Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada in 1971. It is best known for its campaigns against whaling. In later years, the focus of the organization turned to other environmental issues, including
bottom trawling, global warming,
ancient forest destruction, nuclear power, and
genetic engineering. Greenpeace has national and regional offices in 42 countries
worldwide, all of which are affiliated to the Amsterdam-based Greenpeace International. The
global organization receives its income through the individual contributions of an estimated 2.8 million financial supporters, as
well as from grants from charitable foundations, but does not accept funding
from governments or corporations.
Mission statement
Greenpeace's official mission statement describes the organization and its aims thus:
- Greenpeace is an independent, campaigning organization which uses peaceful direct action and creative communication to
expose global environmental problems, and to force solutions for a green and peaceful future. Greenpeace's goal is to ensure the
ability of the earth to nurture life in all its diversity.[1]
Structure
Greenpeace is a global environmental organization, consisting of
Greenpeace International (Stichting Greenpeace Council) in Amsterdam, and 27 national and
regional offices around the world, providing a presence in 41 countries. These national and regional offices are largely
autonomous in carrying out jointly agreed global campaign strategies within the local context they operate in, and in seeking the
necessary financial support from donors to fund this work.[2] National and regional offices support a network of volunteer-run local
groups. Local groups participate in campaigns in their area, and mobilize for larger protests and activities elsewhere.
Millions of supporters who are not organized into local groups support Greenpeace by making financial donations and participating
in campaigns as citizens and consumers.
Greenpeace's national offices.
National and regional offices
Greenpeace is present in the following countries and regions, as of March 2007:
Argentina, Australia-Pacific region [1] (Australia, Fiji, Papua New-Guinea,
Solomon Islands), Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile,
China, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greenpeace Nordic (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden),
Greece, Greenpeace Central and Eastern Europe (Austria, Hungary, Slovak Republic, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Serbia,
Montenegro and Bosnia (no permanent campaign presence in the latter five states)) India, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Greenpeace Mediterranean (Israel, Cyprus, Lebanon, Malta, Tunisia, Turkey), Mexico, the Netherlands,
Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand (New Zealand), Russia, South-East Asia
(Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand), Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States.
Priorities and campaigns
Greenpeace runs campaigns and projects which fit into the "Issues" (as campaign areas are called within Greenpeace) categories
below. Besides exposing problems such as over-fishing or threats linked to nuclear energy such as harmful radiation and proliferation, Greenpeace campaigns for alternative
solutions such as marine reserves and renewable
energy.
The organization currently addresses many environmental issues with a primary focus on efforts to stop global warming and the preservation of the world's oceans and ancient forests. In addition to
conventional environmental organization methods, such as lobbying
businesses and politicians and participating in international conferences, Greenpeace uses nonviolent direct action in many of its campaigns.
Greenpeace uses direct action to attract attention to particular environmental problems. For example, activists place
themselves between the whaler's harpoon and their prey, or invade nuclear facilities dressed as barrels of radioactive waste.
Other initiatives include the development of a fuel-efficient car, the SmILE.
Current priorities
Below is a list of Greenpeace's current priorities, as of March 2007:
Greenpeace Thinktank
Think-tanks, under the greenpeace umbrella, propose blueprints for world's transition to renewable energy. The focus is to
reduce carbon emissions without compromising on economic growth. The Solar Generation project [3], conceived in 2000 by Greenpeace and the European Photo- voltaic Industry
Association (EPIA), addresses major energy challenges facing the global society and charts out the solar energy remedies until
2050. Greenpeace thinktanks also focus on individual nation's energy scenarios: for example, Greenpeace has published scenarios
where renewable resources like solar can become the backbone of the economies of developing countries like India, by 2050. [4] [5]
History
Origins
The origins of Greenpeace lie in the Peace movement and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament generally and particularly in the Don't Make A Wave Committee co-founded by Jim and
Marie Bohlen and formed by an assortment of Canadian and expatriate American peace activists in
Vancouver in 1970. Taking its name from a slogan used during protests against United States nuclear testing in late 1969, the Committee had
come together with the objective of stopping a U.S. nuclear bomb test codenamed Cannikin
beneath the Aleutian island of Amchitka,
Alaska.
Many of the founding members were members of the Society of Friends.
[citation needed] The committee was affiliated with
the Sierra Club but it withdrew its support when Jim
Bohlen, a member of the committee, told journalists that the committee would send a boat to Amchitka to protest the
nuclear test without it having been approved by the Sierra Club.
The first ship expedition, inspired by the voyages of the Golden Rule,
Phoenix and Everyman in 1958, was on the chartered west coast fishing vessel, the "Phyllis Cormack", owned and
sailed by John Cormack of Vancouver, and called the Greenpeace I; the second expedition was nicknamed Greenpeace
Too!.[6] The test was not prevented, but the voyage
laid the groundwork for Greenpeace's later activities.
