gin

A strong colorless alcoholic beverage made by distilling or redistilling rye or other grain spirits and adding juniper berries or aromatics such as anise, caraway seeds, or angelica root as flavoring.

[Alteration of geneva, from Dutch jenever, from Middle Dutch geniver, juniper, from Old French geneivre, from Vulgar Latin *iiniperus, from Latin iūniperus.]

1. Any of several machines or devices, especially:
   1. A machine for hoisting or moving heavy objects.
   2. A pile driver.
   3. A snare or trap for game.
   4. A pump operated by a windmill.
2. A cotton gin.

1. To remove the seeds from (cotton) with a cotton gin.
2. To trap in a gin.

[Middle English, from Old French, short for engin, skill. See engine.]

Gin rummy.

Alcoholic drink made by distilling fermented cereal, flavoured mainly with juniper berries together with coriander seeds, angelica, cinnamon, orange and lemon peel, and sometimes other botanicals. Distillate is diluted to 40% alcohol by volume, 220 kcal (925 kJ) per 100 mL. The name is derived from the French genièvre (juniper); originally known as geneva, Schiedam, or hollands, since it is Dutch in origin.

There are two types of English gin: Plymouth gin, with a fuller flavour, and London gin. Plymouth gin has a protected designation, and legally may only be distilled in Plymouth (Devon); it is made by adding the botanicals to the still, while for London gin the botanical extracts are added to the distilled liquor. Dutch and German gins are more strongly flavoured than English or American; steinhäger and schinkenhäger are distilled from a mash of wheat, barley, and juniper berries; wacholder is made from neutral spirit flavoured with juniper. Dutch gin may be jonge (young) or oude (aged, matured).

Pink gin is gin mixed with angostura bitters.

[JIHN] Made from grain (such as barley, corn or rye), gin is first distilled (see distillation) to a desired alcohol level, then re-distilled with juniper berries and other botanicals (such as angelica, anise, caraway seed, cardamom, cassia bark, citrus peel, coriander seeds, ginger, licorice and orris root) to extract the desired flavors. Distilled water is then added to adjust the alcohol concentration to somewhere between 80 and 95 proof. The two primary styles of gin are Dutch and dry. Dutch gin, also known as Hollands, Genever, Jenever and Schiedam gin, is typically made from equal parts of malted (see malt) barley, corn and rye. It has a slightly sweet, malty character and is generally fuller flavored than dry gin. There are two styles of Dutch gin: Oude ("old") has a stronger flavor from a higher proportion of barley than the Jonge ("young") style, which is lighter in both flavor and texture. Dry gin-the preferred choice for most gin drinkers-is made primarily from corn with a small percentage of malted barley and other grains. It's typically dry (not sweet), aromatic and moderately light in flavor and body. Dry gins made in England (where this style originated) commonly have a slightly higher alcohol content and are more flavorful than American-made gins. Labels indicating "English Dry Gin," "London Dry Gin" or "London Extra Dry Gin" allude to the gin's style, not where it was produced. Plymouth gin (also called Plym), a dry gin made only in Plymouth, England, is fuller bodied, smoother and stronger flavored than London styles. Golden gin has been aged briefly in wood (although aging is not standard practice for most gin), which contributes a light golden color to the normally colorless spirit. Old Tom Gin, a sweetened English-made gin is hard to find outside of Britain. sloe gin isn't actually gin, but a liqueur.

For more information on gin, visit Britannica.com.

This article is about the beverage. For other uses, see Gin (disambiguation).

Gin is a spirit flavoured primarily with juniper berries. Distilled gin is made by redistilling white grain spirit which has been flavoured with juniper berries. Compound gin is made by flavouring neutral grain spirit with juniper berries without redistilling.

The most common style of gin, typically used for mixed drinks, is London dry gin. London dry gin is made by taking a neutral grain spirit (usually produced in a column still) and redistilling after the botanicals are added. In addition to juniper, it is usually made with amounts of citrus botanicals like lemon and bitter orange peel. Other botanicals that may be used include anise, angelica root and seed, orris root, licorice root, cinnamon, cubeb, savory, lime peel, grapefruit peel, dragon eye, saffron, baobab, frankincense, coriander, nutmeg and cassia bark.

