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Maupassant, Guy de (1850-93). French short-story writer, novelist, and journalist. He is usually associated with Naturalism and contributed to Les Soirées de Médan the story Boule de suif which launched his career, but he always maintained an independent position in relation to the movement, with little respect for Zola's theories, despite his admiration for his works.
He was born in Normandy of aristocratic stock and raised by his mother after her separation from his unfaithful father. Unsubstantiated rumour had it that he was the illegitimate child of Flaubert, who took a paternal interest in his literary development and inspired in him a scrupulous concern for style. After taking part in the Franco-Prussian War, which interrupted his law studies in Paris, Maupassant worked in the civil service until he was able, after 1880, to live by his writings. He achieved enormous success with his short stories and novels. For ten full years he was able to lead an extravagant life, travelling much, moving in high-society circles, and entertaining a prodigous number of mistresses. His biographers have emphasized the contrasting sides of his character: on the one hand a robust, sporty individual, with a passion for rowing and other outdoor sports, whose prowess saved the English poet Swinburne from drowning; on the other hand a nervous, morbid, anxious, suicidal individual, whose health was soon undermined by his hectic life-style, syphilis, and inherited maladies (his mother was depressive and his brother died insane). By 1890 his health had seriously declined, with fits of depression and the onset of paralysis. By 1891 he could no longer write and he attempted suicide the following year. Interned in an asylum, he died insane in considerable physical and mental distress.
In the early part of his career, Maupassant wrote a collection of poems, Des vers (1880), and some plays, then later a number of travel journals, but he made his mark as a master of the short story. His contes and nouvelles were usually published first in the press, where Maupassant perfected the art of the piquant chronique. Many were reworked before appearing in his collections of tales, such as La Maison Tellier (1881), Mademoiselle Fifi (1882), Contes de la bécasse (1883), Miss Harriet and Les Sœurs Rondoli (1884), Toine and Contes du jour et de la nuit (1886), Le Horla (1887), and L'Inutile Beauté (1890). The lucidity of his style and the conciseness of form of his stories derive more from Flaubert than from his naturalist contemporaries. These works deal with the meanness of peasant life, the mediocrity and hypocrisy of bourgeois manners, and the vanities of high society, and are remarkably varied in theme, tone, form, and genre: they indude the tragic, the comic, the farcical, the satirical, the fantastic, always with a common concern to depict human foibles and obsessions and cynically to reveal the sordid, selfish underside of human actions. Maupassant is particularly skilled at presenting suggestive details and anecdotes that reveal with a few deft strokes a whole system of values and a philosophy of life. His works are marked by a profound pessimism, nourished by his reading of Schopenhauer. As his preface to Pierre et Jean shows, his realism deals as much with the illusions of the mind as with the realities of life. He made an important contribution, notably with ‘Le Horla’, to the genre of the fantastic tale.
Maupassant published six novels. Une vie (1883), his first and most Naturalist novel, heavily influenced, however, by the manner and themes of Flaubert's Realist works, is the sad story of the disillusionment and suffering of a wife and mother. After this pessimistic picture of a woman's failings, Bel-Ami (1885) presents an equally cynical and much less sympathetic view of a man's success. Mont-Oriol (1887) is a story of dowry-hunting and adultery set in a spa in the Auvergne countryside. Pierre et Jean (1888) is usually considered to be Maupassant's best novel. Fort comme la mort (1889) is the story of an ageing painter who falls in love with the young daughter of his mistress, and Notre cœur (1890) the story of a young man's relationship with an attractive young widow whose salon attracts distinguished artists from the high society of Paris.
[David Baguley]
Bibliography
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Guy de Maupassant |
Bibliography
See studies by E. D. Sullivan (1954, repr. 1971); A. H. Wallace (1973), and S. Jackson (1938, repr. 1974).
Dictionary:
Mau·pas·sant (mō'pə-sänt', mō-pă-säN')  , (Henri René Albert) Guy de
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| Quotes By: Guy de Maupassant |
Quotes:
"Love means the body, the soul, the life, the entire being. We feel love as we feel the warmth of our blood, we breathe love as we breathe air, we hold it in ourselves as we hold our thoughts. Nothing more exists for us."
"Conversation. What is it? A Mystery! It's the art of never seeming bored, of touching everything with interest, of pleasing with trifles, of being fascinating with nothing at all. How do we define this lively darting about with words, of hitting them back and forth, this sort of brief smile of ideas which should be conversation?"
| Wikipedia: Guy de Maupassant |
| Guy de Maupassant | |
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| Born | 5 August 1850 |
| Died | 6 July 1893 (aged 42) |
| Occupation | Novelist, short story writer, poet |
| Nationality | French |
| Genres | Naturalism, Realism |
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Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (French pronunciation: [ɡi də mopasã]) (5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a popular 19th-century French writer and considered one of the fathers of the modern short story.
A protégé of Flaubert, Maupassant's stories are characterized by their economy of style and efficient, effortless dénouement. Many of the stories are set during the Franco-Prussian War of the 1870s and several describe the futility of war and the innocent civilians who, caught in the conflict, emerge changed. He also wrote six short novels.
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Henri-René-Albert-Guy de Maupassant was born on August 5, 1850 at the Chateau de Miromesnil, near Dieppe in the Seine-Inférieure (now Seine-Maritime) department. He was the first son of Laure Le Poittevin and Gustave de Maupassant, both from prosperous bourgeois families. When Maupassant was eleven and his brother Hervé was five, his mother, an independent-minded woman, risked social disgrace to obtain a legal separation from her husband.
