Gerald Raphael Finzi (July 14, 1901 – September 27, 1956) was a British composer, whose popularity has increased considerably in the years since his death.

Life

Born in London, son of an Italian Jewish father and a German Jewish mother, Finzi nevertheless became one of the most characteristically "English" composers of his generation. Despite being an agnostic, he wrote some inspired and imposing Christian choral music.

Finzi's father, a successful shipbroker, died when his son was seven. Gerald was educated privately. During World War I the family settled in Harrogate, and Gerald began to study music under Ernest Farrar — whose death at the Western Front affected him deeply. During these formative years he also suffered the loss of three of his brothers. These adversities contributed to Finzi's bleak outlook on life, but he found solace in the poetry of Thomas Traherne and his favourite, Thomas Hardy, whose poems, as well as those by Christina Rossetti, he began to set to music. In the poetry of Hardy, Traherne, and later William Wordsworth, Finzi was attracted by the recurrent motif of the innocence of childhood corrupted by adult experience. From the very beginning, most of his music was elegiac in tone.

1918-1933: Studies and early compositions

After Farrar's death, Finzi studied privately at York Minster with the organist and choirmaster Edward Bairstow, a strict teacher compared with Farrar. In 1922, following five years of study with Bairstow, Finzi moved to Painswick in Gloucestershire, where he began composing in earnest. His first Hardy settings and the orchestral piece A Severn Rhapsody were soon performed in London to favourable reviews.

In 1925, at the suggestion of Adrian Boult, Finzi took a course in counterpoint with R. O. Morris and then moved to London where he became friendly with Howard Ferguson and Edmund Rubbra. He was also introduced to Gustav Holst, Arthur Bliss and Ralph Vaughan Williams, and Vaughan Williams obtained for him a teaching post (1930-1933) at the Royal Academy of Music.

1933-1939: Musical development

Finzi never felt at home in the city and, having married the artist Joyce Black, settled with her in Aldbourne, Wiltshire, where he devoted himself to composing and apple-growing, saving a number of rare English apple varieties from extinction. He also collected a valuable library of some 3000 volumes of English poetry, philosophy and literature, now in the library of the University of Reading.

During the 1930s, Finzi composed only a few works, but it was in these works, notably the cantata Dies natalis (1939) to texts by Traherne, that his fully mature style developed. He also worked on behalf of the poet-composer Ivor Gurney, who had been committed to an institution. Finzi and his wife catalogued and edited Gurney's works for publication. They also studied and published English folk music and music by old English composers such as William Boyce, Richard Capel Bond, John Garth, Richard Mudge, John Stanley and Charles Wesley.

In 1939 the Finzis moved to Ashmansworth, near Newbury, where he founded the Newbury String Players, an amateur chamber orchestra which he conducted until his death, reviving eighteenth century string music as well as giving premieres of works by his contemporaries, and offering chances of performance for talented young musicians such as Julian Bream and Kenneth Leighton.

1939-1956: Growth of reputation

The outbreak of World War II delayed the first performance of Dies natalis at the Three Choirs Festival, an event that could have established Finzi as a major composer. He worked for the Ministry of War Transport and lodged German and Czech refugees in his home. After the war, he became somewhat more productive than before, writing several choral works as well as the Clarinet Concerto (1949), perhaps his most popular work.

By now, Finzi's works were being performed frequently at the Three Choirs Festival and elsewhere. But this happiness was not to last. In 1951, Finzi learned that he was suffering from the incurable Hodgkin's disease and had at most ten years to live. Something of his feelings after this revelation is probably reflected in the agonized first movement of the deeply moving Cello Concerto (1955), his last major work, although its second movement, originally intended as a musical portrait of his wife, is of greatest serenity.

In 1956, on an excursion near Gloucester with Vaughan Williams, Finzi contracted chickenpox which was too much for his weakened state, causing severe brain inflammation. He died not much later in an Oxford hospital, the first performance of his Cello Concerto on the radio having been given the night before.

Works

Finzi’s output includes nine song cycles, six of them on the poems of Thomas Hardy. The first of these, By Footpath and Stile (1922), is for voice and string quartet, the others, including A Young Man’s Exhortation and Earth and Air and Rain, for voice and piano. Among his other songs, the charming Shakespeare settings in the cycle Let Us Garlands Bring (1942) are the best known. He also wrote incidental music to Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost (1946). For voice and orchestra he composed the above-mentioned Dies natalis, a work profoundly mystic, and the pacifist Farewell to Arms (1944).

Finzi’s choral music includes the popular anthems Lo, the full, final sacrifice and God is gone up as well as unaccompanied partsongs, but he also wrote larger-scale choral works such as For St. Cecilia (text by Edmund Blunden), Intimations of Immortality (William Wordsworth) and the Christmas scene In terra pax (Robert Bridges and the Gospel of Luke), all from the last ten years of his life.

