green

Dictionary: green (grēn) pronunciation

The hue of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between yellow and blue, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 490 to 570 nanometers; any of a group of colors that may vary in lightness and saturation and whose hue is that of the emerald or somewhat less yellow than that of growing grass; one of the additive or light primaries; one of the psychological primary hues.
Something green in color.
greens Green growth or foliage, especially:
1. The branches and leaves of plants used for decoration.
2. Leafy plants or plant parts eaten as vegetables.
A grassy lawn or plot, especially:
1. A grassy area located usually at the center of a city or town and set aside for common use; a common.
2. Sports. A putting green.
greens A green uniform: “a young . . . sergeant in dress greens” (Nelson DeMille).
Slang. Money.
Green A supporter of a social and political movement that espouses global environmental protection, bioregionalism, social responsibility, and nonviolence.

adj., green·er, green·est.

Of the color green.
Abounding in or covered with green growth or foliage: the green woods.
Made with green or leafy vegetables: a green salad.
Characterized by mild or temperate weather: a green climate.
Youthful; vigorous: at the green age of 18.
Not mature or ripe; young: green tomatoes.
Brand-new; fresh.
Not yet fully processed, especially:
1. Not aged: green wood.
2. Not cured or tanned: green pelts.
Lacking training or experience. See synonyms at young.
1. Lacking sophistication or worldly experience; naive.
2. Easily duped or deceived; gullible.
Having a sickly or unhealthy pallor indicative of nausea or jealousy, for example.
1. Beneficial to the environment: green recycling policies.
2. Favoring or supporting environmentalism: green legislators who strengthened pollution controls.

tr. & intr.v., greened, green·ing, greens.

To make or become green.

idiom:

green around (or about) the gills

Pale or sickly in appearance.

[Middle English grene, from Old English grēne. N., sense 7 , translation of German (die) Grünen, (the) Greens, from grün, green.]

greenly green'ly adv.
greenness green'ness n.

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Computer Desktop Encyclopedia: green

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Energy efficient. Environmentally friendly. See green PC, green datacenter and green building.

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Thesaurus: green

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noun

A tract of cultivated land belonging to and used by a community: common. See group.
Something, such as coins or printed bills, used as a medium of exchange: cash, currency, lucre, money. Informal wampum. Slang bread, cabbage, dough, gelt, jack, lettuce, long green, mazuma, moola, scratch. Chiefly British brass. See money.

adjective

Being in an early period of growth or development: immature, infant, juvenile, young, youthful. See youth/age/maturity.
Lacking experience and the knowledge gained from it: inexperienced, inexpert, raw, uninitiate, uninitiated, unpracticed, unseasoned, untried, unversed. See ability/inability.

Idioms: green

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Idioms beginning with green:
green about the gills
green light, the
green thumb
green with envy

See also grass is always greener.

Antonyms: green

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adj

Definition: inexperienced
Antonyms: experienced, expert, skilled

adj

Definition: young, new, blooming
Antonyms: old, withered

English Folklore: green

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The idea that green is unlucky has grown steadily from the late 18th century (when it is first recorded) to the present day, spreading from Scotland and the northern counties to the whole of England. Originally it applied only to clothes, but by the late 19th century a Sussex folklorist could write: ‘I have known several instances of mothers absolutely forbidding it…in the furniture of their houses’ (Latham, 1878: 12), and nowadays those who fear green generally apply the taboo to objects of any kind, for example curtains, cars, or bicycles.

Two ideas are particularly well documented: that to wear green brings death into one's household (‘Wear green, and you'll soon wear black’ is a common saying), and that green should never be worn at weddings—especially not by the bride. The reason given in some sources is that it symbolizes being forsaken, or betrayed:

Those dressed in blue

Have lovers true;

In green and white,

Forsaken quite.

(Henderson, 1866: 21)

or:

Oh, green is forsaken, and yellow forsworn,

But blue is the prettiest colour that's worn.

(N&Q 9s:8 (1901), 193; 9s:9 (1903), 33)

Yet another rhyme, still known and quoted by older people, is:

Married in green,

Ashamed to be seen.

This is usually taken to mean that the bride is pregnant and/or has had other lovers; in Elizabethan slang, ‘to give a girl a green gown’ was to seduce her and make love in the fields.

There has been much speculation as to why such a pleasing colour, associated with nature and living growth, has acquired this reputation. One possibility is that green stands for death, because graves lie under grass. The favourite explanation (originally Scottish) is that ‘green is the fairies' colour’ and they punish anyone who wears it—though it has to be said that no traditional legend actually recounts this, and that fairies do also often wear brown or red. Regardless of whether this is the true explanation or not, it now very regularly accompanies the belief.

However, green has more positive associations too. Greenery and evergreens are used in many seasonal customs as signs of joy and celebration, and the colour can stand for youthful vigour, spring or summer, hope, and the beneficent aspects of nature. It is also one of the two easiest colours to produce from vegetable dyes (the other is brown), so green cloth was much used in medieval and Tudor times; it should not be assumed that every personage wearing green in a ballad or folktale is necessarily a magical being.