Plymouth Gin, the brand, like all gins claims to use a unique recipe - but "Plymouth" is a place designated type of gin, not just the actual brand name itself, and typically uses a subset of the botanicals above, similar to London dry gin. It has lemon and orange, angelica, anise, cardamom, coriander and Juniper.

Distilled gin evolved from the Dutch spirits jonge- and oude- Jenever or Genever (young and old Dutch gin), Plymouth gin, and Old Tom gin. Sloe gin is a common ready-sweetened form of gin that is traditionally made by infusing sloes (the fruit of the blackthorn) in gin. Similar infusions are possible with other fruits, such as damsons (See Damson gin).

There is now a legal definition under EU rules of what constitutes a London Dry Gin, and a London Gin. Essentially London Dry Gin must be an entirely distilled product, with the exception of a very small amount of permitted sugar, though this is not always present. A London Gin has non distilled additives (ex-sugar) in it, such as colouring like saffron and geranium blue, which do not distil.

A well-made gin will be relatively dry compared with other spirits. Gin is often mixed in cocktails with sweeter ingredients like tonic water or vermouth to balance this dryness.

Contents 1 History 2 Cocktails with gin 3 Brands of gin 3.1 Notable brands 3.2 Historical brands 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

History

Juniper berries were fermented and distilled in ancient Greece, to produce a medicinal liquor. By the 11th century, Italian monks were adding juniper berries to distilled spirits to flavour them. During the bubonic plague, this drink was used, ineffectively, as a remedy [1].

Regarding the actual name "gin", a common misconception is that the word derives from the Swiss city Geneva. In fact, the word gin derives from the French word for juniper— genévrier— which is the fruit that flavours the drink. Its invention is often credited to the Dutch physician Franciscus Sylvius.^[1][2] It was sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout. It had been present in England in varying forms since the early 17th century, and at the time of The Restoration enjoyed a brief resurgence. It was only when William of Orange, ruler of the Dutch Republic, seized the British throne in what has become known as the Glorious Revolution that gin became vastly more popular, particularly in its baser forms, when it was more likely to be flavored with turpentine, rather than the juniper of later London gins. Dutch gin, also known as jenever or genever, is a distinctly different drink from English-style gin; it is distilled with barley and sometimes aged in wood, giving it a slight resemblance to whisky. Schiedam, in the province of South Holland, is famous for its jenever. Jenever is produced in a pot still and is typically lower in alcohol and more strongly flavoured than London gin^{[citation needed]}.

Hogarth's Gin Lane

Gin became popular in England after the government allowed unlicensed gin production and at the same time imposed a heavy duty on all imported spirits. This created a market for poor-quality grain that was unfit for brewing beer, and thousands of gin-shops sprang up throughout England. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer, and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor. Of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London, over half were gin-shops. Beer maintained a healthy reputation as it was often safer to drink the brewed ale than unclean plain water. Gin, though, was blamed for various social and medical problems, and it may have been a factor in the higher death rates which stabilized London's previously growing population. The reputation of the two drinks was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751). This negative reputation survives today in the English language, in terms like "gin-mills" to describe disreputable bars or "gin-soaked" to refer to drunks, and in the phrase "Mother's Ruin," a common British name for gin.

The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 was more successful, however. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin-shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. Gin in the 18th century was produced in pot stills, and was somewhat sweeter than the London gin known today.

In London in the early eighteenth century, gin sold on the black market was prepared in illicit stills (of which there were 1500 in 1726) and was often adulterated with turpentine and sulfuric acid. [2] As late as 1913 Webster's Dictionary states without further comment that 'Common gin is usually flavored with turpentine.' [3]

The column still was invented in 1832, and the "London dry" style was developed later in the 19th century. In tropical British colonies, gin was used to mask the bitter flavour of quinine, a protection against malaria, which was dissolved in carbonated water to form tonic water. This was the origin of today's popular gin and tonic combination, even though it is not necessary for the majority of today's consumers of the drink. Quinine is still prescribed for malaria in many developing countries where more recent treatments are prohibitively expensive.^[3][4]

Gin is a popular base spirit for many mixed drinks, including the martini. Secretly produced "bathtub gin" was commonly available in the speakeasies and "blind pigs" of Prohibition-era America due to the relative simplicity of the production method. Gin remained popular as the basis of many cocktails after the repeal of Prohibition.

