (born December 13, 1920) is an American economist, statesman, and businessman. He served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970, as the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1972 to 1974, and as the U.S. Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989. Before entering politics, he was professor of economics at MIT and the University of Chicago, serving as Dean of the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business from 1962 to 1969. Between 1974 and 1982, Shultz was an executive at Bechtel, eventually becoming the firm's president. He is currently a distinguished fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution.

Contents 1 Early life, education 2 University professor 3 Nixon Administration 3.1 Secretary of the Treasury 4 Business executive 5 Secretary of State for Reagan 5.1 Relations with China 5.2 Relations with Europe and the Soviet Union 5.3 Middle East diplomacy 5.4 Latin America 6 Later life 7 Family 8 Honors and prizes 8.1 Honorary degrees 9 Selected works 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links 13.1 Video

Early life, education

George Shultz was born in New York City, the son of Birl Earl Shultz and Margaret Lennox Pratt.^[1]

In 1938, Shultz graduated from the Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor, Connecticut. He attended college at Princeton University, majoring in economics with a minor in public and international affairs. His senior thesis was an examination of the Tennessee Valley Authority's effect on local agriculture, for which he conducted on-site research. Shultz graduated with honors in 1942. ^[1]

Following his college graduation, Shultz joined the U.S. Marine Corps and served until 1945, attaining the rank of Captain. In 1949, Shultz earned a Ph.D. in industrial economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.^[2]

University professor

He taught in both the MIT Department of Economics and the MIT Sloan School of Management from 1948 to 1957, with a leave of absence in 1955 to serve on President Dwight Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers as a senior staff economist. In 1957, Shultz joined the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business as professor of industrial relations. Later, he was named dean in 1962.^[1]

Shultz in his official Treasury portrait

Nixon Administration

Shultz served as President Richard Nixon's secretary of labor from 1969 to 1970, during which time he forced Pennsylvania construction unions which refused to accept black members to admit a certain number of blacks by an enforced deadline.^[3] This marked the first use of racial quotas in the federal government.^[3] He then became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget.^[1]

Secretary of the Treasury

He was United States Secretary of the Treasury from May 1972 to May 1974. During his tenure, Shultz was concerned with two major issues: the continuing domestic administration of Nixon's "New Economic Policy," begun under Secretary John B. Connally, and a renewed dollar crisis that broke out in February 1973.^[4]

Domestically Shultz enacted the next phase of the NEP, which involved a lifting of price controls begun in 1971. This phase was a failure, resulting in high inflation, and price freezes were reestablished five months later. ^[4]

Meanwhile Shultz's attention was increasingly diverted from the domestic economy to the international arena. He participated in an international monetary conference in Paris in 1973, which grew out of the 1971 decision to abolish the gold standard, a decision that Shultz and Paul Volcker had supported (see Nixon Shock). The conference formally abolished the Bretton Woods system, thereby causing all currencies to float. Shultz resigned shortly before Nixon to return to private life.^[4]

Business executive

This section requires expansion.

In 1974, he left government service to become president and director of Bechtel Group, a large engineering and services company.

Secretary of State for Reagan

On July 16, 1982, he was appointed by President Ronald Reagan to serve as the sixtieth U.S. secretary of state, replacing Alexander Haig, who had resigned. Shultz would serve for six and a half years - the longest tenure since Dean Rusk.^[5]

Shultz relied primarily on the Foreign Service to formulate and implement Reagan’s foreign policy. By the summer of 1985, Shultz had personally selected most of the senior officials in the Department, emphasizing professional over political credentials in the process. The Foreign Service responded in kind by giving Shultz its “complete support,” making him one of the most popular Secretaries since Dean Acheson.^[5]

Shultz with President Reagan outside the Oval Office, December 1986 (courtesy Ronald Reagan Library)

Relations with China

Shultz inherited negotiations with China over Taiwan from his predecessor. Under the terms of the Taiwan Relations Act, the United States was obligated to assist in Taiwan's defense, which included the sale of arms. The Administration debate on Taiwan, especially over the sale of military aircraft, resulted in a crisis in relations with China, which was only alleviated in August 1982, when, after months of arduous negotiations, the United States and China issued a joint communiqué on Taiwan in which the United States agreed to limit arms sales and China agreed to seek a “peaceful solution.”^[6]