See also FOLIATE HEAD, GREEN MAN, JACK-IN-THE-GREEN, and WILD MAN.

Bibliography
The full bibliography list is available here.

John Hutchings, Folklore 108 (1997), 55-63

Architecture: green

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1. See green concrete.
2. See green lumber.
3. See green mortar.
4. See undercuring.
5. An open space or public park in the center of a town or village.
6. A bowling green or putting green.

Archaeology Dictionary: green

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[MC]

Communal space, often within a village, subject to regulated or stinted grazing rights which belonged to the inhabitants, especially if they had a property fronting on to it. Only community buildings such as the church or smithy could be erected on the green and the village stocks and public well might also be found there. Village greens seem to have made a comparatively late appearance in the landscape, dating to the 12th century ad onwards.

Veterinary Dictionary: green

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1. a composite color made by mixing blue and yellow; the color of young grass.
2. untrained.

Word Tutor: green

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IN BRIEF: Having the color of grass.

It's not easy being green. — Kermit the Frog.

Dream Symbol: Green

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Green is widely considered to be the color of healing and prosperity. Money is green in the United States, and plants and herbs are the life-giving color of green. This symbol can also indicate that a project or idea has been given the "green light" to proceed.

Wikipedia: Green

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For various shades of green, see Variations of green. For other uses, see Green (disambiguation).

Green

— Spectral coordinates —
Wavelength		520–570 nm
— Common connotations —
nature, growth, hope, youth, sickness, health, Islam, spring, Saint Patrick's Day, and envy^[1]^[2]^[3]
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#`008000 (HTML/CSS) #00FF00 (X11)`
sRGB^B	(r, g, b)	(0, 128~255, 0)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(120°, 100%, 50~100%)
Source		HTML/CSS^[4] X11 color names^[5]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Green is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 520–570 nanometres. In the subtractive color system, it is not a primary color, but is created out of a mixture of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; it is considered one of the additive primary colors. On the HSV color wheel, the complement of green is magenta; that is, a purple color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light. On a color wheel based on traditional color theory (RYB), the complementary color to green is considered to be red.^[6]

The word green is closely related to the Old English verb growan, “to grow”. It is used to describe plants or the ocean. Sometimes it can also describe someone who is inexperienced, jealous, or sick. In America, green is a slang term for money, among other things. Several colloquialisms have derived from these meanings, such as “green around the gills”, a phrase used to describe a person who looks ill.

Several minerals have a green color, including emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content. Animals such as frogs, lizards, and other reptiles and amphibians, fish, insects, and birds, appear green because of a mixture of layers of blue and green coloring on their skin. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage.

Culturally, green has broad and sometimes contradictory meanings. In some cultures, green symbolizes hope and growth, while in others, it is associated with death, sickness, envy, or the devil. The most common associations, however, are found in its ties to nature. For example, Islam venerates the color, as it expects paradise to be full of lush greenery. Green is also associated with regeneration, fertility and rebirth for its connections to nature. Recent political groups have taken on the color as symbol of environmental protection and social justice, and consider themselves part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties. This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly, products.

1 Etymology and definitions
2 In science
3 In culture
4 See also
5 Notes and references

Etymology and definitions

The etymology of the word "green" is related to nature and growth.

The word green comes from the Old English word grene, or, in its older form, groeni. This adjective is closely related to the Old English verb growan (“to grow”) and goes back into Western Germanic and Scandinavian languages.^[7] Many Asian languages have no word distinguishing blue from green, although recently published dictionaries do make the distinction.^[8] The Thai word เขียว besides meaning "green" also means "rank" and "smelly" and holds other unpleasant associations.^[9] In Japanese, despite the existence of a word in the modern language meaning "green", the color is sometimes described as blue (青, Ao^?), as in blue traffic light (青信号, Ao shingō^?) and blue leaves (青葉, Aoba^?), reflecting the absence of a word meaning "green" in old Japanese.

In Persian, the word for green is سبز sabz, but this word can also mean "black" or "dark". In Persian erotic poetry, dark-skinned women are addressed as "green," as in phrases like سبز گندم گون sabz-gandom-gun (literally "green wheat colored") or سبز مليح sabz-malih ("a green beauty").^[10] Similarly, in Sudanese Arabic, dark-skinned people are described as أخضر akhḍar 'green', instead of black. ^[11]

In science

Color vision and colorimetry

Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color in plants.

The perception of green is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 520–570 nm.^[12] Green is considered one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue. The additive color model defines colors emitted from a light source. For example, a mixture of green, red, and blue light will produce white light. In subtractive color mixtures, which deals with colors found in pigments and dyes, green is created by mixing yellow and blue. On the HSV color wheel, the complement of green is magenta; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light (one of the purples). On a traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be red.^[6]

The sensitivity of the dark-adapted human eye is greatest at about 507 nm, a blue-green color, while the light-adapted eye is most sensitive about 555 nm, a slightly yellowish green.^[13] Human eyes have color receptors known as cone cells, of which there are three types. In some cases, one is missing or faulty, which can cause color blindness, including the common inability to distinguish red and yellow from green, known as deuteranopia or red–green color blindness.^[14] Green is restful to the eye. Studies show that a green environment can reduce fatigue.^[15]

In minerals and chemistry

Emeralds come in many shades of green.

Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among the more notable green minerals, however is the emerald, which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium.^[16] Chromium(III) oxide (Cr₂O₃), is called chrome green, also called viridian or institutional green when used as a pigment.^[17] For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery. Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors, the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar.^[18] Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate.^[19] Early painters would also use copper in the form of verdigris mixed with wax and turpentine to create green pigmentation in paints.^[20] Mixtures of oxidized cobalt and zinc were also used to create green paints as early as the 18th century.^[21] A more complete list of green minerals and pigments can be seen here.^[22]

Fireworks typically use barium salts to create green sparks.

There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials.^[23] Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States.^[24] Green S (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia.^[25]

To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs.^[26] Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames.^[26] Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate.^[26] Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate.^[26]

In biology

Frogs often appear green because light reflects off of a blue underlayer of chemicals and through a yellow upperlayer, filtering the light to be primarily green.

Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll which is involved in photosynthesis.^[14] Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment.^[14] Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially.^[14] Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin.^[14] Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation.

In culture

In the 15th century "Saint Wolfgang and the Devil" by Michael Pacher, the Devil is green. Poets such as Chaucer also drew connections between the color green and the devil.^[27]

Nature

In many folklores and literatures, green has traditionally been used to symbolize nature and its embodied attributes, namely those of life, fertility, and rebirth. Green was symbolic of resurrection and immortality in Ancient Egypt; the god Osiris was depicted as green-skinned.^[28] It is often used to describe foliage and the sea, and has become a symbol of environmentalism. Someone who works well with plants is said to have a green thumb or green fingers, and the word greenhorn refers to an inexperienced person.^[2] A company is said to be greenwashing if they advertise positive environmental practices to cover up environmental destruction.^[29] Green is used to describe anyone young, inexperienced, or gullible (probably by analogy to unripe, i.e. unready or immature, fruit).^[1]

Love and lust

Stories of the medieval period further portray it as representing love^[30] and the base, natural desires of man.^[31] In Persian and Sudanese poetry, dark-skinned women, called "green" women may be eroticized.^[32] The Chinese term for cuckold is "to wear a green hat."^[33] It is because of this that it is extremely rare to see any Chinese man wearing a green hat.^[34] Green is also used to describe jealousy and envy.^[1]

Death, decay, and evil

Green is also known to have signified witchcraft, devilry and evil for its association with faeries and spirits of early English folklore. It also had an association with decay and toxicity.^[35] Actor Bela Lugosi wore green-hued makeup for the role of Dracula in the 1927–28 Broadway stage production.^[36] A green tinge in the skin is sometimes associated with nausea and sickness.^[37] A physically-ill person is said to look green around the gills.^[2] The color, when combined with gold, is seen as representing the fading of youth.^[38] In the Celtic tradition, green was avoided in clothing for its superstitious association with misfortune and death.^[39]^[40] Green is thought to be an unlucky color in British and British-derived cultures,^[41] where green cars, wedding dresses, and theater costumes are all the objects of superstition.^[42] Spider-Man villains were often colored green to represent a contrast to the hero's red.^[43] In some Far East cultures the color green is often used as a symbol of sickness and/or nausea;^[44]

Prosperity

The United States one dollar note, like all other American dollar bills, is historically green.

In areas that use the U.S. Dollar as currency, green carries a connotation of money, wealth, and capitalism, because green is the color of United States banknotes, giving rise to the slang term greenback for cash.^[1] One of the more notable uses of this meaning is found in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In this story is the Emerald City, where everyone wears tinted glasses which make everything look green. According to the populist interpretation of the story, the city’s color is used by the author, L. Frank Baum, to illustrate the financial system of America in his day, as he lived in a time when America was debating the use of paper money versus gold.^[45] Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights.^[2] In China, green is associated with the east, with sunrise, and with life and growth.^[46]

Nationality and politics

Main articles: Green politics and Green party

Sovereign states with green flags: Islamic states using green Pan-African colors (red, black, and green) Other, most commonly to represent either lush national vegetation or heraldry

Several countries use green on their flags for symbolic or cultural reasons. Green, for example is one of the three colors (along with red and black, or red and gold) of Pan-Africanism. Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including South Africa, Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Ethiopia, Togo, Guinea, Benin, and Zimbabwe. The Pan-African colors are borrowed from the Ethiopian flag, one of the oldest independent African countries. Green in these cases represents the natural richness of Africa.^[47]

Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam.^[48] The flag of Libya consists of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It is the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details.^[49] The flag of Hamas,^[50] as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology.^[51] Green is the lowest of the three bands on the flag of India. The green stands for fertility and prosperity. earlier Indian flags had contained a similar green band representing Islam, the second-most predominant religion in India.^[52]

Vert tincture

Other countries use flags for reasons of heraldry, or to represent lush national vegetation. In heraldry, green is called vert (French for "green"). Fourteenth century documents describe vert as a symbol of "jolliness and youth, but also of beauty and shame" as well as of death. Vert is used for the flags of Wales and Hungary, and is the basis for the Brazilian flag as well.^[53]^[54] Other countries using green in their flags use it to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica,^[55] and hope in the future, as in the flag of Nigeria.^[56]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Wearing of the Green