Early influential people
Bill Darnell has received the credit for combining the words "green" and "peace", thereby giving the organization its future
name. [citation needed] Irving Stowe a member of the Society of Friends can
probably be described as the father of Greenpeace [citation needed] and introduced the concepts of nonviolence and bearing witness. Robert Hunter was a
media guru and spiritual and organisational leader. Ben Metcalfe became the first Chairman
of the Greenpeace Foundation and with wife Dorothy managed the media for the first few years. Dr Patrick Moore was the ecologist of note and served for nine years as President of
Greenpeace Canada, as well as seven years as a Director of Greenpeace International. Rod Marining's campaign saved the entrance
to Vancouver's Stanley Park, he was on the first voyage to Amchitka and was a board member during the 1970's. Captain Paul Watson was involved in the very early days of Greenpeace as a 1st director, and led the Harp
Seal Campaigns but later founded Sea Shepherd and sank the pirate-whaler Sierra in
1979. Lyle Thurston was medical doctor on the first voyage and served on the board during the 1970s.
Campaigns
On 4 May 1972, following Dorothy Stowe's departure from the
chairmanship of the Don't Make A Wave Committee, the fledgling environmental group officially changed its name to the
"Greenpeace Foundation".
- Further information: Nuclear-free zone#New Zealand
In 1972 the yacht Vega a 12.5-metre ketch owned by David McTaggart, (an eventual
spokesman for Greenpeace International), was renamed Greenpeace III and sailed in an anti nuclear protest into the exclusion zone
at Mururoa in French Polynesia to attempt to disrupt
French atmospheric nuclear testing. This voyage was sponsored and organised by the
New Zealand branch of the Campaign for
Nuclear Disarmament. [7] CNDNZ and the NZ Peace
media had been lobbying the New Zealand Government and the New Zealand public to place pressure on Britain and France to agree to enforce a nuclear
test ban in the South Pacific since the mid 1950s. This pressure through
civil disobedience protests in French Polynesia and public education at home,
eventually resulted in New Zealand declaring itself a nuclear-free zone by
legislation in 1987. (New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms
Control Act 1987). [8] In 1974 La Flor, from
Melbourne, Australia, skippered by Rolf Heimann, a children's author set out for Mururoa via New Zealand as Greenpeace IV but
arrived after the final nuclear test for the year. The French Military conducted more
than 200 nuclear tests, (40 of them atmospheric), at Mururoa and Fangataufa atolls over a thirty year period ending 1996.
In 1974 the Vancouver based Greenpeace Foundation mounted an anti-whaling campaign that encountered Soviet whalers over the
Seamounts off Mendocino, California. This
campaign had been influenced by the work of Paul Spong and Farley Mowat and Robert Hunter's encounter with the
Orca Skana.
In 1976 a campaign was launched against the killing and skinning of harp seal pups in
Newfoundland for the high fashion fur trade, targeting Norwegian ships engaged
in the trade after receiving a hostile welcome from the Newfie fishermen involved in the hunt. Greenpeace used helicopters to
move people and supplies to a base camp at Belle Isle.
Brigitte Bardot later involved herself in this campaign to great effect. In the same
year another anti-whaling expedition using the James Bay as Greenpeace VII disrupted the Soviet fleet again, but this time
with the assistance of a "deep throat" source and extra funding from Ed Daly of World
Airways. At about the same time visits to Japan were arranged to persuade the Japanese people that whaling should be
ended.
By the late 1970s, spurred by the global reach of what Robert Hunter
called "mind bombs", in which images of confrontation on the high seas converted diffuse and complex issues into considerably
more media-friendly David versus Goliath-style narratives, more than 20 groups across North America, Europe, New Zealand and
Australia had adopted the name "Greenpeace".
Greenpeace also engaged with their opponents through the courts both in Canada (defending a loitering charge for failing to
leave a fisheries office) and in France (David McTaggart's Law of the Sea case to recover repair costs after his yacht Vega was
damaged by the French navy).
Similarly, Greenpeace became involved with lobbying elected officials and various bodies such as the United Nations through events such as the Conference on the Human Environment and with the
International Whaling Commission.
On August 21, 2007, Yvo de Boer, head of the UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), angered environmental groups due to his suggestion that "rich nations
should be absolved from the need to cut emissions if they pay developing countries to do it on their behalf". Doug Parr of
Greenpeace opposed Mr. de Boer's suggestion - "The current trading system is not delivering emissions reductions as it is" ...