Relations with Europe and the Soviet Union

By the summer of 1982, relations were strained not only between Washington and Moscow but also between Washington and key capitals in Western Europe. In response to the imposition of martial law in Poland the previous December, the Reagan administration had imposed sanctions on a pipeline between West Germany and the Soviet Union. European leaders vigorously protested sanctions that damaged their interests but not U.S. interests in grain sales to the Soviet Union. Shultz resolved this “poisonous problem” in December 1982, when the United States agreed to abandon sanctions against the pipeline, and the Europeans agreed to adopt stricter controls on strategic trade with the Soviets.^[7]

A more controversial issue was the NATO Ministers’ 1979 “dual track” decision: if the Soviets refused to remove their SS-20 medium range ballistic missiles within four years, then the Allies would deploy a countervailing force of cruise and Pershing II missiles in Western Europe. When negotiations on these intermediate nuclear forces (INF) stalled, 1983 became a year of the protest. Shultz and other Western leaders worked hard to maintain allied unity amidst popular anti-nuclear demonstrations in Europe and United States. In spite of Western protests and Soviet propaganda, the allies began deployment of the missiles as scheduled in November 1983.^[7]

US-Soviet tensions were raised by the announcement in March 1983 of the Strategic Defense Initiative, and exacerbated by the Soviet shoot-down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 on September 1. Tensions reached a height with the Able Archer 83 exercises in November 1983, during which the Soviets feared a pre-emptive American attack.^[8]

Following the missile deployment and the exercises, both Shultz and Reagan resolved to seek further dialogue with the Soviets.^[7][9]

When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985, Shultz advocated that Reagan pursue a personal dialogue with him. This relationship produced its most practical result in December 1987, when the two leaders signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. The treaty, which eliminated an entire class of missiles in Europe, was a milestone in the history of the Cold War. Although Gorbachev took the initiative, Reagan was well prepared by the State Department to adopt a policy of negotiations. ^[10]

Middle East diplomacy

In response to the escalating violence of the Lebanese civil war, Reagan sent a Marine contingent to protect the Palestinian refugee camps and support the Lebanese Government. The October 1983 bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut killed 241 U.S. servicemen, after which the deployment came to an ignominious end.^[5] Shultz subsequently negotiated an agreement between Israel and Lebanon and convinced Israel to begin a partial withdrawal of its troops in January 1985 despite Lebanon’s contravention of the settlement.^[11]

During the First Intifada (see Arab-Israeli conflict), Shultz "proposed ... an international convention in April 1988 ... on an interim autonomy agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, to be implemented as of October for a three-year period" ^[12]. By December 1988, following six months of shuttle diplomacy, Shultz had established a diplomatic dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was picked up by the next Administration.^[5]

Latin America

Shultz was well known for outspoken opposition to the "arms for hostages" scandal that would eventually become the Iran Contra situation. In a 1983 testimony before the U.S. Congress, he said that the Sandinista government in Nicaragua was "a cancer in our own land mass", that must be "cut out". He was also opposed to any negotiation with the government of Daniel Ortega: "Negotiations are a euphemism for capitulation if the shadow of power is not cast across the bargaining table."

Later life

Shultz (far left) at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library July 17, 2007, with the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński and Mrs. Kaczyński as well as former First Lady Nancy Reagan (center, wearing tan suit)

George Shultz left office on January 20, 1989, but continues to be a strategist for the Republican Party.^{[citation needed]} He was an advisor for George W. Bush's presidential campaign during the 2000 election, and senior member of the so-called "The Vulcans", a group of policy mentors for Bush which also included among its members Dick Cheney, Paul Wolfowitz and Condoleezza Rice. One of his most senior advisors and confidants is former ambassador Charles Hill, who holds dual positions at the Hoover Institution and Yale University. Shultz has been called the father of the "Bush Doctrine", because of his advocacy of preventive war.^[13] He generally defends the Bush administration's foreign policy.^[13]

After leaving public office in 1989, Shultz became the first prominent Republican to call for the legalization of recreational drugs. He went on to add his signature to an advertisement, published in The New York Times on June 8, 1998, entitled "We believe the global war on drugs is now causing more harm than drug abuse itself."