The National Gin Museum is in Hasselt, Belgium.

Cocktails with gin

Perhaps the best-known gin cocktail is the Martini, traditionally made with gin and dry vermouth. Other gin-based drinks include:

20th Century Allen - Gin with lemon juice and Maraschino liqueur Gimlet - gin and lime juice Gin and Juice - gin and orange juice Gin and Tonic Gin Fizz Gin Rickey - gin, lime juice and carbonated water Gin bucket

The Last Word London Mule, the gin version of a Moscow Mule Maiden's Prayer[5] Negroni Old Etonian Orange Blossom - Plymouth gin and orange juice [6] Pimm's Cup Pink Gin

Ramos gin fizz Salty Dog Satan's Whiskers Singapore Sling Tom Collins Vesper White Lady

Gin is often combined with a number of other mixers.

Brands of gin

Notable brands

Aviation Beefeater Beefeater - First produced in 1820 BOLS Damrak Amsterdam - Dutch jenever Bluecoat - American Gin distilled in Philadelphia Bombay Sapphire - distilled with ten botanicals Boodles British Gin Booth's - first produced in 1790 by Sir Felix Booth Citadelle - 19 exotic botanicals, made in Cognac, France Cork Dry Gin - First distilled at the Watercourse Distillery in Cork City in 1793. Damrak - Sweet candied citrus aromas with a spicy licorice and a juniper edge. DH Krahn Gin - Small-Batch American Gin. Characterized by it fresh citrus zest and exotic spice such as Thai Ginger. Gilbey's Gin Ginebra San Miguel - produced in the Philippines Gin Lubuski - special dry gin, with addition of other botanicals, produced and bottled in Poland.

Gordon's Greenall's G'vine - based on an Ugni Blanc base spirit and infused with green grape flowers Hendrick's Gin - Made in Scotland, infused with cucumber and rose petals. Old Tom gin Plymouth - first distilled in 1793 Sacred Gin distilled in one of London's 2 new micro-distilleries. Seagram's Gin Seneca Drums - Small-Batch American Gin. Sipsmith Gin distilled in the other of London's 2 new micro-distilleries. South Gin - from New Zealand using New Zealand-native manuka berries and kawa kawa leaves Steinhäger Tanqueray - First distilled in 1830 and currently the number 1 imported gin in the United States[7] Uganda Waragi - triple distilled Ugandan Waragi Gin Whitley Neill Gin - Small batch gin distilled with Baobab fruit and Cape Gooseberries

Historical brands

• Fleischmann's Gin - Marketed as the original American gin, first distilled in 1870^[8]

See also

• List of cocktails

References

• Deegan, Grant (Fall 1999). "From the bathtub to the boardroom: gin and its history". MY2K: Martini 2000 1 (1). http://www.mixology.com/issues/my2k/science/gin.htm. 
• Dillon, Patrick (2002). The Much-lamented Death of Madam Geneva: The Eighteenth-century Gin Craze. London: Headline Review. ISBN 0-7472-3545-7. 

