The gokturk khanate's orkhon insciptions written in 735 A.D. contains elements from modern nationalism. The person who is said to release the gokturks from chinese dominance speaks out the lords and telling them of how they are mistreating the people and saying their traditions will never perish unless the sky falls down and the earth is torn apart in an obviously nationalistic manner. I can't say for sure if this is the "birthplace" of modern nationalism but this is the oldest evidence of nationalist sentiment in history.

Turkey was never discovered. Turkish republic are the descendants of many great empires. in order, Mongols, Oghuz Turks, the Gokturks, the Hunnic empire, the Hittite empire( to some extent), the great Seljuk empire, and lastly the Ottoman Empire. as the empire from North Asia were moving south west, advancing to Anatolia, most of Asia minor (turkey) at the time was in Persia's control.subsequent, the land fell into Turkish hands.however after the on going wars with the shiekh of Iraq, although they had won, the great Seljuk Empire collapsed. from the rubble emerged the ottoman empire , finally conquering Constantinople (1453) and the break through the Balkans after the war of Kosovo. After the defeat of the ottoman empire to the hand of the entente powers(it took the whole of the western powers to finally defeat the ottoman empire), a angry yet determined, nationalist movement led by Ataturk and Ismet Inonou, the repelled the entente powers including Italy, France, England, Russia and Armenia.

Tarkhan is a Turkish Title, like the other Turko Mughal Titles, Tegin, Shad, yabghu, Baghatur, Khagan, Beg, Mirza etc. This Title occurs in the Orkhon inscriptions; Tonykuk ; Kultekin; Bilge Kagan inscription ( Gok Turk). Tarkhan means Turkish Prince , commandes and Ruler ( tar means Turk and Khan means Prince).

According to the free dictionary. com the Defination of Tarkhan is ,(1) Among Turkic peoples in the Middle Ages, a feudal lord (prince) or a person of any of several other social groups free of taxation.

(2) The tax-exempt lands and property of the feudal lords of the Transcaucasus, Middle Asia, and the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and the Crimea.

(3) A kind of medieval Russian public-legal document. Tarkhan is a Turkic word from old Turkic language (East old Turkey; Orkhon Turkic; old Uyghur) meaning "a privileged class". Tarkhan is a Turkish title used in Islamic times for a Turkish noble man or Prince. Tarkhan is an old Turkish dignity and distinguishes. Such persons as were free from taxation. In the oldest Turkish documents Tarku means a Latter of protection, a latter of nobility. In the sanlaxs dictionary it is written that this Title is given to a person who is exempt from taxes. Tarkhan can commit up to nine offense without being called to account. G,Clauson argued that Tarkhan(Tarqan) in ancient Turkic was considered to be the supreme Title and was not even, like Tegin and Shad, peculiar to the Royal family, but that it was stjll a high Title, carrying administrative responsibility. Tarkhan is a Terminology in Russian History, means regimental commander of Khazar Army. It was used among the Turks, Mongols another steppe people and was a high rank in the army of Tamerlan. Tarkhan (Tar-Khan) (Turkic title), a war lord of the Prairie who protected his herd with armed followers, the wealthiest of them, because the aristocrate of the steppe, the noyans or princess. This name (Tarkhan) must be derived from the title of the Turkish commander who presumably pitched his tent on the Taman Peninsula in 568. Tama-Tarkhan means the chief of ten thousands, later on Chengiz khan's army was organized according to that system. Tarkhan was one of the titles of the oldest two Princess (cf, Marquart, le pp. 41-42), as a Hunnic title; the word has suervived in the name of Russian city As Tarkhan, originally Hajji Tarkhan. Ancestor of Genghis Khan belonged to the Khan, Tarkhan and Smith lineage. The name of Genghis Khan was Temujin,which means iron worker.According to Ibn Batutah the Genghis Khan was in his outset a blacksmith in the country of Khita .The historians societies such as GokTurks, Khazars, Oughurs,all were Turkic peoples descended from Ashina Clan, a subtribe of Xiongnu/Hun,they were iron worker and Manufactured weapons.Their rulers adopted the titles Khans, Tarkhan, Khakan Yabghu, Shad etc. We can deduce the fact that the title Tarkhan originally has something with the vocation identitely of Gokturks. Ashina clan the legendary father of the ancient Turkic people were engaged in metal working.Genghis Khan was descended from Oghuz/Oghur Turkic tribe,may be Mongolic because The Oghuz Kagan belonged to Mughal I-Amak, but it is certain that Genghis Khan descended from a Oghuz/oghur tribe, Tarkhan family especially The Ashina Clan (golden family), a sub group of Xiongnu/Hun. They were engaged in metal working. They erected a Foundry for iron work in a mountain called Ergenekon. They were true Mughals and called Arkanakon Smiths.

Tarkhan is a Turko-Mongol title like others titles; Khan; Khatun; IlKhan; Amir; Mirza; Beg; Khagan; yabghu; Tegin; Shad; Baghatur. Tarkhan is a title of Turko- Mongol ( Hunnic, Gokturk, Khazar, Uyghur) Rulers. The prominent Turkic Rulers were,Tama-Tarkhan, Ras Tarkhan, Alp Tarkhan, Hazer Tarkhan, Qutlugh Tarkhan Sengun, Tun Bagha Tarkhan etc.. The term Tarkhan was a Mongolic Title conferred by the Tarkhan Chief enjoyed power and privilege next to the great Mongol Khan. Originally, Tarkhan was a term Applied to Mongol nobles. Tarkhan is a Turko-Mongol Tribe. Amir Timur in his Institutes, enumerates twelve of forty Tribes which had submitted to his Government; Barlas, Tarkhan, Arghun, Jalair etc.[8] The title was originally a hereditary one; Chengiz Khan conferred it on the Qishliq and Bata, under Timur, a Tarkhan had free access to the Palace and criminal immunity for himself and his children up to nine offenses.