Green is a symbol of Ireland, which is often referred to as the “Emerald Isle”. The color is particularly identified with the republican and nationalist traditions in modern times. It is used this way on the flag of the Republic of Ireland, in balance with white and the Protestant orange.^[57] Green is a strong trend in the Irish holiday St. Patrick’s Day.^[58]

Green has become the symbolic color of environmentalism, chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The Green Party is any of various political parties emphasizing ecology, grassroots democracy, nonviolence, and social justice. Green Parties, now active in over one hundred countries, are more broadly included in the green movement, and most are members of the Global Green Network.^[59] The association of green with advocates of the environment has extended to other circles as well, as is the case with Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, who is often referred to as the “Green Patriarch” because the new environmental focus which he brought about within the Ecumenical Patriarchate.^[60] In 2009 presidential election of Iran, the reformist candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi chose green as his campaign color, which became pervasive in Iran even after the election.^[61]

Religion and philosophy

The Libyan flag is completely green, in honor of Islam's veneration of the color.

Green is considered the traditional color of Islam, likewise because of its association with nature. There are several reasons for this. First, Muhammad is reliably quoted in a hadith as saying that “water, greenery, and a beautiful face” were three universally good things.^[62] In the Qur'an, sura Al-Insan, believers in God in Paradise wear fine green silk.^[3]^[63] Also, Al-Khidr (“The Green One”), is a Qur’anic figure who met and traveled with Moses.^[64]

In the metaphysics of the "New Age Prophetess", Alice Bailey, in her system called the Seven Rays which classifies humans into seven different metaphysical psychological types, the "third ray" of "creative intelligence" is represented by the color green. People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be "on the Green Ray".^[65] In Hinduism, Green is used to symbolically represent the fourth, heart chakra (Anahata).^[66] Psychics who claim to be able to observe the aura with their third eye report that someone with a green aura is typically someone who is in an occupation related to health, such as a physician or nurse, as well as people who are lovers of nature and the outdoors.^[67]

Also, Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time.^[68] In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost.^[69] Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration.^[70]

