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hail

 
Dictionary: hail1   (hāl) pronunciation
n.
  1. Precipitation in the form of spherical or irregular pellets of ice larger than 5 millimeters (0.2 inches) in diameter.
  2. Something that falls with the force and quantity of a shower of ice and hard snow: a hail of pebbles; a hail of criticism.

v., hailed, hail·ing, hails.

v.intr.
  1. To precipitate in pellets of ice and hard snow.
  2. To fall like hailstones: Condemnations hailed down on them.
v.tr.
To pour (something) down or forth: They hailed insults at me.

[Middle English, from Old English hægel, hagol.]


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Precipitation composed of chunks or lumps of ice formed in strong updrafts in cumulonimbus clouds. Individual lumps are called hailstones. Most hailstones are spherical or oblong, some are conical, and some are bumpy and irregular. Diameters range from 0.2 to 6 in. (5 to 150mm) or more. That is, the largest stones are grapefruit or softball size, and the smallest are pea size.

Very often hailstones are observed to be made of alternating rings of clear and white ice (see illustration). These rings indicate the growth processes of the hail. The milky or white portion of the growth occurs when small cloud droplets are collected by the hailstone and freeze almost instantaneously, trapping bubbles of air between the droplets and creating a milky appearance. The clear portion is formed when many droplets arecollected so rapidly that a film of water spreads over the stone and freezes gradually, givingtime for any trapped air bubbles to escape from the liquid.

Cross section of a large hailstone showing the structure of alternating rings of clear and white ice. (<i>Alberta Research Council, Edmonton</i>)
Cross section of a large hailstone showing the structure of alternating rings of clear and white ice. (Alberta Research Council, Edmonton)

The most favorable conditions for hail formation occur in the mountainous, high plains regions of the world. Hailstorms normally have relatively high, cool cloud bases and very strong updrafts within the clouds to carry the hailstones into the cooler regions of the cloud, where maximum growth occurs. Both small ice particles and supercooled liquid water (liquid water at temperatures below 32°F or 0°C) are needed for the ice particles to grow into hailstones. See also Cloud physics; Precipitation (meteorology).


Thesaurus: hail1
Top

noun

    A concentrated outpouring, as of missiles, words, or blows: barrage, bombardment, burst, cannonade, fusillade, salvo, shower, storm, volley. See attack/defend.

Antonyms: hail
Top

v

Definition: rain down on
Antonyms: dribble, drip



Precipitation of balls or pieces of ice with a diameter of 0.2 – 4 in. (5 mm – 10 cm). Small hail (also called sleet, or ice pellets) has a diameter of less than 0.2 in. Hail can be extremely destructive to buildings and crops; if it is large enough, it may be dangerous to animals. Hailstones 6 in. (15 cm) in diameter have fallen during storms in the U.S. Midwest. Hailstorms are most common in the middle latitudes and usually last around 15 minutes. They ordinarily occur in middle to late afternoon and may accompany thunderstorms.

For more information on hail, visit Britannica.com.

 
hail, precipitation in the form of pellets composed of ice or of ice and snow, occurring at any time of the year, usually during the passage of a cold front or during a thunderstorm. Small hailstones have a soft center and a single outer coat of ice. They are formed when the surfaces of snow clumps melt and refreeze or become coated with water droplets that subsequently freeze. Large hailstones usually have alternate hard and soft layers. There are various explanations of how these large stones form and grow. Some believe that they form in clouds when supercooled raindrops (i.e., drops chilled below the freezing temperature without solidifying) freeze on dust particles or snowflakes. These tiny hailstones are then blown repeatedly up and down by the winds in a cloud. Each time they are blown downward to a region whose temperature is above freezing, the stones collect more moisture, and each time they are blown upward to a region below freezing, the moisture solidifies into ice, and some snow may collect. The stones continue to grow, adding layer after layer, until they are too heavy to be supported by the winds and fall to the ground. In another explanation, it is suggested that hailstones continuously descend, gaining layers by passing through regions of the air that contain different amounts of water. Hailstones are spherical or irregularly spherical and usually vary in diameter up to 1/2 in. (1.3 cm); in rare cases hailstones having diameters up to 5 in. (12.7 cm) have been observed. Hail causes much damage and injury to crops, livestock, property, and airplanes. See sleet.


