golf club

1. One of a set of clubs having a slender shaft and a head of wood or iron, used in golf.
2. An organization of golfers.

Background

A golf club is used to strike the ball in the game of golf. It has a long shaft with a grip on one end and a weighted head on the other end. The head is affixed sideways at a sharp angle to the shaft, and the striking face of the head is inclined to give the ball a certain amount of upward trajectory. The rules of golf allow a player to carry up to 14 different clubs, and each one is designed for a specific situation during the game.

History

The origins of golf are shrouded in history and probably evolved from other games in which a small object was struck with a stick. The Romans had a game called Paganica, which involved hitting a stone with a stick. The French had a similar game called chole, while the English had cambuca, which used a ball made of wood. Possibly the strongest claim to golf comes from the Dutch, who were known to play a game called kolfas early as 1296. In its original form,kolfwas played on any available terrain including churchyards, highways, and frozen lakes. The object was to hit a succession of targets by striking the ball with a long-handled wooden club. To allow a clear shot, the ball was slightly elevated on a pile of sand called a tuitje, from which we get the modern term tee.

The Dutch claim to the origin of the game is hotly disputed by the Scots who point out that they had been playing golf for as long or longer than the Dutch. Whatever the origin, there is no dispute that it was the Scots who popularized the game. It became so popular that in 1457 the Scottish Parliament passed an act banning golf because it was taking time from archery practice necessary for national defense. The ban was widely ignored. Ironically, the first manufactured golf club was made by a Scottish bow maker named William Mayne, who was appointed Clubmaker to the court of King James in 1603.

Early golf clubs were made entirely of wood. Not only was this material easy to shape, but it was also soft enough not to damage the stuffed leather golf balls that were used until the mid-1800s. With the introduction of the hard rubber gutta-percha golf ball in 1848, golfers no longer had to worry about damaging the ball and began using clubs with iron heads. Because iron heads could be formed with sharply inclined striking faces without losing their strength, iron-headed clubs, called irons, were most often used for making shorter, high-trajectory shots, while wooden-headed clubs, called woods, were used for making longer, low-trajectory shots.

Until the early 1900s, all golf clubs had wooden shafts whether they had iron heads or wooden heads. The first steel-shafted golf clubs were made in the United States in the 1920s. It was about this time that some club makers started using the current numbering system to identify different clubs, rather than the old colorful names. The woods were numbered one through five, and the irons were numbered two through nine. The higher the number, the more inclined the surface of the striking face. The putter rounded out the set of clubs and retained its name instead of being assigned a number. The sand wedge was developed in 1931 to help golfers blast their way out of traps. In time, the sand wedge was joined by several other specialty golf clubs.

In the early 1970s, manufacturers introduced golf clubs with shafts made from fiber-reinforced composite materials originally developed for military and aerospace applications. These shafts were much lighter than steel, but they were expensive and some golfers felt the new shafts flexed to much. Later, when ultrahigh-strength fibers were developed to control the flex, composite shafts gained more acceptance.

The first metal-headed drivers were developed in 1979. In 1989, they were followed by the first oversize metal-headed drivers. The oversize heads were cast with a hollow center and filled with foam, which made them the same weight as smaller wood heads. When combined with a longer, light-weight composite shaft, the oversize metal woods achieved a greater head velocity at impact and drove the ball further. The over-size club heads also had larger striking faces, which made them more forgiving if the ball was struck off-center.

Today, the design and manufacture of golf clubs is both an art and a science. Some club makers use the very latest computeraided design and automated manufacturing techniques to build hundreds of thousands of clubs a year, while others rely on experience and hand-crafting skills to build only a few dozen custom-made clubs a year.

Raw Materials

Golf clubs are manufactured from a wide variety of materials, including metals, plastics, ceramics, composites, wood, and others. Different materials are chosen for different parts of the club based on their mechanical properties, such as strength, elasticity, formability, impact resistance, friction, damping, density, and others.

Club heads for drivers and other woods may be made from stainless steel, titanium, or graphite fiber-reinforced epoxy. Face inserts may be made from zirconia ceramic or a titanium metal matrix ceramic composite. Oversize metal woods are usually filled with synthetic polymer foam. Traditionalists can even buy woods that are made of real wood. Persimmon, laminated maple, and a host of exotic woods are used. Wood club heads are usually soaked in preserving oil or coated with a synthetic finish like polyurethane to protect them from moisture.