The Qishliq Tribe was derived from the Kalkits tribe, sprung from Urma-uts Tribe. Kalkits was the third son of Menglig, surname Izka, for his piety and virtue, was of this (Urma-uts) Tribe married the widow Ulun-iga, mother of Temujin. The Kishlik, who with his brother, Baydu saved the life of Genghis Khan, made them and their decedents, Tarkhan from nine generation, free from all sorts of Taxes. The descendants of the Two persons, Kishlik and Badai to were the progenitors of two tribes, styled respectively Badai Tarkhan and Qishliq Tarkhans [4] So, it is proved that the Tarkhan was a family of Genghis Khan. A follower of Temurs, Ghiyath-al-Din Tarkhans Ancestor Kishlik (qishliq), had been made a Tarkhan by Genghis Khan, and had later been among Chaghadais Amirs. This honor had descended in his family and let them consider prestige. Three of Ghiyath-al-Din daughters married sons or grandsons of Temur, one of them was Gawharshad, Shahrukhs powerful and influential wife. She was conspicuous in public dynasty occasion and as a Patron of architecture. She was an integral part of Shahrukh's closest circle and seems to have direct ties to his major Amirs. The sons of Ghiyath-al-Din Tarkhan, Ali Tarkhan, Hussian Sufi Tarkhan, Sayyid Ahmed, Mohammad Sufi, and Hamza Tarkhans were also prominent in most of Shahrukhs early campaigns.

Babur was a descendent of Timur through his father and Genghis Khan through his mother. He was the eldest son of Umar Sheykh Mirza, ruler of the Fargana Valley, the son of Abu Said Mirza (a grand son of Miran Shah, who was himself the son of Timur) and his wife Qutlugh Nigar Khanum, a daughter of Yunus Khan, the ruler of Moghlistan (and great-great grand son of Tughlugh Timur, the son of Esen Buqa ll who was the great-great-great grand sons of Chaghatai Khan, the second son of Genghis Khan. Tarkhans were also relative of Babur. Sultan Ahmed Mirza was born in 1451 AD, the year in which his father took the thorn of Samarkand. He was Sultan Abu Said Mirza eldest son, his mother was a daughter of Aurdu-Bugha Tarkhan, the elder sister of Darwesh Mohammad Tarkhan and most honoured of Mirza's wife, Mihr Nigar Khanum. She was Yunus Khan's eldest daughter and my mother's full sister. Darwaish Mohammad Khan was another, the son of Aurda Boga Tarkhan and full brother of mother of Sultan Ahmed Mirza and Sultan Mohammad Mirza, of all begs in Sultan Ahmed Mirza presence, he was the greatest and most honoured. Abdul Ali Tarkhan was another, a close relative of Darwesh Muhammad Tarkhan. Tarkhan possessor also of his younger sister, that is to say Baqi Tarkhan's mother.

The Tarkhan Mughals dynasty of Sindh (Pakistan) who ruled from 1554 to 1591 were descended from Genghis khan, the family tree runs as follows Chengiz Khan ; Tolui; Hulugu; Abagha; Arghun; Gaykhatu; Gazan; Oljeitu (khuda Banda),Amir Elchi, Amir Ektu-Timur.The Tarkhan rulers were descendants of the eldest son of Amir Ektu-timur. General Mirza Isa Beg founded the Tarkhan Dynasty of sindh (Pakistan) after the death of shah Hussan Arghun of the Arghun dynasty. Mughal Emperor Akbar annexed Sindh after defeating the last Tarkhan Ruler.The famous Rulers of the Tarkhan dynasty were; Shah Beg Arghun Tarkhan, Mirza Shah Husan Arghun Tarkhan, Mirza Isa Khan Tarkhan, Mirza Baki Tarkhan, Mirza Isa Tarkhan II.

The name of Genghis Khan was Temujin,which means iron worker.According to Ibn Batutah the Genghis Khan was in his outset a blacksmith in the country of Khita .The historians societies such as GokTurks, Khazars, Oughurs,all were Turkic peoples descended from Ashina Clan, a subtribe of Xiongnu/Hun,they were iron worker and Manufactured weapons.Their rulers adopted the titles Khans, Tarkhan, Khakan Yabghu, Shad etc. We can deduce the fact that the title Tarkhan originally has something with the vocation identitely of Gokturks. Ashina clan the legendary father of the ancient Turkic people were engaged in metal working.Genghis Khan was descended from Oghuz/Oghur Turkic tribe,may be Mongolic because The Oghuz Kagan belonged to Mughal I-Amak, but it is certain that Genghis Khan descended from a Oghuz/oghur tribe, Tarkhan family especially The Ashina Clan (golden family), a sub group of Xiongnu/Hun. They were engaged in metal working. They erected a Foundry for iron work in a mountain called Ergenekon. They were true Mughals and called Arkanakon Smiths.

Very little, they almost lost all of their Mongoloid DNA by mixing with the Bulgar people, Samaritans, Greeks(rarely), Scythian, Tocharians, Caucasus people and went down to present-day Turkey. I know some Turkish friends that claim that they have Han/Mongolic backgrounds, and it really is true!