Pellets of ice that form when updrafts in thunderstorms carry raindrops to high altitudes, where the water freezes and then falls back to Earth. Hailstones as large as baseballs have been recorded. Hail can damage crops and property.

Wikipedia: Hail
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Large hailstones up to 5 centimetres (2 in) in diameter with concentric rings

Hail is a form of solid precipitation which consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice, that are individually called hail stones. Hail stones on Earth consist mostly of water ice and measure between 5 and 150 millimeters in diameter, with the larger stones coming from severe and dangerous thunderstorms. The METAR reporting code for hail 5 mm or greater in diameter is GR, while smaller hailstones and graupel are coded GS. Hail is possible with most thunderstorms as it is produced by cumulonimbi (thunderclouds),[1] usually at the leading edge of a storm system. Hail formation requires environments of strong, upward motion of air with the parent thunderstorm (similar to tornadoes) and lowered heights of the freezing level. Hail is most frequently formed in the interior of continents within the mid-latitudes of Earth, with hail generally confined to higher elevations within the tropics. Hail formation is preferred during the summer months in the afternoon and evening hours of the day. Hailstorms normally last 3–15 minutes.

Unlike ice pellets, hail stones are layered and can be irregular and clumped together. Hail is composed of transparent ice or alternating layers of transparent and translucent ice at least 1 millimetre (0.039 in) thick, which are deposited upon the hail stone as it cycles through the cloud multiple times, suspended aloft by air with strong upward motion until its weight overcomes the updraft and falls to the ground. There are methods available to detect hail-producing thunderstorms using weather satellites and radar imagery. Hail stones generally fall at faster rates as they grow in size, though complicating factors such as melting, friction with air, wind, and interaction with rain and other hail stones can slow down their descent through Earth's atmosphere. Severe weather warnings are issued for hail when the stones reach a damaging size, as it can cause serious damage to man-made structures, and most commonly, farmers' crops.

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Contents

Formation

A large hailstone, about 6 cm (2.36 in) in diameter

Like other precipitation, hail forms in cumulonimbus clouds when supercooled water droplets freeze on contact with condensation nuclei, such as dust or dirt. The storm's updraft, with upwardly-directed wind speeds as high as 110 miles per hour (180 km/h),[2] blow the hailstones back up the cloud. The updraft dissipates and the hailstones fall down, back into the updraft, and are lifted up again. These type of strong updrafts can also indicate the presence of a tornado.[3] Any thunderstorm which produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm.[4] Hail has a diameter of 5 millimetres (0.20 in) or more.[1] Stones just larger than golf ball-sized are one of the most frequently reported hail sizes.[5] Hail stones can grow to 15 centimetres (6 in) and weigh more than .5 kilograms (1.1 lb).[6] In large hailstones, latent heat released by further freezing may melt the outer shell of the hailstone. The hailstone then may undergo 'wet growth', where the liquid outer shell collects other smaller hailstones.[7] The hailstone gains an ice layer and grows increasingly larger with each ascent. Once a hail stone becomes too heavy to be supported by the storm's updraft, it falls from the cloud.[8]

Hail forms in strong thunderstorm clouds, particularly those with intense updrafts, high liquid water content, great vertical extent, large water droplets, and where a good portion of the cloud layer is below freezing 0 °C (32 °F).[1] Hail-producing clouds are often identifiable by their green coloration.[9][10] The growth rate is maximized where air is near a temperature of −13 °C (9 °F). Hail growth becomes vanishingly small when air temperatures fall below −30 °C (−22 °F) as supercooled water droplets become rare at these temperatures. For this reason, hail is most common within continental interiors of the mid-latitudes, as hail formation is considerably more likely when the freezing level is below the altitude of 11,000 feet (3,400 m).[11] Movement of dry air into strong thunderstorms over continents can increase the frequency of hail by promoting evaporational cooling which lowers the freezing level of thunderstorm clouds giving hail a larger volume to grow in. Accordingly, hail is actually less common in the tropics despite a much higher frequency of thunderstorms than in the mid-latitudes because the atmosphere over the tropics tends to be warmer over a much greater depth. Hail in the tropics occurs mainly at higher elevations.[12]

