George Whipple
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George Hoyt Whipple
(born Aug. 28, 1878, Ashland, N.H., U.S.died Feb. 1, 1976, Rochester, N.Y.) U.S. pathologist. He studied medicine at Johns Hopkins University. He and George Minot discovered that raw liver fed to chronically bled dogs reversed anemia; this led to introduction of raw liver in the diet to treat pernicious anemia, for which the two men shared a 1934 Nobel Prize with William Murphy (18941987). Whipple's study of bile pigments led to an interest in how the body makes hemoglobin (important in bile pigment production). His experiments in artificial anemia (192325) established iron as the most potent inorganic factor in red-blood-cell formation.
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Oxford Dictionary of Scientists:
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George Hoyt Whipple
American physician and physiologist (1878–1976)
Whipple, born the son of a physician in Ashland, New Hampshire, was educated at Yale and Johns Hopkins University, where he obtained his MD in 1905. After working at the University of California he moved in 1921 to the University of Rochester, where he served as professor of pathology until his retirement in 1955.
Whipple began his research career by working on bile pigments but went on to study the formation and breakdown of the blood pigment, hemoglobin, of which bile pigments are the breakdown products. To do this he bled dogs until he had reduced their hemoglobin level to a third, then measured the rate of hemoglobin regeneration. He soon noted that this rate varied with the diet of the dogs and by 1923 reported that liver in the diet produced a significant increase in hemoglobin production.
It was this work that led George Minot (1885–1950) and William Murphy (1892–1987) to develop a successful treatment for pernicious anemia and earned all three men the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1934.
Oxford Food & Nutrition Dictionary:
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George Hoyt Whipple
Gale Encyclopedia of Biography:
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George Hoyt Whipple
The American pathologist George Hoyt Whipple (1878-1976) found that certain foods, especially liver, stimulate the regeneration of hemoglobin in animals suffering anemia.
George Hoyt Whipple was born in Ashland, New Hampshire, on August 28, 1878. He attended local schools until, at age 13, he transferred to a school in Tilton 15 miles away. Then in 1892 his widowed mother moved to Andover, Massachusetts, so that George could attend Phillips Academy. After graduation he entered Yale, received a degree in 1900, and in 1901 entered Johns Hopkins Medical School. He received his medical degree in 1905 and joined the department of pathology at John Hopkins almost immediately.
Whipple's early work led to the discovery in 1907 of a rare disease now commonly called "Whipple's disease, " which is related to a breakdown in fat storage in the body. In 1907 he accepted a one-year position in pathology at Ancon Hospital in the Panama Canal Zone but returned to Hopkins in 1908 as assistant resident pathologist. He advanced to resident pathologist and assistant professor of pathology in 1909, and in 1911 he was made associate professor.
On June 24, 1914, Whipple married Katharine Ball Waring. That same year he accepted a position as professor of research medicine and director of the Hooper Foundation for Medical Research in San Francisco. The foundation was a new, independent unit of the University of California, and Whipple was responsible for its organization. There he continued experiments started at Hopkins on the metabolism of bile pigments, which are made from hemoglobin that has been released from broken-down red blood corpuscles.
In 1920 Whipple was appointed dean of the University of California Medical School. In 1921 he became professor of pathology and dean of the new School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Rochester. The researches of Whipple and his colleagues on bile pigments and hemoglobin regeneration continued and were reported in a long series of scientific articles. The specific use of liver as an agent that stimulates the regeneration of hemoglobin was reported in the American Journal of Physiology in 1925. This discovery paved the way for the use of a raw liver diet in the treatment of pernicious anemia by George Richards Minot and William Parry Murphy. Minot and Murphy shared the 1934 Nobel Prize with Whipple.
Whipple's studies continued unabated, and among many other things he, with his collaborators, determined a long list of specific dietary factors, such as iron and copper, that influence hemoglobin regeneration.
Whipple was an active member of many scientific societies and was associated with the Rockefeller Foundation from 1927 until 1960. He retired as dean in 1953 and as professor of pathology in 1955. Whipple died on February 1, 1976.
Further Reading
George W. Corner, George Hoyt Whipple and His Friends: The Life-story of a Nobel Prize Pathologist (1963), is an informative and detailed biography that includes a complete bibliography of Whipple's publications. Brief accounts of Whipple's life and work are in Lloyd G. Stevenson, Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine and Physiology (1954), and Nobel Foundation, Nobel Lectures: Physiology or Medicine, 1922-1941, vol. 2 (1965).
Columbia Encyclopedia:
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George Hoyt Whipple
Whipple, George Hoyt, 1878-1976, American pathologist, b. Ashland, N.H., M.D. Johns Hopkins, 1905. He taught at Johns Hopkins (1909-14) and at the Univ. of California (1914-21) and was professor of pathology and dean of the school of medicine and dentistry at the Univ. of Rochester (1921-54). His work included studies of metabolism, blood regeneration, and anemia. For his independent researches on the treatment of pernicious anemia by the use of liver he shared the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with G. R. Minot and W. P. Murphy.
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
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George Whipple
For the fictional advertising character, see Mr. Whipple.
| George H. Whipple, M.D. | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | August 28, 1878 Ashland, New Hampshire |
| Died | February 1, 1976 |
| Nationality | United States |
| Fields | Medicine |
| Institutions | University of Rochester / University of California |
| Alma mater | Johns Hopkins University |
| Known for | Liver therapy in cases of anemia |
| Notable awards | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 |
George Hoyt Whipple (August 28, 1878 – February 1, 1976) was an American physician, pathologist, biomedical researcher, and medical school educator and administrator. Whipple shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George Richards Minot and William Parry Murphy "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anemia."