Notes and references

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Results for "green"". Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Corp.. 2007. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/green. Retrieved on 2007-11-22.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Oxford English Dictionary
^ ^a ^b Khalifa, Rashad (trans). "Sura 76, The Human (Al-Insaan)". Quran The Final Testament. http://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/noframes/ch76.html#21. Retrieved on 2007-11-30.
^ W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords. W3C. (May 2003). Retrieved on 2007-12-01.
^ "X11 rgb.txt". http://cvsweb.xfree86.org/cvsweb/*checkout*/xc/programs/rgb/rgb.txt?rev=1.1.
^ ^a ^b "Glossary Term: Color wheel". Sanford Corp.. 2005. http://www.sanford-artedventures.com/study/g_color_wheel.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-22.
^ Harper, Douglas (November 2001). "Online Etymology Dictionary". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=green&searchmode=none. Retrieved on 2007-11-22.
^ Newman, Paul and Martha Ratliff. Linguistic Fieldwork. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0521669375 pg. 105
^ "English: Thai Dictionary OnLine". 4M System. 2007. http://english-thai-dictionary.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=4f45ab7ea8c50b85369a44a3453bdb91&. Retrieved on 2007-11-30.
^ F. Steingass, A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary s.v. سبز
^ Carla N. Daughtry, "Greenness in the Field," Michigan Today, University of Michigan, Fall 1997
^ "Human Vision and Color Perception". Olympus Microscopy Resource Center. http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
^ "Human Vision and Color Perception". Olympus Microscopy Resource Center. http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2002. ISBN 0852297874
^ Laird, Donald A. "Fatigue: Public Enemy Number One: What It Is and How to Fight It." The American Journal of Nursing (Sep 1933) 33.9 pgs. 835-841.
^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr, & Kammerling, Robert C., 1991, Gemology, p. 203, John Wiley & Sons, New York
^ A. F. Holleman and E. Wiberg "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press, 2001, New York.
^ Hoffmeister and Rossman (1985). Am. Min. 70: 794–804.
^ "Malachite". WebExhibits. 2001. http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/malachite.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
^ "Copper resinate". WebExhibits. 2001. http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/curesinate.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
^ "Cobalt green". WebExhibits. 2001. http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/cogreen.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
^ "Green Minerals Sorted By Color". Webmineral.com. http://webmineral.com/determin/green_minerals.shtml. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.
^ Gilman, Victoria (2003-08-25). "Food Coloring: Synthetic and natural additives impart a rainbow of possibilities to the foods we eat". Chemical & Engineering News. http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/8134foodcoloring.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
^ "E104 Quinoline Yellow, FD&C Yellow No.10". UK Food Guide. http://www.ukfoodguide.net/e104.htm. Retrieved on 2007-12-09.
^ "E142 Green S". UK Food Guide. http://www.ukfoodguide.net/e142.htm. Retrieved on 2007-12-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Firework Chemicals (list)". Sylighter, Inc.. 2008. http://www.skylighter.com/mall/chemicals.asp. Retrieved on 2008-01-11.
^ Robertson, D. W. Jr. "Why the Devil Wears Green." Modern Language Notes. (Nov 1954) 69.7 pgs. 470-472
^ de Vries, Ad (1976). Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. pp. 226–28. ISBN 0-7204-8021-3.
^ The article on greenwashing discusses several examples.
^ Chamberlin, Vernon A. “Symbolic Green: A Time-Honored Characterizing Device in Spanish Literature.” Hispania. 51.1 (Mar 1968) pp. 29-37
^ Goldhurst, William. “The Green and the Gold: The Major Theme of Gawain and the Green Knight.” College English. 20.2 (Nov 1958) pp. 61-65 doi:10.2307/372161
^ Carla N. Daughtry, "Greenness in the Field," Michigan Today, University of Michigan, Fall 1997
^ Sommer, Matthew Harvey (2002). Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 0804745595. http://books.google.ca/books?id=E6ClbegXuWUC. Retrieved on 2008-07-27.
^ Gee, Marcus (29 Aug 2007). "Green hats and other ways to blow a deal in China". Scripps Newspaper Group Online. http://www.scrippsnews.com/node/26365. Retrieved on 2007-11-22.
^ Williams, Margaret. The Pearl Poet, His Complete Works. Random House, 1967.
^ Skal, David J. (1990). Hollywood Gothic: The Tangled Web of Dracula from Novel to Stage to Screen. Andre Deutch. p. 85. ISBN 0-233-98766-5.
^ Ford, Mark. Self Improvement of Relationship Skills through Body Language. City: Llumina Press, 2004. ISBN 1932303790 pg. 81
^ Lewis, John S. "Gawain and the Green Knight." College English. 21.1 (Oct 1959) pp. 50–51
^ The Idea of the Green Knight, Lawrence Besserman, ELH, Vol. 53, No. 2. (Summer, 1986), pp. 219-239. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
^ Why The Devil Wears Green, D. W. Robertson Jr., Modern Language Notes, Vol. 69, No. 7. (Nov., 1954), pp. 470-472. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
^ "Folklore and Symbolism of Green," by John Hutchings in Folklore, 1997, 108:55.
^ "Green is an unlucky color for automobiles". Snopes.com. 2007-02-27. http://www.snopes.com/autos/cursed/green.asp. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
^ Sean Elliott (2008-04-11). "Spectacular Spider-Man producer Victor Cook unmasks Spider secrets: Part 2". iF Magazine. http://www.ifmagazine.com/feature.asp?article=2718. Retrieved on 2008-04-12.
^ Kalb, Ira. Creating Your Own Marketing Makes Good $ & Sense. K & A Press, 1989. ISBN 0924050012 pg. 210
^ Carruthers, Bruce G.; Sarah Babb. "The Color of Money and the Nature of Value: Greenbacks and Gold in Postbellum America." The American Journal of Sociology. (May 1996) 101.6 pgs. 1556-1591
^ Yoon, Hong-Key. The Culture of Feng-Shui in Korea. Lexington: Lexington Books, 2006. ISBN 0739113488 pg. 27
^ Murrell, Nathaniel et al. Chanting down Babylon. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998. ISBN 1566395844 pg. 135
^ Matthews, John. The Quest for the Green Man. Wheaton: Quest Books, 2001. ISBN 0835608255 pg. 30
^ Symons, Mitchell. This Book...of More Perfectly Useless Information. New York: HarperEntertainment, 2005. ISBN 0060828234 p. 229
^ Friedland, Roger and Richard Hecht. To Rule Jerusalem. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. ISBN 0520220927 pg. 461
^ Kaplan, Leslie C. Iran. ISBN 1404255486 pg. 22
^ Heimer, Željko (2 July 2006). "India". Flags of the World. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in.html. Retrieved on 2006-10-11.
^ Miller, Dean. The Epic Hero. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. ISBN 0801862396 pgs. 289-290
^ Brault, Gerard J. (1997). Early Blazon: Heraldic Terminology in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, (2nd ed.). Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-711-4.
^ Smith, Whitney. Flag Lore of All Nations. Brookfield: Millbrook Press, 2001. ISBN 0761317538 pg. 49
^ Amienyi, Osabuohien. Communicating National Integration. Ashgate Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0754644251 pg. 43
^ "Guidelines for Use of the National Flag" (RTF). Irish Government. http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/attached_files/RTF%20files/The%20National%20Flag.rtf. Retrieved on 2006-12-11.
^ "The History of St. Patrick's Day". OttawaPlus. 2007. http://www.ottawaplus.ca/feature/st_patrick/103/history_lore.jsp. Retrieved on 2007-11-22.
^ "Global Greens Charter". Global Greens Conference. 2001. http://www.global.greens.org.au/charter.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-22.
^ Howden, Daniel (12 June 2002). "The Green Patriarch: Bartholomew I". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2040567.stm. Retrieved on 2007-11-22.
^ "Even Iran Can Change" (in English). Peyvand. 06/11/09. http://www.payvand.com/news/09/jun/1119.html. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
^ Wilson, Peter Lamborn. "Cloud papers for Philip Taaffe". http://www.philiptaaffe.info/Critical_Commentary/PLW.php. Retrieved on 2007-11-30.
^ Khalifa, Rashad (trans). "Sura 18, The Cave (Al-Kahf)". Quran The Final Testament. masjidtuscon. http://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/noframes/ch18.html#31. Retrieved on 2007-11-30.
^ Catherine, David. "Al-Khidr, The Green Man". http://khidr.org/. Retrieved on 2007-11-30.
^ Bailey, Alice A. (1995). The Seven Rays of Life. New York: Lucis Publishing Company. ISBN 0853301425.
^ Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. ISBN 1894663497 pg. 24
^ Swami Panchadasi The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms Des Plaines, Illinois, USA:1912--Yogi Publications Society Page 35
^ "Diocese of The British Isles and Europe". Anglican Independent Communion. http://www.aic.btik.com/p_Campaign.ikml. Retrieved on 2007-11-30.
^ "Liturgical Vestment Colors of the Orthodox Church". 2004. http://aggreen.net/vestment/liturgical_colors.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-30.
^ Collins, Ace and Clint Hansen. Stories behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003. ISBN 0310248809 pg. 77

