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Roger Guillemin
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French–American physiologist (1924–
Guillemin was educated at the universities of Dijon (his native city), Lyons, and Montreal, where he gained his PhD in physiology and experimental medicine in 1953. The same year he moved to America to join the staff of the Baylor University Medical School, Houston. In 1970 Guillemin joined the staff of the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, where he remained until 1989, when he moved to the Whittier Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology, La Jolla, becoming its director in 1993.
Early in his career Guillemin decided to work on the hypothesis of Geoffrey Harris that the pituitary gland is under the control of hormones produced by the hypothalamus. As the anterior pituitary secretes a number of hormones it was far from clear which to begin with. He eventually decided to search for the hypothalamic factor that controls the release of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary – it is known as the corticotrophic releasing factor (CRF). As it turned out, this was an unfortunate choice for after seven years Guillemin had nothing to show for his not inconsiderable efforts. Guillemin then worked for a further six years fruitlessly searching for the thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF), exposing him to skepticism from many other workers in the endocrine field.
The main difficulty was that such hormones were present in very small quantities. When Guillemin finally did succeed in 1968 in isolating one milligram of TRF it had come from 5 million sheep's hypothalami. It turned out to be a small, relatively simple tripeptide, easy to synthesize. The development of the radioimmunoassay method for the detection of minute quantities by Rosalyn Yalow was also of considerable help. Other successes quickly followed. Andrew Schally isolated the luteinizing-hormone releasing factor in 1971 and Guillemin in 1972 succeeded with somatostatin, which controls the release of the growth hormone.
In 1977 Guillemin shared the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Schally and Yalow.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Roger Charles Louis Guillemin |
Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis (gēyəmăN'), 1924-, French-American physiologist, b. Dijon, France. Educated in France, he fought for the resistance during World War II. He taught primarily at Baylor Univ. (1953-70), until he became a researcher at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (Calif.). Guillemin isolated and synthesized the hormones produced by the hypothalamus gland. These hormones regulate the pituitary gland, which governs other glands that regulate such body functions as reproduction and emotional responses. He also discovered endorphins, a class of hormonal substances. His work added new dimensions to the study of the brain's control over the body's chemistry. In 1977, Guillemin shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Yalow.
| Wikipedia: Roger Guillemin |
For other persons of the same name, see Guillemin.
Roger Charles Louis Guillemin (born January 11, 1924 in Dijon, Bourgogne, France) received the National Medal of Science in 1976, and Nobel prize for medicine in 1977 for his work on neurohormones.
| Roger Charles Louis Guillemin | |
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.svg) Roger Charles Louis Guillemin
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| Born | January 11, 1924 (age 85) Dijon, France |
| Citizenship | France |
| Nationality | France |
| Fields | Biology, Neurology |
| Institutions | Baylor College of Medicine |
| Known for | Neurohormones |
| Notable awards | National Medal of Science, Nobel Prize |
Completing his undergraduate work at the University of Burgundy, Guillemin received his M.D. degree from the Medical Faculty at Lyon in 1949, and went to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to work with Hans Selye at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the Université de Montréal where he received a Ph.D. in 1953. The same year he moved to the United States to join the faculty at Baylor College of Medicine at Houston. In 1965, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1970 he helped in creating the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California where he worked until retirement in 1989.
Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally discovered the structures of TRH and GnRH in separate laboratories.
Guillemin signed along with other Nobel Prize winners a petition requesting that a delegation of the Committee on the Rights of the Children of the United Nations may visit a Tibetan child who is under house arrest in China since 1995, namely Gendhun Choekyi Nyima, recognized as the 11th Panchen Lama by the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso.
Books
- Nicholas Wade (1981). The Nobel Duel, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY.
- Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar (1979). Laboratory Life, Sage, Los Angeles, USA.
External links
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Mentioned in
- Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (American physician & physicist)
- Andrew V. Schally (American physician)
- Year 1968 (in Science & Technology)
- Year 1977 (in Science & Technology)