Climatology

Hail shaft

Hail is also much more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards (known as orographic lifting), thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely.[13] One of the more common regions for large hail is across the mountainous northern India, which reported one of the highest hail-related death tolls on record in 1888.[14] China also experiences significant hailstorms.[15] Across Europe, Croatia experiences frequent occurrences of hail.[16]

In North America, hail is most common in the area where Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming meet, known as "Hail Alley." [17] Hail in this region occurs between the months of March and October during the afternoon and evening hours, with the bulk of the occurrences from May through September. Cheyenne, Wyoming is North America's most hail-prone city with an average of nine to ten hailstorms per season.[18]

Short term detection

Hail clouds often exhibit a characteristic green coloration.

Doppler Weather radar is a very useful tool to detect the presence of hail producing thunderstorms. Traditionally, hail size and probability can be determined from radar data by a computer using different algorithms. This, in combination with an analysis of the radar display is an accurate way of detecting hail. An analysis of the radar data would include viewing reflectivity data at multiple angles above ground level to check for hail development in the upper levels of the storm, and checking the Vertically Integrated Liquid (VIL). VIL and VIL density do have a relationship with hail size, although it varies with atmospheric conditions and therefore is not highly accurate.[19] Radar data can also be complemented by a knowledge of current atmospheric conditions which can allow one to determine if the current atmosphere is conducive to hail development.

More recently, the polarization properties of weather radar returns have been analyzed to differentiate between hail and heavy rain.[20][21] The use of differential reflectivity (Zdr), in combination with horizontal reflectivity (Zh) has lead to a variety of hail classification algorithms[22] Visible satellite imagery is beginning to be used to detect hail, but false alarm rates remain high using this method.[23]

Size and terminal velocity

The size of hail stones is best determined by measuring their diameter with a ruler. In the absence of a ruler, hail stone size is often visually estimated by comparing its size to that of known objects, such as coins.[24] Below is a table of commonly used objects for this purpose.[25] Note that using the objects such as hen's eggs, peas, and marbles for comparing hailstone sizes is often inaccurate, due to their varied dimensions. The UK organisation, TORRO, also scales for both hailstones and hailstorms.[26] When observed at an airport, METAR code is used within a surface weather observation which relates to the size of the hail stone. Within METAR code, GR is used to indicate larger hail, of a diameter of at least 0.25 inches (6.4 mm). GR is derived from the French word grêle. Smaller-sized hail, as well as snow pellets, use the coding of GS, which is short for the French word grésil.[27]

Terminal velocity of hail, or the speed at which hail is falling when it strikes the ground, varies by the diameter of the hail stones. A hail stone of 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in diameter falls at a rate of 9 metres per second (20 mph), while stones the size of 8 centimetres (3.1 in) in diameter fall at a rate of 48 metres per second (110 mph). Hail stone velocity is dependent on the size of the stone, friction with air it is falling through, the motion of wind it is falling through, collisions with raindrops or other hail stones, and melting as the stones fall through a warmer atmosphere.[28]

Hailstones ranging in size from Pea to Nickel
Common coin sizes
United States Canada
Dime 18.03 millimetres (0.710 in)
Cent (or "Penny") 0.75 inches (19 mm)[29] 19.05 millimetres (0.750 in)
Five cents (Nickel) 0.88 inches (22 mm)[29] 21.2 millimetres (0.83 in)
Twenty-five cents (Quarter dollar) 1.00 inch (25 mm)[29] 23.88 millimetres (0.940 in)
Dollar (Loonie) 26.5 millimetres (1.04 in)
50 Cents/Half Dollar 1.25 inches (32 mm)[29] 27.13 millimetres (1.068 in)
Two Dollars (Toonie) 28 millimetres (1.1 in)
A large hailstone, approximately 5 1/4 inches in diameter, that fell in Harper, Kansas on May 14, 2004.
Other Objects
Object Diameter
Pea 6.4 millimetres (0.25 in)[29]
Marble (small) 13 millimetres (0.51 in)[29]
Walnut/Ping-pong ball 38 millimetres (1.5 in)[29]
Golf ball 44 millimetres (1.7 in)[29]
Lime/Hen egg 51 millimetres (2.0 in)[29]
Tennis ball 64 millimetres (2.5 in)[29]
Cricket ball 71 millimetres (2.8 in)
Baseball 70 millimetres (2.8 in)[29]
Apple/Teacup 76 millimetres (3.0 in)[29]
Grapefruit 102 millimetres (4.0 in)[29]
Softball 114 millimetres (4.5 in)[29]
Computer CD 128 millimetres (5.0 in)

Hazards

Damage to plants after a hail storm in Wheat Ridge, Colorado in July 2009.
Hailstorm in Bogotá, Colombia.