He also has spoken against the Cuban embargo, going as far as calling the US policy towards Cuba "insane".^[14] He has argued that free trade would help bring down Fidel Castro's regime and that the embargo only helps justify the continued repression in the island.

Shultz's signature, as used on American currency during his tenure as Secretary of the Treasury

In August 2003, Shultz was named co-chair (along with Warren Buffett) of California's Economic Recovery Council, an advisory group to the campaign of California gubernatorial candidate Arnold Schwarzenegger.

On January 5, 2006, he participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State, to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials.

On January 15, 2008, Shultz co-authored an opinion paper published in the Wall Street Journal entitled "Toward a Nuclear-Free World". His co-authors were William Perry, Henry Kissinger and Sam Nunn.^[15]

Shultz is the chairman of the JP Morgan Chase bank's International Advisory Council and an honorary director of the Institute for International Economics. He is a member of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors, the New Atlantic Initiative, the prestigious Mandalay Camp at the Bohemian Grove, the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq, and the Committee on the Present Danger. He is honorary chairman of The Israel Democracy Institute (www.idi.org.il). Shultz formerly served on the board of directors for the Bechtel Corporation, Charles Schwab Corporation, and was a member of the board of directors of Gilead Sciences from January 1996 to December 2005. He is currently a co-chairman of the North American Forum and also serves on the board for Accretive Health.

Family

While serving with the Marines in Hawaii, he met his future wife, nurse lieutenant Helena Maria "Obie" O'Brien (1915-1995). They had five children.^[1] In 1997, after the death of Helena, he married Charlotte Mailliard Swig, a prominent San Francisco socialite. Their marriage was called the "Bay Area Wedding of the Year" and they remain a power couple in San Francisco.^[16]

Honors and prizes

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completion. You can help by expanding it with sourced additions.

2007 – Truman Medal for Economic Policy.[17] 2007 – Emma Lazarus Statue of Liberty Award. 2006 – National World War II Museum, American Spirit Award.[17] 2005 – Lead21 Lifetime Achievement Award. 2002 – Reagan Distinguished American Award.[17] 2002 – Ralph Bunche Award.[18]

American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[17] American Philosophical Society.[17] James H. Doolittle Award.[17] Elliot Richardson Prize.[17] John Witherspoon Medal.[17]

• 2001 – Eisenhower Medal for Leadership.^[17]
• 2000 – Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service .
• 1996 – Koret Prize.^[17]
• 1992 – Seoul Peace Prize (Korea).^[17]
• 1992 – United States Military Academy, Sylvanus Thayer Award.
• 1989 – Presidential Medal of Freedom.^[17]
• 1989 – Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon (Japan).^[18]
• 1989 – Jefferson Award.^[18]
• 1986 – Freedoms Foundation, George Washington Medal.^[17]

Honorary degrees

Honorary degrees have been conferred from the universities of Columbia, Notre Dame, Loyola, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Princeton, Carnegie Mellon, City University of New York, Yeshiva, Northwestern, Technion, Tel Aviv, Weizmann Institute of Science, Baruch College of New York, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tbilisi State University in the Republic of Georgia, and Keio University in Tokyo.^[17]

Selected works

• Shultz, George P. and Shoven, John B. Putting Our House in Order: A Guide to Social Security and Health Care Reform. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008
• Shultz, George P. "Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State", New York: Scribner's 1993.

See also

United States Marine Corps portal

World War II portal

• Foreign policy of the Reagan administration
• International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament
• Korean Air Lines Flight 007