After separating from her husband, Le Poittevin kept her two sons, the elder Guy and younger Hervé. With the father’s absence, Maupassant’s mother became the most influential figure in the young boy’s life. She was a woman of no common literary accomplishments, but was very fond of classic literature, especially Shakespeare. Until the age of thirteen, Guy happily lived with his mother, to whom he was deeply devoted, at Étretat, in the Villa des Verguies, where, between the sea and the luxuriant countryside, he grew very fond of fishing and outdoor activities. At age thirteen, he was sent to a small seminary near Rouen for classical studies.
In October 1868, at the age of 18, he saved the famous poet Algernon Charles Swinburne from drowning off the coast of Étretat at Normandy.[1] As he entered junior high school, he met the great author Gustave Flaubert.
He first entered a seminary at Yvetot, but deliberately got himself expelled. From his early education he retained a marked hostility to religion. Then he was sent to the Rouen Lycée, where he proved a good scholar indulging in poetry and taking a prominent part in theatricals.
The Franco-Prussian War broke out soon after his graduation from college in 1870; he enlisted as a volunteer and fought bravely. Afterwards, in 1871, he left Normandy and moved to Paris where he spent ten years as a clerk in the Navy Department. During these ten tedious years his only recreation and relaxation was canoeing on the Seine on Sundays and holidays. Gustave Flaubert took him under his protection and acted as a kind of literary guardian to him, guiding his debut in journalism and literature. At Flaubert's home he met Émile Zola and the Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev, as well as many of the protagonists of the realist and naturalist schools.
In 1878 he was transferred to the Ministry of Public Instruction and became a contributing editor of several leading newspapers such as Le Figaro, Gil Blas, Le Gaulois and l'Echo de Paris. He devoted his spare time to writing novels and short stories.
In 1880 he published what is considered his first masterpiece, "Boule de Suif", which met with an instant and tremendous success. Flaubert characterized it as "a masterpiece that will endure." This was Maupassant's first piece of short fiction set during the Franco-Prussian War, and was followed by short stories such as "Deux Amis," "Mother Savage," and "Mademoiselle Fifi."
The decade from 1880 to 1891 was the most fertile period of Maupassant's life. Made famous by his first short story, he worked methodically and produced two or sometimes four volumes annually. He combined talent and practical business sense, which made him wealthy.
In 1881 he published his first volume of short stories under the title of La Maison Tellier; it reached its twelfth edition within two years; in 1883 he finished his first novel, Une Vie (translated into English as A Woman's Life), 25,000 copies of which were sold in less than a year. In his novels, he concentrated all his observations scattered in his short stories. His second novel Bel-Ami, which came out in 1885, had thirty-seven printings in four months.
His editor, Havard, commissioned him to write new masterpieces and Maupassant continued to produce them without the slightest apparent effort. At this time he wrote what many consider to be his greatest novel, Pierre et Jean.
With a natural aversion to society, he loved retirement, solitude, and meditation. He traveled extensively in Algeria, Italy, England, Brittany, Sicily, Auvergne, and from each voyage he brought back a new volume. He cruised on his private yacht "Bel-Ami," named after his earlier novel. This feverish life did not prevent him from making friends among the literary celebrities of his day: Alexandre Dumas, fils had a paternal affection for him; at Aix-les-Bains he met Hippolyte Taine and fell under the spell of the philosopher-historian.
Flaubert continued to act as his literary godfather. His friendship with the Goncourts was of short duration; his frank and practical nature reacted against the ambience of gossip, scandal, duplicity, and invidious criticism that the two brothers had created around them in the guise of an 18th-century style salon.
Maupassant was but one of a fair number of 19th-century Parisians who did not care for the Eiffel tower; indeed, he often ate lunch in the restaurant at its base, not out of any preference for the food, but because it was only there that he could avoid seeing its otherwise unavoidable profile.[2] Moreover, he and forty-six other Parisian literary and artistic notables attached their names to letter of protest, ornate as it was irate, against the tower's construction to the then Minister of Public Works.[3]
In his later years he developed a constant desire for solitude, an obsession for self-preservation, and a fear of death and crazed paranoia of persecution, that came from the syphilis he had contracted in his early days. On January 2, in 1892, Maupassant tried to commit suicide by cutting his throat and was committed to the celebrated private asylum of Dr. Esprit Blanche at Passy, in Paris, where he died on July 6, 1893.
Guy De Maupassant penned his own epitaph: "I have coveted everything and taken pleasure in nothing." He is buried in Section 26 of the Cimetière du Montparnasse, Paris.
Maupassant is considered one of the fathers of the modern short story. He delighted in clever plotting, and served as a model for Somerset Maugham and O. Henry in this respect. His stories about real or fake jewels ("La Parure", "Les Bijoux") are imitated with a twist by Maugham ("Mr Know-All", "A String of Beads") and Henry James.
Taking his cue from Balzac, Maupassant wrote comfortably in both the high-Realist and fantastic modes; stories and novels such as "L'Héritage" and Bel-Ami aim to recreate Third Republic France in a realistic way, whereas many of the short stories (notably "Le Horla", cited as an inspiration for H. P. Lovecraft's "The Call of Cthulhu", and "Qui sait?") describe apparently supernatural phenomena.
The supernatural in Maupassant, however, is often implicitly a symptom of the protagonists' troubled minds; Maupassant was fascinated by the burgeoning discipline of psychiatry, and attended the public lectures of Jean-Martin Charcot between 1885 and 1886.[4] This interest is reflected in his fiction.
Maupassant is notable as the subject of one of Leo Tolstoy's essays on art: "The Works of Guy de Maupassant."
Friedrich Nietzsche's autobiography mentions him in the following text:
"I cannot at all conceive in which century of history one could haul together such inquisitive and at the same time delicate psychologists as one can in contemporary Paris: I can name as a sample - for their number is by no means small, (...), or to pick out one of the stronger race, a genuine Latin to whom I am particularly attached, Guy de Maupassant."
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