Astronomers are able to measure the speed at which an object is moving away from us, by analyzing the light coming from that object (redshift). As a result of these measurements it has been discovered that, distant objects are moving away from us. Moreover, more distant object are moving away faster than near objects, which is the indication of accelaration of the rate of expansion of the universe.

Answe2:

Misinterpretation of redshift indicates the universe is expanding by most physics, but not by Edwin Hubble and me.

Astronomer Edwin Hubble measured the redshift and concluded that the redshift was "an hitherto unrecognized principle of nature", not evidence of expansion. Hubble's data is accepted but his analysis was rejected to conclude that the redshift is "positively" evidence of expansion. This conclusion fits a rescue of two other theories. Einstein's Relativity Theory Equations are said to only have solutions for expansion or contraction, thus redshift helps Relativity Theory. Lemaitre's Big Bang Theory benefits by any idea of exapnsion. If there was no expansion, both those Theories are dead. The physics Community is invested in exapnsion and the redshift is their strongest evidence.

Unfortunately, neither theory produces a theoretical basis for the redshift or the source of the expansion driver "Dark Energy". And fortunately, I have a theoretical basis for the redshift and can identify the so-called "Dark Energy".

The redshift is the Gravitational "Fine Structure Constant", similar to the Quantum Fine Structure Constant Alpha. The Fine Structure Constants are the ratio of speed v to the speed of light, v/c. The speed v is not the speed racing from the center of the universe or to the expansion of the universe, it is the speed relative to the gravitational center. In fact the speed increases as the object is closer to the gravitational center and is slower as it moves away from the gravitational center! This is the same effect of the ice-skater spinning and holding his arms out and slowing the spin or pulling his arms in and increasing the spin. So the idea of increasing speed as there is separation from the gravitational center is simply siimple.

The idea of space expanding is another weak story. Space doesn't exapnd they say just the space between galaxies expand, not the space withion an atom! So between galaxies new space is created out of nothing but it is not nothing, because it has electromagnetic energy passing through it from the galaxies. So, at the Big Bang everything went dark as Inflation happened, and given the inflation, how long did it take the light to come back (travel the distance of inflation). The inflation space is not empty if light can traverse it, because of the free space (Vacuum) has resistance to electromagnetic waves of 375 Ohms.

It so happens that this is a Quantum Constant related to Planck's Constant, and inplies there is charge in the vacuum, h= zQ2 = QWb , where Q2=h/z.

Finally the "Dark Energy" is hidden in plain sight, it is the momentum energy that every moving object has. We recognize momentum p=mV but ignore the vector energy associated with momentum, e=cP=cmV! This is the vector energy that is the "Dark Energy" and it's vector derivative

Del.cP=-cp/r cos(V) =-p/t cos(V) and is the so-called anti-gravity force, technically the Divergence force or centrifugal force.

The The gravitational force is mv2/r = mv2/ct=mv/t(v/c)=p/t (v/c), notice the redshift (v/c) is in mv2/r, the centripetal force! What nature seems to want is a alance between the centripetal and centrifugal forces so that:

mv2/r -p/t cos(V)=0 giving

mv/t(v/c) = p/t cos(V)

p/t(v/c) = p/t cos(V)

v/c = cos(V) this is the redshift !

This relationship is the Continuity Condition:

d/dr (-mu/r) = Del.cP where cP is the Vector Energy (Dark Energy).

Misinterpretation of redshift indicates the univrse is expanding by most physics, but not by Edwin Hubble and me.

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