granola

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Granola is a breakfast food and snack food consisting of rolled oats, nuts, honey, and sometimes rice,^{[citation needed]} that is usually baked until crispy. During the baking process the mixture is stirred to maintain a loose, breakfast cereal-type consistency. Dried fruits, such as raisins and dates, are sometimes added.

A bowl of granola.

Besides serving as food for breakfast and/or snacks, granola is also often eaten by those who are hiking, camping, or backpacking due to the fact that it is lightweight, high in calories, and easy to store; these properties make it similar to trail mix and muesli.

Granola is often eaten in combination with yogurt, honey, strawberries, bananas, milk, and/or other forms of cereal.^{[citation needed]} It can also serve as a topping for various types of pastries and/or desserts.^[1]

History

An 1893 advertisement for Kellogg's Granola

The names Granula and Granola were trademarked terms in the late nineteenth century United States for foods consisting of whole grain products crumbled and then baked until crispy^[1]; in contrast with the contemporary invention, muesli, which is traditionally not baked or sweetened. The name is now trademarked only in Australia (by the Australian Health & Nutrition Association Ltd.'s Sanitarium Health Food Company).^[1]

Granula was invented in Dansville, New York, by Dr. James Caleb Jackson at the Jackson Sanitarium in 1894.^[1] The Jackson Sanitarium was a prominent health spa that operated into the early twentieth century on the hillside overlooking Dansville.^[1] It was also known as Our Home on the Hillside^[1]; thus the company formed to sell Jackson's cereal was known as the Our Home Granula Company.^[1] Granula was composed of Graham flour and was similar to an oversized form of Grape-Nuts.

A similar cereal was developed by John Harvey Kellogg.^[1] It too was initially known as Granula, but the name was changed to Granola to avoid legal problems with Jackson.^[1]

The food and name were revived in the 1960s, and fruits and nuts were added to it to make it a health food that was popular with the hippie movement. At the time, several people^[who?] claim to have revived or re-invented granola.

A major promoter was Layton Gentry, profiled in Time as "Johnny Granola-Seed".^[2] In 1964, Gentry sold the rights to a granola recipe using oats, which he claimed to have invented himself, to Sovex Natural Foods for $3,000.^[1] The company was founded in 1953 in Holly, Michigan by the Hurlinger family with the main purpose of producing a concentrated paste of brewers yeast and soy sauce known as "Sovex."^[1] Earlier in 1964, it had been bought by John Goodbrad and moved to Collegedale, Tennessee.^[1] In 1967, Gentry bought back the rights for west of the Rockies for $1,500 and then sold the west coast rights to Wayne Schlotthauer of Lassen Foods in Chico, California for $18,000.^[2] Lassen was founded from a health food bakery run by Schlotthauer's father-in-law.^[3] The Hurlingers, Goodbrads, and Schlotthauers were all Adventists, and it is possible that Gentry was a lapsed Adventist who was familiar with the earlier granola.^[1]

In 1972, Jim Matson, an executive at Pet Milk (later Pet Incorporated) of Saint Louis, Missouri, introduced Heartland Natural Cereal, the first major commercial granola.^[3] At almost the same time, Quaker introduced Quaker 100% Natural Granola.^[1] Within a year, Kellogg's had introduced its "Country Morning" granola cereal and General Mills had introduced its "Nature Valley."^[4]

In 1974, McKee Baking (later McKee Foods), makers of Little Debbie snack cakes, purchased Sovex.^[1] In 1998, the company also acquired the Heartland brand and moved its manufacturing to Collegedale.^[1] In 2004, Sovex's name was changed to "Blue Planet Foods."^[5][6][7]

Granola bar

Close-up of a chewy granola bar showing the detail of its pressed shape.

"Granola bars" were invented by Stanley Mason^[8][9] and have become popular as a snack. Granola bars are usually identical to the normal form of granola in composition,^[1] but differ vastly in shape: Instead of a loose, breakfast cereal consistency, granola bars are pressed and baked into a bar shape, resulting in the production of a more convenient snack. The product is most popular in the United States and Canada, parts of southern Europe, Brazil, South Africa and Japan.^[1] Recently, Granola has begun to expand its market into India and other southeast Asian countries.^[1]

A variety of the granola bar is the "chewy granola bar." In this form, the time during which the oats are baked is either shortened or cut out altogether; this gives the bar a texture that is chewier than that of a traditional granola bar.^[1] Some manufacturers, such as Kellogg's, have been shown to prefer usage of the terms "cereal bar" and "snack bar" to refer to them.^[1]

See also

• Muesli
• Flapjack

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u[citation needed]}
2. ^ ^{a b} Time 1972
3. ^ ^{a b} Klein 1978
4. ^ Bruce 1995 p.244
5. ^ Blue Planet Foods, Inc. history, http://www.blueplanetfoods.net/history.htm, retrieved 2006-12-16 
6. ^ Mixson, Jm (Mar 2002), "Heartland History" (^{[dead link]}), Journal of the history of dentistry 50 (1): 35–9, ISSN 1089-6287, PMID 11944502, http://www.heartlandbrands.com/AboutHeartland/History.htm, retrieved 2006-12-16 
7. ^ McKee Foods Company History, http://www.mckeefoods.com/About_us/Company_History, retrieved 2006-12-16 
8. ^ http://www.nysun.com/article/26170
9. ^ http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/mason.html

References

• "Johnny Granola-Seed", Time, March 6, 1972, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910236,00.html 
• Klein, Joe (February 23, 1978), "A Social History of Granola", Rolling Stone (259): 40–44 
• Bruce, Scott; Crawford, Bill (1995), Cerealizing America : The Unsweetened Story of American Breakfast Cereal, pp. 8, 21, 243–246 
• Goobrick's Granola, http://www.goobrick.com 
• Nutty Steph's Vermont Granola, http://www.nuttystephs.com 
• Recipe for Homemade Granola, http://www.cookipedia.co.uk/wiki/index.php/Homemade_granola 
• Homemade Granola Bar Recipe with step-by-step photos, http://www.joyfulabode.com/2008/04/11/homemade-granola-bar-recipe-no-high-fructose-corn-syrup-in-these-bars/