The number of Finzi’s purely instrumental works is small even though he took great pains over them in the early part of his career. He began a piano concerto which was never finished, but material from its individual movements found its way into the gentle Eclogue and the vigorous Grand Fantasia and Toccata which demonstrates Finzi’s admiration for Johann Sebastian Bach as well as the Swiss American Jewish composer Ernest Bloch. He also completed a violin concerto which was performed in London under the baton of Vaughan Williams, but was not satisfied with it and withdrew the two outer movements; the surviving middle movement is called Introit. This concerto thus received only its second performance in 1999 and its first recording is now on Chandos. The clarinet concerto is possibly his most famous instrumental work, with its infectious lyricism and charm coupled with a strong emotional core, but the cello concerto is even more dramatic and is perhaps his greatest work - in it Finzi manages to resolve all his compositional issues to produce a work of astounding drama, beauty, nobility and a sense of melancholic nostalgia which is so characteristic of his work.

Of Finzi's few chamber works, only the Five Bagatelles for clarinet and piano have survived in the regular repertoire.

Finzi had a long friendship with the composer Howard Ferguson and, as well as offering advice on his works during his life, Ferguson helped with the editing of several of Finzi's works published posthumously.

Conclusion

Through Farrar and Vaughan Williams, Finzi belongs to the firm tradition of Elgar, Hubert Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford, which made his music seem unfashionable in his lifetime. One can’t really speak about experimentation, let alone modernity, in the case of Finzi, even though some of his lesser-known works completely contradict his popular image of a lyrical pastoralist. He did, however, have a distinctive voice of his own, most evident in the sensitive songs and choral works which show an unfailing response to and unity with each poet’s words, resulting from his thorough knowledge of English literature. In this respect, he resembles Gurney, Roger Quilter and other English song composers of the early twentieth century, though works such as the Cello Concerto and Intimations of Immortality show him more than a miniaturist.

Finzi’s son, Christopher, inherited his pacifist sympathies as well as his musical talent and became a noted conductor and an exponent of his father’s music. Thanks to him and other enthusiasts, as well as the work of the Finzi Trust and the Finzi Friends Finzi’s music enjoyed a great resurgence from the late twentieth century onwards.

Complete opus list

• 1. Ten Children’s Songs
• 2. By Footpath and Stile
• 3. English Pastorals and Elegies

a) A Severn Rhapsody

b) Requiem da camera

• 4. Psalms for unaccompanied SATB
• 5. Three Short Elegies
• 6. Introit (Violin Concerto)
• 7. New Year Music
• 8. Dies Natalis
• 9. Farewell to Arms
• 10. Eclogue for piano and strings
• 11. Romance
• 12. Two Sonnets by John Milton
• 13a. To a Poet
• 13b. Oh Fair to See
• 14. A Young Man’s Exhortation
• 15. Earth and Air and Rain
• 16. Before and After Summer
• 17. Seven Partsongs - Poems by Robert Bridges

1. I praise the tender flower

2. I have loved flowers that fade

3. My spirit sang all day

4. Clear and gentle stream

5. Nightingales

6. Haste on, my joys!

7. Wherefore tonight so full of care

• 18. Let Us Garlands Bring
• 19a. Till Earth Outwears
• 19b. I Said to Love
• 20. The Fall of the Leaf
• 21. Interlude
• 22. Elegy
• 23. Five Bagatelles
• 24. Prelude and Fugue
• 25. Prelude for strings
• 26. Lo, the full, final sacrifice
• 27. Three Anthems

1. ‘My lovely one’

2. ‘God is gone up’

3. ‘Welcome sweet and sacred feast’

• 28a. Love’s Labour’s Lost- songs
• 28b Love’s Labour’s Lost- suite
• 29. Intimations of Immortality
• 30. For St Cecilia
• 31. Clarinet Concerto
• 32. Thou didst delight my eyes
• 33. All this night
• 34. Muses and Graces
• 35. Let us now praise famous men
• 36. Magnificat
• 37. White-flowering days
• 38. Grand Fantasia and Toccata
• 39. In terra pax
• 40. Cello Concerto

External links

• The official Gerald Finzi website, created for the composer's family and including latest news of concerts featuring Finzi's works.
• A Finzi page on the website of his publisher Boosey & Hawkes, including a complete list of works published by Boosey & Hawkes and a discography.
• Gerald Finzi at Classical Music Web, by John France.
• The Finzi Trust, the official Finzi Trust website: listen to Finzi's music and read about his life and works, the Trust's work and the Finzi Travel Scholarships.

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