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Katz, Bernard S.; C. Daniel Vencill (1996). Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789-1995. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 320–332. ISBN 0313280126, 9780313280122. http://books.google.com/books?id=aMiA05P92h8C. 
2. ^ project editor, Tracie Ratiner. (2006). Encyclopedia of World Biography (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Thomson Gale. ISBN 1414410417. OCLC 1414410417. http://www.bookrags.com/biography/george-pratt-shultz/. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 243. ISBN 0465041957. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} "History of the Treasury: George P. Shultz". United States Department of the Treasury, Office of the Curator. 2001. http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/gpschultz.shtml. Retrieved 2009-02-12. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d} "Secretary Shultz Takes Charge". Short History of the Department of State. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/shultz. Retrieved 2009-02-13. 
6. ^ "Reagan's Foreign Policy". Short History of the Department of State. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/reaganforeignpolicy. Retrieved 2009-02-13. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} "The United States in Europe". Short History of the Department of State. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/europe. Retrieved 2009-02-13. 
8. ^ Andrew, Christopher and Gordievsky, Oleg (1992). KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev. Harpercollins. p. 600. 
9. ^ Reagan, Ronald (1990). An American Life. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 585,588–589. 
10. ^ "Gorbachev and Perestroika". Short History of the Department of State. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev. Retrieved 2009-02-13. 
11. ^ "George P. Shultz". United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/shultz-george-pratt. Retrieved 2009-02-13. 
12. ^ Oded, 135
13. ^ ^{a b} Henniger, Daniel (2006-04-29). "Father of the Bush Doctrine". Wall Street Journal. http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110008308. Retrieved 2008-08-12. 
14. ^ George Shultz, Charlie Rose.. Charlie Rose interview with George Shultz. Charlie Rose Inc.. 
15. ^ Toward a Nuclear-Free World January 15, 2008
16. ^ Donnally, Trish (1997-08-16). "Swig Tames Her Tiger". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/08/16/MN15851.DTL&hw=george+shultz&sn=025&sc=400. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 
17. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Hoover Foundation: Fellow, bio notes.
18. ^ ^{a b c} Sleeman, Elizabeth. (2003). The International Who's Who 2004, p. 1547.

References

• Shultz, George P. and Shoven, John B. Putting Our House in Order: A Guide to Social Security and Health Care Reform. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008
• Oded, Eran. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002.
• Shultz, George Pratt. "Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State", New York: Scribner's 1993.

External links

• George P. Shultz, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 2008, http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/bios/shultz.html .
• Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA)

Video

• George Shultz discusses his book Putting Our House in Order (filmed on April 15, 2008 at Stanford)
• George Shultz on panel aired on Democracy Now! program, September 6, 2007
• George Shultz on Charlie Rose

Political offices
Preceded by W. Willard Wirtz	United States Secretary of Labor Served Under: Richard Nixon 1969—1970	Succeeded by James D. Hodgson
Preceded by Robert Mayo	Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget 1970–1972	Succeeded by Caspar Weinberger
Preceded by John B. Connally	United States Secretary of the Treasury Served Under: Richard Nixon 1972–1974	Succeeded by William E. Simon
Preceded by Alexander Haig	United States Secretary of State Served Under: Ronald Reagan 1982–1989	Succeeded by James Baker

v • d • e United States Secretaries of State Jefferson • Randolph • Pickering • J Marshall • Madison • Smith • Monroe • Adams • Clay • Van Buren • Livingston • McLane • Forsyth • Webster • Upshur • Calhoun • Buchanan • Clayton • Webster • Everett • Marcy • Cass • Black • Seward • Washburne • Fish • Evarts • Blaine • Frelinghuysen • Bayard • Blaine • Foster • Gresham • Olney • Sherman • Day • Hay • Root • Bacon • Knox • Bryan • Lansing • Colby • Hughes • Kellogg • Stimson • Hull • Stettinius • Byrnes • G Marshall • Acheson • Dulles • Herter • Rusk • Rogers • Kissinger • Vance • Muskie • Haig • Shultz • Baker • Eagleburger • Christopher • Albright • Powell • Rice • Clinton

v • d • e United States Secretaries of the Treasury Hamilton • Wolcott • Dexter • Gallatin • Campbell • Dallas • Crawford • Rush • Ingham • McLane • Duane • Taney • Woodbury • Ewing • Forward • Spencer • Bibb • Walker • Meredith • Corwin • Guthrie • Cobb • Thomas • Dix • Chase • Fessenden • McCulloch • Boutwell • Richardson • Bristow • Morrill • Sherman • Windom • Folger • Gresham • McCulloch • Manning • Fairchild • Windom • Foster • Carlisle • Gage • Shaw • Cortelyou • MacVeagh • McAdoo • Glass • Houston • Mellon • Mills • Woodin • Morgenthau • Vinson • Snyder • Humphrey • Anderson • Dillon • Fowler • Barr • Kennedy • Connally • Shultz • Simon • Blumenthal • Miller • Regan • Baker • Brady • Bentsen • Rubin • Summers • O'Neill • Snow • Paulson • Geithner