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v • d • e Electromagnetic spectrum

← shorter wavelengths longer wavelengths → Gamma rays · X-rays · Ultraviolet · Visible · Infrared · Terahertz radiation · Microwave · Radio

Visible (optical)	Violet · Blue · Green · Yellow · Orange · Red

Microwaves	W band · V band · Q band · K_a band · K band · K_u band · X band · S band · C band · L band

Radio	EHF · SHF · UHF · VHF · HF · MF · LF · VLF · ULF · SLF · ELF

Wavelength types	Microwave · Shortwave · Medium wave · Longwave

v • d • e Web colors
black	gray	silver	white	maroon	red	purple	fuchsia	green	lime	olive	yellow	navy	blue	teal	aqua

v • d • e Shades of green
Army green	Asparagus	Bright green	British racing green	Camouflage green	Celadon	Chartreuse	Yellow-green	Emerald	Fern green

Forest green	Gray-asparagus	Green	Green-yellow	Harlequin	Hunter green	Islamic green	Jade	Jungle green	Kelly green

Lime	Lime green	Midnight green	Moss green	Myrtle	Office green	Olive	Olive drab	Pear	Persian green

Pigment green	Pine green	Sea green	Shamrock green	Spring green	Spring bud	Tea green	Teal	Viridian	Variations of green

The samples shown above are representative only.

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Translations: Green

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Dansk (Danish)
adj. - grøn, ung, frisk, rå, uøvet
n. - grønning, grøntsag, græsbane, bane, blegeplads
v. tr. - male grøn, forny, fuppe, snyde
v. intr. - blive grøn, grønnes

idioms:

green bean grøn bønne, bønne
green belt grønne områder
Green Beret kommandostyrke
green card arbejdstilladelse i USA, grønt bilforsikringskort i GB
green fingers grønne fingre
green light grønt lys
green onion grønt løg
Green Paper "grønbog", officielt debatoplæg
Green Party De Grønne, Det Grønne Parti
green pound det grønne pund
green revolution grøn revolution
green room skuespillerfoyer, teatersladder
green thumb grønne fingre
green with envy gul af misundelse

Nederlands (Dutch)
groen, jeugd(ig), vers, jaloers, bleek, ongelooid (huid), mild (winter), milieubewust, (mv) (blad) groenten, lid/aanhanger van de Groene partij, grasveld, groen licht, groene kleding, groene bal (sport), golfbaan, slechte marihuana, gewas, poen, groen worden/maken, belazeren, verjongen

Français (French)
adj. - vert (la couleur), verdoyant, vert (un fruit), (Culin) non fumé, naïf, novice, (Écol, Pol) écologiste, écologique, (CEE, Écon) vert (la monnaie), patraque (fam)
n. - vert (la couleur), bille verte (snooker, billard), espace vert, verdure, gazon, jeu de boules (bowling), green (golf), (Écol, Pol) écologiste, les Verts (npl), (US) fric, argent
v. tr. - rendre/devenir vert
v. intr. - rendre/devenir vert

idioms:

green bean haricot vert
green belt (Sport) ceinture verte
Green Beret (US, Mil) béret vert
green card carte verte (internationale), (US) carte de séjour (permettant de travailler aux Etats-Unis)
green fingers (GB) avoir la main verte
green light feu vert, (donner) le feu vert à qn/qch
green onion (US) ciboule
Green Paper (GB) livre blanc
Green Party Parti des verts, Parti écologique
green pound livre verte
green revolution révolution verte
green room foyer des artistes
green thumb main verte, (US) (avoir) la main verte
green with envy vert d'envie