Hail can cause serious damage, notably to automobiles, aircraft, skylights, glass-roofed structures, livestock, and most commonly, farmers' crops.[18] Hail is one of the most significant thunderstorm hazards to aircrafts. When hail stones exceed 0.5 inches (13 mm) in diameter, planes can be seriously damaged within seconds.[30] The hailstones accumulating on the ground can also be hazardous to landing aircraft. Wheat, corn, soybeans, and tobacco are the most sensitive crops to hail damage.[14] Hail is one of Canada's most expensive hazards.[31] Rarely, have massive hailstones have been known to cause concussions or fatal head trauma. Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history. One of the earliest recorded incidents occurred around the 9th century in Roopkund, Uttarakhand, India.[32] The largest hailstone in terms of maximum circumference and length ever recorded in the United States fell in 2003 in Aurora, Nebraska, USA.[33]

Accumulations

Narrow zones where hail accumulates the ground in association with thunderstorm activity are known as hail streaks or hail swaths,[34] which can be detectable by satellite after the storms pass by.[35] Hailstorms normally last from a few minutes up to 15 minutes in duration.[18] Accumulating hail storms can blanket the ground with over 2 inches (5.1 cm) of hail, cause thousands to lose power, and bring down many trees. Flash flooding and mudslides within areas of steep terrain can be a concern with accumulating hail.[36]