v • d • e United States Secretaries of Labor Secretaries of Commerce & Labor Cortelyou • Metcalf • Straus • Nagel Secretaries of Labor Wilson • Davis • Doak • Perkins • Schwellenbach • Tobin • Durkin • Mitchell • Goldberg • Wirtz • Shultz • Hodgson • Brennan • Dunlop • Usery • Marshall • Donovan • Brock • McLaughlin • Dole • Martin • Reich • Herman • Chao • Solis

v • d • e Directors of the United States Office of Management and Budget Dawes · Lard · Roop · Douglas · D W Bell · Smith · Webb · Pace · Lawton · Dodge · Hughes · Brundage · Stans · D E Bell · Gordon · Schultze · Zwick · Mayo · Shultz · Weinberger · Ash · Lynn · Lance · McIntyre · Stockman · Wright · Miller · Wright · Darman · Panetta · Rivlin · Raines · Lew · Daniels · Bolten · Portman · Nussle · Orszag

v • d • e Chicago school economists Founders Frank Knight · Henry Calvert Simons · Theodore Schultz · George Stigler Monetarism Milton Friedman · Anna J. Schwartz · Karl Brunner · Phillip D. Cagan · Harry G. Johnson · Allan H. Meltzer · David E.W. Laidler · David D. Friedman New economic history Douglass North · Robert Fogel · Robert M. Townsend New social economics Jacob Mincer · Gary Becker · James Heckman · Thomas Sowell · Sherwin Rosen · Kevin M. Murphy · John A. List · Steven Levitt · Roland Fryer Public Choice School James M. Buchanan · Gordon Tullock · Anthony Downs · William A. Niskanen Law and Economics Movement Richard Posner · William M. Landes · Ronald Coase Chicago Business and Finance Harry Markowitz · Myron Scholes · Merton Miller · Julian Lincoln Simon · Eugene Fama · Kenneth French

v • d • e Cabinet of President Ronald Reagan (1981 – 1989)   Cabinet Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig, Jr. (1981 – 1982) • George P. Shultz (1982 – 1989) Secretary of the Treasury Donald T. Regan (1981 – 1985) • James A. Baker, III (1985 – 1988) • Nicholas F. Brady (1988 – 1989) Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger (1981 – 1987) • Frank C. Carlucci (1987 – 1989) Attorney General William French Smith (1981 – 1985) • Edwin Meese III (1985 – 1988) • Richard L. Thornburgh (1988 – 1989) Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt (1981 – 1983) • William P. Clark, Jr. (1983 – 1985) • Donald P. Hodel (1985 – 1989) Secretary of Agriculture John R. Block (1981 – 1986) • Richard E. Lyng (1986 – 1989) Secretary of Commerce Malcolm Baldrige, Jr. (1981 – 1987) • C. William Verity, Jr. (1987 – 1989) Secretary of Labor Raymond J. Donovan (1981 – 1985) • William E. Brock (1985 – 1987) • Ann Dore McLaughlin (1987 – 1989) Secretary of Health and Human Services Richard S. Schweiker (1981 – 1983) • Margaret M. Heckler (1983 – 1985) • Otis R. Bowen (1985 – 1989) Secretary of Education T. H. Bell (1981 – 1985) • William J. Bennett (1985 – 1988) • Lauro F. Cavazos (1988 – 1989) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel R. Pierce, Jr. (1981 – 1989) Secretary of Transportation Andrew L. Lewis, Jr. (1981 – 1983) • Elizabeth H. Dole (1983 – 1987) • James H. Burnley IV (1988 – 1989) Secretary of Energy James B. Edwards (1981 – 1983) • Donald P. Hodel (1983 – 1985) • John S. Herrington (1985 – 1989)   Cabinet-level Vice President George H. W. Bush (1981 – 1989) Director of Central Intelligence William J. Casey (1981 – 1987) • William H. Webster (1987 - 1989) Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane J. Kirkpatrick (1981 – 1985) • Vernon A. Walters (1985 - 1989) Trade Representative William E. Brock, III (1981 – 1985) • Clayton K. Yeutter (1985 - 1989)

Persondata
NAME	Shultz, George P.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Politician and United States Marine Corps officer
DATE OF BIRTH	December 13, 1920
PLACE OF BIRTH	New York City, New York
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH

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