1. ^ Origins of Gin, Bluecoat American Dry Gin, http://www.bluecoatgin.com/history_orgins.html, retrieved 2009-04-05 
2. ^ Gin, tasteoftx.com, http://www.tasteoftx.com/spirits/gin.html, retrieved 2009-04-05 
3. ^ http://www.drugs.com/mtm/quinine.html Quinine as treatment for malaria
4. ^ http://www.priory.com/malaria.htm The use of quinine and other drugs
5. ^ http://www.chefs-help.co.uk/drinkrecipe.php?nrecipe=5&item=Gin+Cocktail Maiden's Prayer
6. ^ Orange Blossom Cocktail Recipe from the Free Online Bartending School
7. ^ Tanqueray Stats from Diageo
8. ^ Fleischmann's Gin

External links

• Gin news page - Alcohol and Drugs History Society
• Gin in Victorian London

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Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - gin

idioms:

• gin mill    knejpe, værtshus, bar

2.
n. - rensemaskine til bomuld, løftebuk, fælde, done, egreneringsmaskine, læssebuk, treben
v. tr. - fange i en fælde, fange i en done, egrenere, gå ud med gin

3.
n. - gin-rummy

4.
n. - indfødt kvinde, hunkænguru

Nederlands (Dutch)
gin, val, ontkorrelmachine (katoen), windas, inheemse Australische vrouw, vangen/strikken, ontkorrelen (katoen)

Français (French)
1.
n. - (GB) gin-vermouth, (GB) banlieue résidentielle aisée (des grandes villes du Sud de l'Angleterre)

idioms:

• gin mill    bistro, saloon (péj)

2.
n. - égreneuse
v. tr. - égrener (du coton)

3.
n. - gin-rami

4.
n. - (Austral) femme aborigène (péj)

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Gin, Wacholderschnaps

idioms:

• gin mill    Kneipe, Spelunke

2.
n. - Falle, Schlinge
v. - fangen, mit einer Schlinge fangen

3.
n. - Romme

4.
n. - (Austral) verheiratete Eingeborene

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - εκκοκκιστική μηχανή βαμβακιού, τζιν (ποτό)
v. - εκκοκκίζω βαμβάκι

idioms:

• gin mill    εκκοκκιστήριο βάμβακος

Italiano (Italian)
gin, tagliola

idioms:

• gin mill    taverna

Português (Portuguese)
n. - gim (m), descaroçadora (f) de algodão (Mec.), armadilha (f)
v. - descaroçar algodão, pegar em armadilha

idioms:

• gin mill    pub (m)

Русский (Russian)
джин (алкогольный напиток), западня, хлопкоочистительная машина, подъемная лебедка, ловить в западню, очищать хлопок, искусство, изобретательность

idioms:

• gin mill    неприличная выпивнушка

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - bebida alcohólica, ginebra

idioms:

• gin mill    cantina, taberna

2.
n. - cepo, trampa, máquina para separar la fibra del algodón de las semillas
v. tr. - atrapar animales con trampas, limpiar el algodón de semillas

3.
n. - juego de cartas para dos jugadores

4.
n. - mujer o esposa aborigen (Australia)

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - gin, snara, lyftbock, (bomulls)rensningsmaskin (tekn.), infödingskvinna (austral.)
v. - snärja, rensa

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
1. 杜松子酒

idioms:

• gin mill    低级酒吧

2. 轧棉机, 轧花机, 罗网, 轧棉厂, 轧花厂, 陷阱, 用轧棉机清除的籽, 轧棉, 诱捕

3. 陷阱

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
1.
n. - 陷阱

2.
n. - 軋棉機, 軋花機, 羅網, 軋棉廠, 軋花廠, 陷阱
v. tr. - 用軋棉機清除的籽, 軋棉, 誘捕

3.
n. - 杜松子酒

idioms:

• gin mill    低級酒吧

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - (술의 일종) 진

2.
n. - 조면기, 덫, 기계
v. tr. - 조면기로 빼다, 덫으로 잡다

3.
n. - (카드 놀이의 일종) 진러미

4.
n. - (오스트레일리아) 원주민 여자

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - ジン, 綿繰り機, 罠
v. - わなで捕らえる, 罠にかける

idioms:

• gin mill    酒場

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) شرك, الجن : شراب مسكر (فعل) يوقع في شرك, يحلج القطن‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮ג'ין (משקה)‬
n. - ‮מנפטה, מלכודת, מנוף‬
v. tr. - ‮לכד, הפריד (כותנה)‬
n. - ‮משחק קלפים‬
n. - ‮ילידה באוסטרליה‬

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