Whipple was born to Ashley Cooper Whipple and Frances Anna Hoyt in Ashland, New Hampshire. He was the son and grandson of physicians. Whipple attended Phillips Academy and then Yale University from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in 1900. He attended medical school at the Johns Hopkins University from which he received the M.D. degree in 1905.
After graduation. Whipple worked in the pathology department at Hopkins until he went to Panama, during the time of the construction of the Panama Canal, as pathologist to the Ancon Hospital in 1907–08. Whipple returned to Baltimore, serving successively as Assistant, Instructor, Associate and Associate Professor in Pathology at The Johns Hopkins University between 1910 and 1914.
In 1914, Whipple was appointed Professor of Research Medicine and Director of the Hooper Foundation for Medical Research at the University of California Medical School. He was dean of that medical school in 1920 and 1921.
At the urging of Abraham Flexner, who had done pioneering studies of medical education, and University of Rochester President Rush Rhees, Whipple agreed in 1921 to become Dean of the newly funded and yet-to-be-built medical school in Rochester, New York. Whipple thus became Professor and Chairman of Pathology and the founding Dean of the new School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Rochester. Whipple served the School as the Dean until 1954 and remained at Rochester for the rest of his life. He was remembered as a superb teacher.[1] Whipple died in 1976 at the age of 97 and is interred in Rochester's Mount Hope Cemetery.
Though he is not related to Allen Whipple, who described the Whipple procedure and Whipple's triad, the two were lifelong friends.[1].
Whipple's research
Whipple's main research was concerned with anemia and with the physiology and pathology of the liver. He won the Nobel Prize for his discovery that liver fed to anemic dogs reverses the effects of the anemia. This remarkable discovery led directly to successful liver treatment of pernicious anemia by Minot and Murphy. Before that time, pernicious anemia had been truly pernicious in that it was invariably fatal.
In presenting the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934, Professor I. Holmgren of the Nobel committee observed[2] that "Of the three prize winners, it was Whipple who first occupied himself with the investigations for which the prize is now awarded. ... Whipple's experiments were planned exceedingly well, and carried out very accurately, and consequently their results can lay claim to absolute reliability. These investigations and results of Whipple's gave Minot and Murphy the idea that an experiment could be made to see whether favorable results might also be obtained in the case of pernicious anemia...by making use of the foods of the kind that Whipple had found to yield favorable results in his experiments regarding anemia from loss of blood."
Whipple was also the first person to describe an unknown disease he called lipodystrophia intestinalis because there were abnormal lipid deposits in the small intestine wall.[3] Whipple also correctly pointed to the bacterial cause of the disease in his original report in 1907. The condition has since come to be called Whipple's disease.
References
- ^ Autobiographical notes of Lauren V. Ackerman. IN: Rosai J (Ed): Guiding the Surgeon's Hand, American Registry of Pathology, Washington, D.C., 1997; pp. 275–285.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934: Presentation Speech". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1934/press.html. Retrieved 3. January 2010.
- ^ "The National Academies Press: Biographical Memoirs – George Hoyt Whipple". http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/gwhipple.html. Retrieved 3. January 2010.
- Ortiz-Hidalgo, Carlos (2002). "[George H. Whipple. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934. Whipple's disease, pernicious anemia, and other contributions to medicine]". Gaceta médica de México 138 (4): 371–6. PMID 12200882.
- Raju, T N (January 1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1934: George Hoyt Whipple (1878–1976); George Richard Minot (1885–1950); William Perry Murphy (1892–1987)". Lancet 353 (9148): 247. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77266-4. PMID 9923916.
- Sparkman, R S (September 1995). "Two physicians named Whipple". Am. J. Surg. 170 (3): 306–7. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(05)80024-8. PMID 7661304.
- Miller, L L (1995). "George Hoyt Whipple – August 28, 1878 – February 2, 1976". Biographical memoirs. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) 66: 371–93. PMID 11616328.
- Carlsson, M; Wiberg J (April 1989). "[The man behind the syndrome: George Hoyt Whipple. He was the first one to theorize on infectious causes of a rare systemic disease]". Lakartidningen 86 (14): 1271–4. PMID 2468979.
- Diggs, L W (November 1976). "Dr. George Hoyt Whipple". The Johns Hopkins medical journal 139 (5): 196–200. PMID 792552.
- Harvey, A M (1976). "Teacher and distinguished pupil: William Henry Welch and George Hoyt Whipple". Johns Hopkins Med. J. Suppl.: 39–48. PMID 801545.
- Rijlant, P (1976). "[Note on the life and work of Professor George Heyt Whipple, foreign honorary member (1878–1976)]". Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 131 (3–4–5): 139–43. PMID 798621.
- Young, L E (1976). "George Hoyt Whipple 1878–1976". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 89: 34–7. PMID 798387.
- Kenéz (September 1968). "[George Hoyt Whipple, nature lover and Nobel prize winner is 90 years old]". Orvosi hetilap 109 (36): 1994–8. PMID 4886380.
- Sulek, K (April 1968). "[Nobel prize in 1934 for G.H. Whipple, G.R. Minot and W.P. Murphy for discovery of treatment of anemia with liver extracts]". Wiad. Lek. 21 (7): 627–9. PMID 4876155.
- CORNER, G W (July 1963). "George Hoyt Whipple, Nobel Prize Pathologist". Transactions & studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 31: 40–1. PMID 14044626.
- BIBBY, B G (December 1951). "George Hoyt Whipple, M. D: a benefactor of dentistry". The Journal of the American College of Dentists 18 (4): 252–7. PMID 14897600.
External links
- Nobel biography
- Other biography
- Works by or about George Whipple in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
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