Suppression and prevention

Centuries ago,[when?] people in Europe used to ring church bells and fire cannons in order to try to prevent hail.[citation needed] After World War II, cloud seeding was done in order to eliminate the hail threat,[2] particularly across Russia. Russia claimed a 50 to 80 percent reduction in crop damage from hail storms by deploying silver iodide in clouds using rockets and artillery shells. Their results have not been able to be verified. Hail suppression programs have been undertaken by 15 countries between 1965 and 2005.[14] To this day, no hail prevention method has been proven to work.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Hail". American Meteorological Society. http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=hail1. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 
  2. ^ a b c National Center for Atmospheric Research (2008). "Hail". University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/research/meteorology/storms/hail.php. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  3. ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office, Columbia, South Carolina (2009-01-27). "Hail...". National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters. http://www.erh.noaa.gov/cae/svrwx/hail.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  4. ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Hailstorm". American Meteorological Society. http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=Hailstorm. Retrieved 2009-08-29. 
  5. ^ Ryan Jewell and Julian Brimelow (2004-08-17). "P9.5 Evaluation of an Alberta Hail Growth Model Using Severe Hail Proximity Soundings in the United States". http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/jewell/hailslsc.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 
  6. ^ National Severe Storms Laboratory (2007-04-23). "Aggregate hailstone". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/nssl0001.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 
  7. ^ Julian C. Brimelow, Gerhard W. Reuter, and Eugene R. Poolman (October 2002). "Modeling Maximum Hail Size in Alberta Thunderstorms". Weather and Forecasting 17 (5): 1048-1062. 
  8. ^ Jacque Marshall (2000-04-10). "Hail Fact Sheet". University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. http://www.ucar.edu/communications/factsheets/Hail.html. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 
  9. ^ ABC News online (2004-10-19). "Hail storms rock southern Qld". http://www.abc.net.au/news/australia/qld/toowoomba/200410/s1222665.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 
  10. ^ Michael Bath and Jimmy Degaura (1997). "Severe Thunderstorm Images of the Month Archives". http://australiasevereweather.com/storm_news/arc1997.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 
  11. ^ "Meso-Analyst Severe Weather Guide". University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. 2003-01-16. http://www.meted.ucar.edu/resource/soo/MesoAnalyst.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-16. 
  12. ^ Thomas E. Downing, Alexander A. Olsthoorn, Richard S. J. Tol (1999). Climate, change and risk. Routledge. pp. 41-43. ISBN 9780415170314. http://books.google.com/books?id=UbtG3vFfNtoC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=average+height+freezing+level+tropics&source=bl&ots=s6IgT6cSmh&sig=3ZeCjmmKbHNbSJwOB5pV_IR4VA4&hl=en&ei=E29fSoDWB5KKMdTjjcAC&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5. Retrieved 2009-07-16. 
  13. ^ Geoscience Australia (2007-09-04). "Where does severe weather occur?". Commonwealth of Australia. http://www.ga.gov.au/hazards/severeweather/where.jsp. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  14. ^ a b c John E. Oliver (2005). Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Springer. p. 401. ISBN 9781402032646. http://books.google.com/books?id=-mwbAsxpRr0C&pg=PA401&lpg=PA401&dq=hail+regions+with+most+deaths&source=bl&ots=6JlBoqN6op&sig=or2653vItnLTF3U5YP_olqs0Ko8&hl=en&ei=eOaXSvKyA46qlAfH9ZCqBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=hail%20regions%20with%20most%20deaths&f=false. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  15. ^ Dongxia Liu, Guili Feng, and Shujun Wu (February 2009). "The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China". Atmospheric Research 91: 459-465. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V95-4TF7C4P-4&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=993864234&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=bd935558a57c1193db56b67f4dfbb500. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  16. ^ Damir Počakal, Željko Večenaj, and Janez Štalec (July 2009). "Hail characteristics of different regions in continental part of Croatia based on influence of orography". Atmospheric Research 93. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.017. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V95-4TSD9BB-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=993917632&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=266c74d3126cb095e4597efa6c2f5598. 
  17. ^ Rene Munoz (2000-06-02). "Fact Sheet on Hail". University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. http://www.ucar.edu/communications/factsheets/Hail.html. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  18. ^ a b c Nolan J. Doesken (April 1994). "Hail, Hail, Hail ! The Summertime Hazard of Eastern Colorado". Colorado Climate 17 (7). http://www.cocorahs.org/media/docs/hail_1994.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-18. 
  19. ^ Charles A. Roeseler and Lance Wood (2006-02-02). "VIL density and Associated Hail Size Along the Northwest Gulf Coast". National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hgx/projects/hail_study.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  20. ^ Aydin, K., T. A. Seliga, and V. Balaji, 1986: Remote sensing of hail with a dual linear polarization radar. J. Climate and Appl. Meter., 25, 1475-1484.
  21. ^ Colorado State University-CHILL National Radar Facility (2007-08-22). "Hail Signature Development". Colorado State University. http://www.chill.colostate.edu/w/Hail_signature_development. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  22. ^ Colorado State University-CHILL National Radar Facility (2008-08-25). "Hydrometeor classification example". Colorado State University. http://www.chill.colostate.edu/w/Hydrometeor_classification_example. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  23. ^ Bettina Bauer-Messmer and Albert Waldvogel (1998-07-25). "Satellite data based detection and prediction of hail". http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V95-3T7JJV7-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=958561403&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8772281106c4d5dbeb826e1c1ea25b33. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 
  24. ^ Nebraska Rainfall Assessment and Information Network (2009). "NeRAIN Data Site-Measuring Hail". Nebraska Department of Natural Resources. http://dnrdata.dnr.ne.gov/NeRAIN/docs/hail.asp. Retrieved 2009-08-29. 
  25. ^ Dan Baumgardt (2006-06-26). "PDF Hail Estimation: How Good Are Your Spotters?". National Weather Service La Crosse, Wisconsin. http://www.crh.noaa.gov/arx/hail_size_MSP.pdf PDF. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  26. ^ The TORnado and storm Research Organization (2009). "Hail Scale". http://www.torro.org.uk/torro/severeweather/hailscale.php. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  27. ^ Alaska Air Flight Service Station (2007-04-10). "SA-METAR". Federal Aviation Administration. http://www.alaska.faa.gov/fai/afss/metar%20taf/sametara.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-29. 
  28. ^ National Severe Storms Laboratory (2006-11-15). "Hail Basics". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/hail/hail_basics.html. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Storm Prediction Center (2009). "Converting Traditional Hail Size Descriptions". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/tables/hailsize.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  30. ^ Federal Aviation Administration (2009). "Hazards". http://www.aviationweather.ws/063_Hazards.php. Retrieved 2009-08-29. 
  31. ^ Damon P. Coppola (2007). Introduction to international disaster management. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 62. ISBN 9780750679824. http://books.google.com/books?id=s6oxEraqWWwC&pg=RA1-PA61&lpg=RA1-PA61&dq=causes+of+accumulating+hail+storms&source=bl&ots=tPgacB0d3l&sig=yBaERee_qt7b3Tff_-fleziqpKE&hl=en&ei=aO6XSpO8CZPulAetvLizBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#v=onepage&q=hail&f=false. 
  32. ^ David Orr (2004-11-07). "Giant hail killed more than 200 in Himalayas". Telegraph Group Unlimited via the Internet Wayback Machine. http://web.archive.org/web/20051203015218/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/11/07/wind07.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/11/07/ixworld.html. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  33. ^ Knight, C.A., and N.C. Knight, 2005: Very Large Hailstones From Aurora, Nebraska. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1773–1781.
  34. ^ National Severe Storms Laboratory (2006-10-09). "Hail Climatology". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/hail/hail_climatology.html. Retrieved 2009-08-29. 
  35. ^ Albert J. Peters (2003-03-03). "Crop Hail Damage Assessment". Institut National De Recherche En Informatique Et En Automatique. http://www-roc.inria.fr/clime/lynx/peters-factsheet.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  36. ^ Harold Carmichael (2009-06-15). "Sudbury lashed by freak storm; hail pummels downtown core". Sun Media. http://www.thesudburystar.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1612615. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 