Club heads for irons and wedges may be made from chrome-plated steel, stainless steel, titanium, tungsten, beryllium nickel, beryllium copper, or combinations of these metals. Heads for putters may be made of all of the same materials as irons, plus softer materials like aluminum or bronze, because the velocity of impact is much slower when putting.

Club shafts may be made from chrome-plated steel, stainless steel, aluminum, carbon or graphite fiber-reinforced epoxy, boron fiber-reinforced epoxy, or titanium. Grips are usually made from molded synthetic rubber or wrapped leather.

Design

The rules of the United States Golf Association (USGA) have only a few brief paragraphs regarding the design of golf clubs. There are no restrictions on weight or materials, and only a few restrictions on dimensions. Shafts must be at least 18 in (457 mm) long. The distance from the heel to the toe of the head must be greater than the distance from the face to the back of the head. The cross-sectional dimension of the grip must not be greater than 1.75 in (45 mm) in any direction. Of all the rules, however, the most important one requires that the club ''shall not be substantially different from the traditional and customary form and make."

It is this last rule that sometimes gives club designers the fits. It means, for example, that club heads may not have features like aiming fins or holes to reduce aerodynamic drag. Shafts may not have flexible joints, and so forth. In short, anything that is not "traditional and customary" is not allowed. All new club designs must be submitted to the USGA for review and approval before they may be used in tournament play.

Within the USGA guidelines, many new features have been incorporated into golf clubs. Using computer-aided design programs and mathematical models of club and ball dynamics, designers have learned to utilize new materials, redistribute weight, and alter the general shape of the club in an attempt to help both professional golfers and weekend duffers improve their games.

One common feature of modern irons is perimeter weighting, which places most of the club head weight around the edges, leaving the center with less material. This added mass reduces the amount of club twist when the ball is struck towards the edge of the club, rather than in the center. The effect is to increase the size of the effective hitting area, or the "sweet spot" as golfers call it. The hollow oversize metal heads on some drivers have the same effect.

Another design feature of some modern clubs is the offset head, where the striking face is located to the rear of the centerline of the shaft. This places the golfer's hands slightly ahead of the ball at impact, which tends to square the club face and give better direction control.

Other design features help golfers make cleaner shots from uneven terrain, get the ball up in the air from grassy lies, and correct their tendency to hit to one side or the other. As with any product, some features offer more psychological help than physical help. Despite three decades of golf club design improvements, the driving distance of the best professional golfers increased only 12 yd (11 m) between 1968 and 1995, and the average winning score fell at a rate of only one stroke every 21 years.

The Manufacturing
Process

Every golf club maker uses a slightly different manufacturing process. The largest companies use highly automated machinery, while the smallest companies use hand tools. Some parts of the manufacturing process may be unique to one company and regarded as trade secrets.

Here is a typical sequence of operations used to produce a machine-made, perimeter-weighted golf iron.

Forming the head

• The head is formed by a process called investment casting. A master die of the club head is made from metal. The die consists of two halves with a hollow cavity that is the exact shape and size of the desired club head. Molten wax is poured into the die cavity and allowed to harden.
• When the wax is hard, the die is opened, and the wax pattern is removed. This process is repeated several times. Several wax patterns are attached to a central wax column, called a sprue, to form a tree.
• The tree is dipped into a liquid mixture of powdered ceramic material, various chemicals, and a gelling agent. It is set aside until the coating dries. The tree is then placed in a container, and the container is filled with a liquid molding slurry, which is allowed to harden.
• The hardened mold is heated to about 1,000-2,000° F (550-1,100° C) in an oven to melt the wax patterns. The melted wax runs out the bottom and any wax residue is vaporized. The mold is then inverted.
• Molten metal for the club head is poured into the hot mold and allowed to harden. When the metal has cooled, the mold material is broken away from the tree, and the individual cast heads are cut off the sprue. The investment casting process produces parts with an excellent surface finish and no flash or parting lines to remove. The parts can be made from a wide range of metals and their weight is uniform from one part to another.
• Most iron heads are heated treated to harden the outer surface. The head is heated either with a flame or an induction coil, and then quickly cooled. This causes the steel near the surface to form a different grain structure that is much harder than the rest of the head.