Deutsch (German)
n. - Grün, Grünfläche, Grüngemüse
v. - grün machen, grünen, (Slang) anführen
adj. - grün, unreif, einfältig, ökologisch

idioms:

green bean grüne Bohne
green belt Grüngürtel
Green Beret Angehöriger eines brit. od. am. Kommandotrupps
green card US-Aufenthaltsgenehmigung, grüne Versicherungskarte
green fingers eine grüne Hand
green light grünes Licht
green onion Frühlingszwiebel
Green Paper öffentl. Diskussionspapier über Regierungspolitik
Green Party die Grünen
green pound Pfundsatz bei Agrareinkäufen in der EG
green revolution grüne Revolution
green room Konversationszimmer, Aufenthaltsraum
green thumb eine grüne Hand
green with envy grün vor Neid

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - άλσος, πράσινο χρώμα, σαλατικό ή χορταρικό, οικολόγος, (αθλοπ.) γήπεδο με γρασίδι, πράσινο φως (της τροχαίας)
v. - πρασινίζω, (καθομ.) εξαπατώ
adj. - πράσινος, (μτφ.) άγουρος, άπειρος, άμαθος, αφελής, θαλερός, πρωτάρης, πρωτόπειρος, άβγαλτος

idioms:

green bean φασολάκι
green belt (περιαστική) ζώνη πράσινου
Green Beret (καθομ.) πρασινοσκούφης, καταδρομέας
green card (ΗΠΑ) πράσινη κάρτα, άδεια παραμονής και εργασίας στις ΗΠΑ, (Βρετ.) διεθνές ασφαλιστήριο αυτοκινήτου
green fingers (καθομ.) κηπουρική δεινότητα
green light πράσινο φως, σήμα εκκίνησης, (μτφ.) άδεια για έναρξη, το ελεύθερο
green onion φρέσκο κρεμμύδι
Green Paper πράσινη βίβλος (με κυβερνητικές προτάσεις για εθνικά θέματα)
Green Party (οι) Πράσινοι, κόμμα των Οικολόγων
green pound πράσινη λίρα (βρετανικό νόμισμα της ΕΕ)
green revolution οικολογική επανάσταση, (οικον.) πράσινη επανάσταση (αύξηση παραγωγής δημητριακών)
green room (καθομ.) κουίντα (θεάτρου)
green thumb (καθομ.) κηπουρική δεινότητα
green with envy γεμάτος φθόνο

Italiano (Italian)
verde, verdura, i campi di prato, verde chiaro, novellino

idioms:

green bean fagiolino
green belt zona verde (di centro urbano)
Green Beret berretto verde (soldato di unità commando)
green card permesso di lavoro
green fingers pollice verde
green light semaforo verde
green onion cipollini verdi
Green Paper fascicolo di proposte del governo inglese al parlamento
Green Party partito dei verdi
green pound cambio agrario
green revolution rivoluzione agraria
green room camerino degli attori
green thumb pollice verde
green with envy verde dall'invidia

Português (Portuguese)
n. - cor (f) verde, gramado (m), folhagens (f pl)
v. - esverdear, ficar verde
adj. - verde, tenro, imaturo, fresco

idioms:

green bean vagem (f) (Bot.)
green belt cinturão (m) verde (Agr.)
Green Beret comando (m) britânico ou norte-americano (Mil.), membro (m) das forças especiais do exército dos EUA
green card documento (m) de seguro que cobre motoristas em caso de acidentes no exterior, visto (m) de permanência nos EUA (fig.)
green fingers boa mão (f) (para o cultivo de plantas)
green light sinal (m) verde
green onion cebola (f) (Bot.)
Green Paper documento (m) com propostas políticas apresentadas ao Parlamento pelo governo
Green Party Partido (m) Verde (Pol.)
green pound unidade (f) usada nas contribuições britânicas ao Fundo de Agricultura da CE
green revolution revolução (f) verde (Agr.)
green room sala (f) de espera (nos bastidores de teatro)
green thumb boa mão (f) (para o cultivo de plantas)
green with envy roer-se de inveja

Русский (Russian)
зеленый цвет, растительность, зелень (овощи), бумажные деньги, лужайка, площадка вокруг лунки (на поле для игры в гольф), зеленого цвета, растительный (о пище), свежий, незрелый, неопытный, красить в зеленый цвет, зеленеть (становиться зеленым)

idioms:

green bean зеленый горошек
green belt зеленый пояс вокруг города
Green Beret "зеленый берет" (солдат десантно-ди- версионных частей армии США)
green card грин-кард (вид на жительство в США)
green fingers способности к садоводству или огородничеству
green light зеленый свет (на светофоре), зеленый свет (разрешение делать что-л.)
green onion зеленый лук
Green Paper предложения правительства, представляемые на обсуждение
Green Party партия "зеленых"
green pound курс стерлинга при расчетах за сельскохоз. продукцию
green revolution ост сельскохозяй- ственного производства в развивающихся странах
green room артистическое фойе, помещение для неотделанной продукции
green thumb способности к садоводству или огородничеству
green with envy зеленый от зависти