Further reading

  • Rogers and Yau (1989). A Short Course in CLOUD PHYSICS. Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3215-1. 
  • Jim Mezzanotte (2007). Hailstorms. Gareth Stevens Publishing. ISBN 978-0836879124. 
  • Snowden Dwight Flora (2003). Hailstorms of the United States. Textbook Publishers. ISBN 978-0758116987. 
  • Narayan R. Gokhale (1974). Hailstorms and Hailstone Growth. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0873953139. 
  • Duncan Scheff (2001). Ice and Hailstorms. Raintree Publishers. ISBN 978-0739847039. 

External links

Images

Translations: Hail
Top

Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - hagl, byge, regn
v. intr. - hagle
v. tr. - lade det hagle med

idioms:

  • a hail of    en byge af

2.
v. tr. - hilse, hilse velkommen, hylde, råbe an
v. intr. - stamme fra, praje
int. - hil!
n. - hilsen, råben, prajning, ballade, spektakel

idioms:

  • hail from    stamme fra, komme fra
  • Hail Mary    Ave Maria
  • within hail    indenfor hørevidde

Nederlands (Dutch)
begroeten, aanroepen, erkennen als, trouw bekennen, hagelen, doen neerkomen, groet, 'Heil..!', hagel, hagelsteen, hagelstorm

Français (French)
1.
n. - grêle, (fig) grêle de
v. intr. - grêler
v. tr. - héler

idioms:

  • a hail of    une grêle/une avalanche de

2.
v. tr. - saluer qn (comme étant), acclamer qn comme
v. intr. - saluer qn (comme étant), acclamer qn comme
int. - Salut (excl)
n. - salut

idioms:

  • hail from    venir de (sout), être de
  • Hail Mary    (Relig) Ave ou Ave Maria, "Je vous salue Marie"
  • within hail    à portée de la victoire, proche de la victoire

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Hagel
v. - hageln

idioms:

  • a hail of    ein -hagel, -regen

2.
v. - zujubeln, anrufen
int. - heil!, sei gegrüßt!
n. - Zuruf, Gruß

idioms:

  • hail from    kommen von
  • Hail Mary    Ave Maria
  • within hail    hörbar

Ελληνική (Greek)
v. - προσφωνώ, χαιρετίζω, χαιρετώ, καλωσορίζω, επικροτώ, ζητωκραυγάζω, καλώ, κράζω, φωνάζω, ρίχνει χαλάζι
n. - προσφώνηση, χαιρετισμός, κλήση, κραυγή, (μετεωρ.) χαλάζι

idioms:

  • a hail of    καταιγισμός
  • hail from    κατάγομαι από, προέρχομαι από
  • Hail Mary    (θρησκ.) Χαιρετισμός (της Θεοτόκου)
  • within hail    (καθομ.) δυο βήματα, (πολύ) κοντά

Italiano (Italian)
salutare, grandinare, grandine

idioms:

  • a hail of    una gragnuola di
  • hail from    venire da
  • Hail Mary    Ave Maria
  • within hail    a portata di voce

Português (Portuguese)
v. - saudar, aclamar, granizar
n. - aclamação (f), granizo (m)

idioms:

  • a hail of    saudações de
  • hail from    natural de
  • Hail Mary    Ave (f) Maria (Rel.)
  • within hail    à distância da voz

Русский (Russian)
приветствие, провозглашать, окликать, приветствовать, сыпаться градом, град, оклик

idioms:

  • a hail of    град (чего-либо)
  • hail from    быть родом из, быть приписанным к какому-либо порту
  • Hail Mary    католическая молитва Аве Мария
  • within hail    недалеко, в пределах слышимости

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - granizo, granizada, lluvia
v. intr. - granizar, llover
v. tr. - granizar, llover

idioms:

  • a hail of    una lluvia de

2.
v. tr. - llamar, saludar, aclamar
v. intr. - llamar, saludar, aclamar
int. - Salve!
n. - llamado, saludo, aclamación

idioms:

  • hail from    ser de, proceder de, venir de
  • Hail Mary    Avemaría
  • within hail    estar al alcance de la voz

Svenska (Swedish)
v. - hagla, hälsa, kalla på
n. - hagel, hälsning, (an)rop

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
1. 欢呼, 打招呼, 招呼, 来自, 招呼致意, 向...欢呼, 承认...为, 为...喝彩, 拥立

idioms:

  • a hail of    一阵的...
  • hail from    来自
  • Hail Mary    万福马利亚
  • within hail    在附近

2. 使像冰雹般落下, 下冰雹, 冰雹般落下, 雹, 一阵, 冰雹, 好啊, 欢迎

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
1.
v. tr. - 使像冰雹般落下
v. intr. - 下冰雹, 冰雹般落下
n. - 雹, 一陣, 冰雹
int. - 好啊, 歡迎

2.
n. - 歡呼, 打招呼
v. intr. - 招呼, 來自, 招呼致意
v. tr. - 向...歡呼, 承認...為, 為...喝彩, 擁立

idioms:

  • a hail of    一陣的...
  • hail from    來自
  • Hail Mary    萬福馬利亞
  • within hail    在附近

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 우박, 쏟아지는 것, 싸락눈
v. intr. - 싸락눈이 내리다, 빗발치듯 퍼 붓다
v. tr. - ~을 빗발치듯 퍼 붓다

idioms:

  • a hail of    ~의 빗발

2.
v. tr. - ~에게 인사하다, 환호하여 맞이하다, ~이라고 부르다
v. intr. - 큰소리를 지르다
int. - 만세, 야, 반갑네
n. - 큰 소리로 부름, 인사, 환영

idioms:

  • hail from    ~에서 오다, ~의 출신이다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - ひょう, あられ, 雨あられのような…, 呼びかけ, 歓呼
v. - あられが降る, 歓呼して迎える, 呼んで迎える, 大声で呼ぶ

idioms:

  • a hail of    雨あられの
  • hail from    出身である, …から来る
  • Hail Mary    天使祝詞
  • within hail    声の届く所に

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(فعل) تمطر السماء بردا, ينهمر كالبرد, ينادي, يحيي, يرحب ب, يمطره بوابل من (الاسم) برد, وابل كالبرد, تحيه, ترحيب, هتاف, نداء‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮ברד‬
v. intr. - ‮ירד (ברד)‬
v. tr. - ‮המטיר‬
v. tr. - ‮הריע, קרא, בירך, עשה סימן כדי למשוך שימת-לב‬
v. intr. - ‮היה (במקורו) ממקום מסוים‬
n. - ‮מרחק המשפיע על אפשרות הברכה, ברכה, קריאת שלום‬
int. - ‮קריאת ברכה‬


 
 
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