Forming the shaft

• If the shaft is made of steel or stainless steel, it is formed by a process called tube drawing. A tube of the desired length is pulled part way through an opening in a die slightly smaller than the tube diameter, which causes the drawn portion of the tube to neck down in diameter. This process is repeated several times. Each time the die diameter is made slightly smaller, and the length of tube pulled through the die is several inches less. The result is a tube that decreases in diameter from about 0.50 in (13 mm) to about 0.37 in (9.5 mm) in seven or eight small steps spaced along the length of the shaft. If the shaft is made of steel, it is chrome plated after it is formed.
• If the shaft is made of graphite fiber-reinforced composite material, it is formed by a process called pultrusion. A bundle of graphite fibers is pulled through a circular opening in one or more heated dies while epoxy resin is forced through the opening at the same time. The graphite fibers become imbedded in the epoxy and the heat makes the epoxy harden to form the shaft. The shaft is then cooled by air or water and cut to length. Graphite fiber-reinforced shafts are the same diameter along the entire length.

Assembling the club

• There are several ways to fasten the head to the shaft. With some metal shafts, the shaft is inserted into the socket on the head and a small hole is drill crossways through both the socket and the shaft. A small metal pin is then pressed into the hole and held in place with an epoxy adhesive. With graphite shafts, the head is bonded to the shaft with an adhesive. This second process is becoming more common for all shaft materials, including metal shafts.
• The other end of the shaft is placed in a hollow die and a rubber grip is molded around its upper portion. The shaft may then be labeled with an adhesive sticker to show the manufacturer, brand name, degree of flex, or other information.
• The raised metal parts are polished to give the club a finished appearance. As a final step, any recessed lettering or logos on the club head may be filled with paint or another color finish. Adhesive stickers or adhesive-backed metal plates may be affixed to the club head for identification or decoration as well.

Quality Control

Golf clubs are treated with almost as much attention to specifications as components for aircraft. In fact most golf club manufacturers emphasize their specifications as a means of differentiating their clubs from the competition. Swing weight, lie angle, shaft torque, and a host of other specifications are not only important to the club designers, but are also important to the company's customers. In addition to dimensional checks and process controls, clubs are randomly tested for a variety of specifications that affect performance.

The Future

The popularity of golf is expected to continue to grow. As the number of recreational players increases, there will be an emphasis on designing clubs that make the game more enjoyable for the average golfer. Despite objections from purists, oversize club heads and other game-improving features will continue to be offered.

Where to Learn More

Books

Plumridge, Chris. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Golf Exeter Books, 1988.

Zumerchick, John, editor. Encyclopedia of Sports Science. Simon & Schuster MacMillan, 1997.

Periodicals

Crecca, Donna Hood. "Fore!" Popular Science (February 1995): 56-60, 84.

Sauerhaft, Rob. "Easier than Ever." Golf Magazine (October 1994): 56-57.

Sauerhaft, Rob. "Iron Wars." Golf Magazine (April 1998): 168-169.

Other

Callaway Golf. http://www.callawaygolf.com.

Cobra Golf, Inc. http://www.cobragolf.com.

Karsten Manufacturing Corporation. http://www.pinggolf.com.

United States Golf Association (USGA). http://www.usga.org.

[Article by: Chris Cavette]

Three golf clubs of different classes. From left to right are a driver, a putter, and an iron.

A golf club is used in the sport of golf to hit a golf ball. Each club is composed of a shaft with a lance (grip) and a clubhead. Woods are mainly used for long-distance fairway or tee shots; irons, the most versatile class, are used for a variety of shots; putters are used mainly on the green to roll the ball into the cup.

An important variation in different clubs is loft, or the angle between the club's face and the vertical plane. It is loft that makes a golf ball leave the tee on an ascending trajectory, not the angle of swing; all swings contact the ball with a horizontal motion. The impact of the club compresses the ball, while grooves on the clubface give the ball backspin (which would appear as a clockwise spin on the ball when viewed from the standpoint of a right-swinging golfer, or as a counter-clockwise spin when viewed from the standpoint of a left-swinging golfer). Together, the compression and backspin create lift. The majority of woods and irons are labeled with a number; higher numbers indicate shorter shafts and higher lofts, which give the ball a higher and shorter trajectory.