Español (Spanish)
adj. - verde, tierno, novato, inexperto, inmaduro, hecho con vegetales verdes
n. - verduras, ramas y hojas verdes, verde, dinero, pastura
v. tr. - volver o tornarse verde
v. intr. - volver o tornarse verde

idioms:

green bean judía verde, habichuela, ejote, chaucha, poroto verde, vainita
green belt zona verde, zona sembrada
Green Beret comando británico o norteamericano, los boinas verdes
green card carta verde, permiso de trabajo en EE.UU.
green fingers destreza como jardinero
green light luz verde, autorización para llevar adelante un proyecto
green onion cebolleta, cebollino, chalote, cebolla de verdeo
Green Paper informe preliminar de propuestas gubernamentales para discusión, libro verde
Green Party partido verde, partido ecologista
green pound valor de la libra esterlina para calcular los precios agrícolas en la Unión Europea
green revolution revolución verde o agrícola
green room camerino
green thumb habilidad para la jardinería
green with envy la envidia se lo come, verde de envidia

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - grönt, grön färg, gräsmatta, äng, plan, golfbana, grönska, ungdom, gräs (sl. för marijuana), skjut (samlag) (sl.)
v. - göra (måla, färga) grön, klä i grönska, lura (sl.)
adj. - grön, grönskande, grönsaks-, färsk (om matvaror m.m.), omogen, naiv, frisk, blek

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
绿色的, 新鲜的, 未成熟的, 绿色, 青色, 蔬菜, 草坪, 公共草地, 植物, 使成为绿色, 成为绿色

idioms:

green bean 青豆
green belt 绿化地带, 绿带
Green Beret 绿色贝雷帽, 指特种部队或突击队队员
green card 绿卡
green fingers 园艺技能, 绿手指, 成功的本钱, 赚钱的本事
green light 绿灯, 准许, 放行
green onion 嫩洋葱
Green Paper 绿皮书, 尚停留在建议阶段的事物
Green Party 绿党, 以保护人类生存环境为宗旨的政党
green pound 绿色英镑
green revolution 绿色革命
green room 演员休息室
green thumb 有特殊园艺才能, 绿手指
green with envy 非常嫉妒的

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
adj. - 綠色的, 新鮮的, 未成熟的
n. - 綠色, 青色, 蔬菜, 草坪, 公共草地, 植物
v. tr. - 使成為綠色
v. intr. - 成為綠色

idioms:

green bean 青豆
green belt 綠化地帶, 綠帶
Green Beret 綠色貝雷帽, 指特種部隊或突擊隊隊員
green card 綠卡
green fingers 園藝技能, 綠手指, 成功的本錢, 賺錢的本事
green light 綠燈, 准許, 放行
green onion 嫩洋蔥
Green Paper 綠皮書, 尚停留在建議階段的事物
Green Party 綠黨, 以保護人類生存環境為宗旨的政黨
green pound 綠色英鎊
green revolution 綠色革命
green room 演員休息室
green thumb 有特殊園藝才能, 綠手指
green with envy 非常嫉妒的

한국어 (Korean)
adj. - 녹색의, 싱싱한, 야채의, 익숙치 않은
n. - 풀밭, 녹색, 야채, 활기
v. tr. - 녹색으로 만들다, 사기 치다
v. intr. - 녹색이 되다

日本語 (Japanese)
adj. - 緑の, 緑色の, 青い, 緑で覆われた, 暖かい, 未熟な, だまされやすい, 熟していない, 青ざめた, 元気な, 若々しい, 生の, 青二才の, 未熟の
n. - 緑, 緑色, 緑色の服, 緑色の絵の具, 野菜, 緑の葉, 草地, 緑地, 共有地, 緑色の衣服

idioms:

green bean 緑莢インゲン
green belt 緑地帯, グリーンベルト
Green Beret グリーンベレー部隊員
green card グリーンカード
green fingers 植物栽培の才能
green light 青信号, 許可
green onion シャロット
Green Paper 緑書
Green Party 緑の党
green pound グリーンポンド
green revolution 緑の革命
green room 楽屋
green thumb 植物栽培の才能
green with envy ひどくうらやんで

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) اللون الاخضر, خضر او خضار (فعل) يخضر (صفه) اخضر, مفعم بالحياة, ساذج‏

עברית (Hebrew)
adj. - ‮ירוק, לא בשל, של בוסר, חולני, טרי, רענן, מקנא, חיוור, צעיר‬
n. - ‮טירון, מגרש, כר דשא, פתי, און, אור ירוק, אוהד של מפלגה לאיכות הסביבה, מסלול גולף, משגל (מדוברת, בריטניה), מריחואנה מאיכות ירודה, כסף (מדוברת), צמחים או עלים ירוקים, ירקות (ברבים)‬
v. tr. - ‮עשה לירוק, קלט (עגה)‬
v. intr. - ‮הוריק, שעועית יר‬

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		Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more
		Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. THIS COPYRIGHTED DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY. All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher. © 1981-2009 Computer Language Company Inc. All rights reserved. Read more
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		English Folklore. A Dictionary of English Folklore. Copyright © 2000, 2003 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Read more
		Architecture. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. Copyright © 2003 by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more
		Archaeology Dictionary. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Copyright © 2002, 2003 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Read more
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green

Contents

Etymology and definitions

In science

Color vision and colorimetry

In minerals and chemistry

In biology

In culture

Nature

Love and lust

Death, decay, and evil

Prosperity

Nationality and politics

Religion and philosophy

See also

Notes and references