"Expanding it like this to give rich countries a completely free hand will simply not work."[9] On August 22, 2007, the Philippine
Department of Energy's plan to develop nuclear
energy as an alternative source of power was opposed by Von Hernandez, campaign director of Greenpeace Southeast Asia, who warned that exploring nuclear options to bolster energy demand is “dangerous and
misleading.” He cited the risks of accidents like Chernobyl or the most recent
Kashiwazaki nuclear plant leak in Japan after an
earthquake are real.[10]
Formation of formal global organization
In 1979, however, the original Vancouver-based Greenpeace Foundation encountered financial difficulties, and disputes between
offices over fund-raising and organizational direction split the global movement[11]. David McTaggart lobbied the Canadian Greenpeace
Foundation to accept a new structure which would bring the scattered Greenpeace offices under the auspices of a single global
organization, and on October 14 1979, Greenpeace International
came into existence. Under the new structure, the local offices would contribute a percentage of their income to the
international organization, which would take responsibility for setting the overall direction of the movement.
Greenpeace's transformation from a loose international network to a global organization enabled it to apply the full force of
its resources to a small number of environmental issues deemed of global significance, owed much to McTaggart's personal vision.
McTaggart summed up his approach in a 1994 memo: "No campaign should be begun without clear goals; no campaign should be begun
unless there is a possibility that it can be won; no campaign should be begun unless you intend to finish it off". McTaggart's
own assessment of what could and couldn't be won, and how, frequently caused controversy.
In re-shaping Greenpeace as a centrally coordinated, hierarchical organization, McTaggart went against the anti-authoritarian
ethos that prevailed in other environmental organizations that came of age in the 1970s. While this pragmatic structure granted
Greenpeace the persistence and narrow focus necessary to match forces with government and industry, it would lead to the
recurrent criticism that Greenpeace had adopted the same methods of governance as its chief foes — the multinational
corporations. Its current Executive Director is Gerd Leipold. [12]
For smaller actions, and continuous local promotion and activism, Greenpeace has networks of active supporters that coordinate
their efforts through national offices. The United Kingdom has some 6,000 Greenpeace activists.
Greenpeace ships
Since Greenpeace was founded, seagoing ships have played a vital role in its campaigns.
In 1978, Greenpeace launched the original Rainbow Warrior, a 40-metre, former
fishing trawler named for the Cree legend that inspired early
activist Robert Hunter on the first voyage to Amchitka. Greenpeace purchased
the Rainbow Warrior (originally launched as the Sir William Hardy in 1955) at a cost of £40,000, and volunteers
restored and refitted her over a period of four months.
First deployed to disrupt the hunt of the Icelandic whaling fleet, the Rainbow Warrior
would quickly become a mainstay of Greenpeace campaigns. Between 1978 and 1985, crew members also engaged in non-violent direct
action against the ocean-dumping of toxic and radioactive waste, the Grey Seal hunt in
Orkney and nuclear testing in the Pacific. Japan's Fisheries Agency has labeled Greenpeace ships
as "anti-whaling vessels" and "environmental terrorists"[13].
In 1985, the Rainbow Warrior entered into the waters surrounding Moruroa atoll, site
of French nuclear testing. The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
occurred when the French government secretly bombed the ship in a New Zealand
harbour on orders from François Mitterrand himself; killing Dutch freelance
photographer Fernando Pereira, who thought it was safe to enter the boat to get his
photographic material after a first small explosion, but drowned as a result of a second, larger explosion. The attack was a
public relations disaster for France, after it was quickly exposed by the New Zealand police. The French Government in 1987
agreed to pay New Zealand compensation of NZ$13 million and formally apologised for the bombing. The French Government also paid
2.3 Million French Francs compensation to the family of the killed photographer.
In 1989 Greenpeace commissioned a replacement vessel, also named the Rainbow Warrior, which remains in service today as
the flagship of the Greenpeace fleet.
In 1996 the Greenpeace vessel MV Sirius was detained by Dutch police while protesting the import of genetically
modified soybeans due to the violation of a temporary sailing prohibition, which was implemented because the Sirius prevented
their unloading. The ship, but not the captain, was released a half hour later.
In 2005 the Rainbow Warrior II ran aground on and damaged the Tubbataha Reef in the Philippines, while she was on a mission to protect the very same reef.[14] Greenpeace was fined $7,000 USD for damaging the reef and
agreed to pay the fine, although they said that the Philippines government had given them outdated charts.
Along with the Rainbow Warrior the Greenpeace organisation has four other ships:
See also
References
Further reading
- David McTaggart with Robert Hunter, Greenpeace III: Journey into the Bomb (London: William Collins Sons & Co.,
1978). ISBN
- Robert Hunter, Warriors of the Rainbow: A Chronicle of the Greenpeace Movement (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
1979). ISBN
- Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Penguin Books, 1986). ISBN
- John McCormick, The Global Environmental Movement (John Wiley, 1995)
- David Robie, Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior (Philadelphia: New Society Press, 1987). ISBN
- Michael Brown and John May, The Greenpeace Story (1989; London and New York: Dorling Kindersley, Inc., 1991).
ISBN
- Rex Weyler (2004), Greenpeace: How a Group of Ecologists, Journalists and Visionaries
Changed the World, Rodale
- Kieran Mulvaney and Mark Warford (1996): Witness: Twenty-Five Years on the Environmental Front Line, Andre
Deutsch.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