A set used to play a round of golf, under the rules of golf, must have no more than 14 clubs. While the variation of clubs differs between golfers, a full set typically consists of a driver, two fairway woods (generally 3- and 5-woods), a set of irons from 3 to 9, a pitching wedge, a sand wedge, a putter, and one more club of the player's choice. Many players opt to avoid the long irons (that many find difficult to hit) and replace them with more forgiving clubs, like hybrids, although a small number of players choose to carry a 2-iron rather than a third wood.

Contents 1 Club Types 1.1 Woods 1.2 Irons 1.3 Hybrids 1.4 Putters 2 Construction 2.1 Shaft 2.2 Grip 2.2.1 Grip rules 2.2.2 Regripping 2.3 Hosel 2.4 Clubhead 2.5 Ferrule 3 Regulations 4 See also 5 References

Club Types

Woods

Main article: Wood (golf)

Woods are long-distance clubs, meant to drive the ball a great distance down the fairway towards the hole. They generally have a large head and a long shaft for maximum club speed. Historically woods were made from Persimmon wood although some manufacturers - notably Ping - developed laminated woods. In 1979, TaylorMade Golf introduced the first metal wood made of steel. Even more recently manufacturers have started using materials such as carbon fiber, titanium, or scandium. Even though most 'woods' are made from different metals, they are still called 'woods' to denote the general shape and their intended use on the golf course. Most woods made today have a graphite shaft and a titanium, composite, or steel head.

Irons

Main article: Iron (golf)

Irons are golf clubs with a flat angled face and a shorter shaft than a wood, designed for shots approaching the green or from more difficult lies such as the rough, through or over trees, or the base of hills. As with woods, "irons" get their name because they were originally made from forged iron. High-loft irons are called wedges. The higher the number gets on the scale, the lower amount of angle difference from 90 degrees. Irons are often hybrid, cavity-back or muscle-back. A hybrid is any iron that features a head very similar to a fairway wood; hollow steel or titanium with a shallow, slightly convex face. A hybrid head is usually marginally shallower and does not extend backwards from the face as far as a comparable fairway wood. A Cavity-back iron is any iron in which a small to large amount of the metal across the back of the head is removed, allowing that weight to be re-positioned on the perimeter of the head, farther away from the head's center of gravity. A muscle-back iron is any iron in which there is no cavity on the back of the head, i.e., the weight is more evenly distributed across the back of the clubhead.

Wedges are irons with a higher loft than a 9 iron, which is typically lofted at about 42 degrees. Wedges are used for a variety of short-distance, high-altitude, high-accuracy shots such as hitting the ball onto the green ("approach" shots), placing the ball accurately on the fairway for a better shot at the green ("lay-up" shots), or hitting the ball out of hazards or rough onto the green (chipping). There are usually six types of wedges with lofts ranging from 45° to 64°: pitching wedge (PW 48°), gap wedge (GW 52°), sand wedge (SW 56°), lob wedge (LW 60°), and ultra lob wedge (LW 64°)^[1]. The pitching wedge is sometimes called or labeled as a 10 iron, and the gap wedge is sometimes called an approach wedge or Utility Wedge and labeled with AW or UW respectively.

Hybrids

Main article: Hybrid (golf)

Hybrids are a cross between a wood and an iron, giving these clubs the wood's long distance with the iron's familiar swing. These clubs generally are used instead of high-numbered woods and/or low-numbered irons, though some manufacturers produce entire sets of hybrids or "iron replacements" that incorporate hybrid design to add distance and forgiveness to a player's entire set of irons from 1 to pitching wedge. Most hybrids take the place of an iron, but the hybrid is easier to hit than its respective iron. These clubs are often referred to as "Rescues" because the TaylorMade Rescue was one of the first clubs to utilize this design, as well as the use of the clubs to get one out of a tricky position (to be in fact rescued by the club).

Putters

Main article: Putter

Putters are a special class of clubs with a loft not exceeding ten degrees (except chippers), designed primarily to roll the ball along the grass, generally from a point on the putting green towards the cup. Contrary to popular belief, putters do have a loft (often 5 degrees from truly perpendicular at impact) that helps to lift the ball from any indentation it has made. Newer putters also include grooves on the face to promote roll rather than a skid off the impact. This increases rolling distance and reduces bouncing over the turf. Also present in some golfers' bags is the "chipper" which is designed for low-speed swings to lift the ball a short distance about 25 yards/23 meters, onto the green. The club can be used in place of the pitching wedge with an abbreviated swing to accomplish the same end.

Construction

Shaft

Main article: Shaft (golf)

Loft and lie of a golf club.

The shaft is a tapered tube made of metal (usually steel) or carbon fiber composite (referred to as graphite). The shaft is roughly 0.5 inches (13 mm) in diameter near the grip and from 34 to 48 inches (86 to 122 cm) in length. Shafts weigh from 45 to 150 grams (1.6 to 5.3 oz), depending on the material and length.^{[citation needed]}

Shafts are quantified in a number of different ways. The most common is the shaft flex. Simply, the shaft flex is the amount that the shaft will bend when placed under a load. A stiffer shaft will not flex as much, which requires more power to flex and "whip" through the ball properly (which results in higher club speed at impact for more distance), while a more flexible shaft will whip with less power required for better distance on slower swings, but may torque and over-flex if swung with too much power causing the head not to be square at impact, resulting in lower accuracy. Most shaft makers offer a variety of flexes. The most common are: L (Lady), A (Soft Regular, Intermediate or Senior), R (Regular), S (Stiff), and X (Tour Stiff, Extra Stiff or Strong). A regular flex shaft is generally appropriate for those with an average head speed (80–94 mph (130–150 km/h)), while an A-Flex (or senior shaft) is for players with a slower swing speed (70–79 mph (110–130 km/h)), and the stiffer shafts, such as S-Flex and X-Flex (Stiff and Extra-Stiff shafts) are reserved only for those players with an above average swinging speed, usually above 100 mph (160 km/h). Some companies also offer a "stiff-regular" or "firm" flex for players whose club speed falls in the upper range of a Regular shaft (90–100 mph (140–160 km/h)), allowing golfers and clubmakers to fine-tune the flex for a stronger amateur-level player.^{[citation needed]}

On off-center hits, the clubhead twists as a result of a torque, reducing accuracy as the face of the club is not square to the player's stance at impact. In recent years, many manufacturers have produced and marketed many low-torque shafts aimed at reducing the twisting of the clubhead at impact, however these tend to be stiffer along their length as well. Most recently, many brands have introduced stiff-tip shafts. These shafts offer the same flex throughout most of the Shaft, in order to attain the "whip" required to propel the ball properly, but also include a stiffer tip, which cuts back drastically on the lateral torque acting on the head.^{[citation needed]}

Widely overlooked as a part of the club, the shaft is considered by many to be the engine of the modern clubhead. Shafts range in price from a mere US$20 to over US$1200. Current graphite shafts weigh considerably less than their steel counterparts (sometimes weighing less than 50 grams (1.8 oz) for a driver shaft), allowing for lighter clubs that can be swung at greater speed. Within the last ten years^[when?], performance shafts have been integrated into the club making process. Performance shafts are designed to address specific criteria, such as to launch the ball higher or lower or to adjust for the timing of a player's swing to load and unload the shaft at the correct moments of the swing for maximum power. Whereas in the past each club could come with only one shaft, today's clubheads can be fit with dozens of different shafts, creating the potential for a much better fit for the average golfer.^{[citation needed]}

Grip

In modern times, the grip has undergone a number of iterations. The large variety of models makes it far easier than in the past for a discriminating golfer to find a comfortable model.^{[citation needed]}

Grip rules

According to the rules of golf, all club grips, with the exception of the putter, must have a circular cross-section. The putter may have any cross section that is symmetrical along the length of the grip through at least one plane. Grips may taper from thick to thin along their length (and virtually all do), but they are not allowed to have any waisting (a thinner section of the grip surrounded by thicker sections above and below it) or bulges (thicker sections of the grip surrounded by thinner sections). Minor variations in surface texture (such as the natural variation of a "wrap"-style grip) are not counted unless significant.^{[citation needed]}

Regripping

Advances in materials have resulted in more durable, longer-lasting soft grips, but nevertheless grips do eventually dry out, harden, or are otherwise damaged and must be replaced. Replacement grips sold as do-it-yourself kits are generally inexpensive and of high quality, although custom grips that are larger, softer, or textured differently from the everyday "wrap"-style grip are generally bought and installed by a clubsmith.^{[citation needed]}

Regripping used to require toxic, flammable solvents to soften and activate the adhesive, and a vise to hold the club steady while the grip was forced on. The newest replacement kits, however, use double-sided tape with a water-activated adhesive that is slippery when first activated, allowing easier installation. Once the adhesive cures, it creates a very strong bond between grip and shaft and the grip is usually impossible to remove without cutting it off. Note that the grip is sometimes lubed for easier removal.^{[citation needed]}

Hosel

The hosel is the portion of the clubhead to which the shaft attaches. Though largely ignored by players, hosel design is integral to the balance, feel and power of a club. Modern hosels are designed to place as little mass as possible over the top of the striking face of the club, which lowers the center of gravity of the club for better distance.

Clubhead

Each head has one face which contacts the ball during the stroke. Putters may have two striking faces, as long as they are identical and symmetrical. Some chippers have two faces, but are not legal. Page 135 of the 2009 USGA rules of golf states:^[2]

"The clubhead must have only one striking face, except that a putter may have two such faces if their characteristics are the same, and they are opposite each other."^[2]

Page 127 of the USGA rules of golf states:^[3]

"A putter is a club with a loft not exceeding ten degrees designed primarily for use on the putting green."^[3]

Therefore, any double sided club with a loft greater than 10 degrees is not legal.^[2][3]

Ferrule

The decorative trim ring, usually black (It may have additional trim colors), that is found directly on top of the hosel on many woods and irons.

Regulations

The ruling authorities of golf, the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews (R&A) and the United States Golf Association (USGA) reserve the right to define what shapes and physical characteristics of clubs are permissible in tournament play. Many recently developed woods have a marked "trampoline effect" (a large deformation of the face upon impact followed by a quick restoration to original dimensions, acting like a slingshot), resulting in very high ball speeds and great lengths of tee shots. As of 1 January 2008, the USGA and R&A have settled on a regulation that limits the acceptable "trampoline effect" to a coefficient of restitution (COR) – a measurement of the efficiency of the transfer of energy from the club head to the ball – of .830.^[4]

Other large scale USGA rulings involve a 1990 law suit, and subsequent settlement, against Karsten Manufacturing, makers of the PING brand, for their use of square, or U-grooves in their immensely popular Ping Eye2 irons. The USGA argued that players who used the Eye2 had an unfair advantage in imparting spin on the ball, which helps to stop the ball on the putting greens. The USGA utilized John L. Saksun, founder of Canadian golf company Accuform Golf, as a consultant to set up methods of measuring the unique grooves and determining PING's compliance with the rulings.^[5] Saksun, by proposing a cost-effective solution to help PING change the design of subsequent Eye2s, saved PING hundreds of millions. PING subsequently withdrew their US$100 million lawsuit against the USGA. Ping’s older clubs were "grandfathered in" and allowed to remain in play as part of the settlement.^[6] Today, square grooves are considered perfectly legal under the Rules of Golf. However, the USGA has determined that square grooves are illegal in elite-level competition.^[7]

See also

• Golf glossary
• Golf cart
• Obsolete golf clubs

Golf portal

References

1. ^ http://www.lindgolf.com/buying-guide/wedges
2. ^ ^{a b c} USGA rules of golf, p 135.
3. ^ ^{a b c} USGA rules of golf, p 127.
4. ^ Stachura, Mike (2002-10). About-face: the USGA's final edict on COR should end the confusion over which drivers conform and which do not. Golf Digest, October 2002. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HFI/is_10_53/ai_93487351.
5. ^ Weeks, Bob (2007-02-16). Grooves: the new rules battleground. SCOREGolf: The Voice of Canadian Golf, 16 February 2007. Retrieved from http://scoregolf.com/blog/bob-weeks/2007/February/Grooves-the-new-rules-battleground.cfm.
6. ^ "Accord Is Reached On U-Groove Irons". The New York Times. January 29, 1990. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/29/sports/accord-is-reached-on-u-groove-irons.html. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 
7. ^ "Club grooves limitation sought". USA Today. March 12, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/2007-02-28-grooves-rule-changes_x.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 

v • d • e Golf Clubs Types of club Woods · Hybrids · Irons · Wedges · Putters Types of wedge Pitching wedge · Gap wedge · Sand wedge · Lob wedge · Ultra lob wedge See also Obsolete golf clubs

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