HAL is a software project providing a hardware abstraction layer for Unix-like computer systems. It aims to allow desktop applications to discover and use the hardware of the host system through a simple, portable and abstract API, regardless of the type of the underlying hardware.[1]
HAL was originally envisioned by Havoc Pennington and is now a freedesktop.org project, being a key part of the software stack of the GNOME and KDE desktop environments. It is free software, dual-licensed under both the GNU General Public License and the Academic Free License.[2]
HAL is unrelated to the earlier concept of Windows NT kernel HALs (also found in current Windows releases), which handle some platform-specific core functionality within the kernel, such as interrupt routing.
Rationale
Traditionally, the operating system kernel was responsible for providing an abstract interface to the hardware the system ran on. Applications used the system call interface, or performed file I/O on device nodes in order to communicate with hardware through these abstractions. This sufficed for the simple hardware of early desktop computing.
Computer hardware, however, has increased in complexity and the abstractions provided by Unix kernels have not kept pace with the proliferating number of device and peripheral types now common on both server and desktop computers. Most modern bus have also become hotplug-capable and can have non-trivial topologies. As a result, devices are discovered or change state in ways which can be difficult to track through the system call interface or Unix IPC. The complexity of doing so forces application authors to re-implement hardware support logic.[1]
Some devices also require privileged helper programs to prepare them for use. These must often be invoked in ways that can be awkward to express with the Unix permissions model (for example, allowing users to join wireless networks only if they are logged into the video console).[1] Application authors resort to using setuid binaries or run service daemons to provide their own access control and privilege separation, potentially introducing security holes each time.
Design
HAL is a single daemon responsible for discovering, enumerating and mediating access to most of the hardware on the host computer. Applications communicate with HAL through the D-Bus IPC mechanism, which abstracts the hardware behind an object-based RPC mechanism.
Each logical hardware device is represented as a D-Bus object, and its bus address is used as a unique identifier. Devices include abstractions like disk partitions and visible wireless networks. The device's functionality is exposed through D-Bus interfaces, and its state accessed through properties, a set of key-value pairs.
HAL broadcasts hardware events as signals on these objects: listening applications can listen for these to react on hardware events (such as a digital camera being plugged in, an optical disc spinning up or a laptop computer closing its lid).[3]
Implementations and obsolescence
On Linux, HAL uses the /sys filesystem to discover hardware and listen for kernel hotplug events. Some Linux distributions also provide a udev rule to allow the udev daemon to notify HAL whenever new device nodes appear.
As of 2009, HAL is in process of being deprecated as it has "become a large monolithic unmaintainable mess"[4]. It will be replaced by DeviceKit and existing functionality in udev and the kernel.
See also
References
- ^ a b c Pennington, Havoc (2003-07-10), Making Hardware Just Work, http://ometer.com/hardware.html
- ^ HAL source code license text, http://gitweb.freedesktop.org/?p=hal.git;a=blob_plain;h=be9031229827a2e2463e99d678f97ae5ef777efc;f=COPYING, "HAL is licensed to you under your choice of the Academic Free License version 2.1, or the GNU General Public License version 2"
- ^ Zeuthen, David (2007-06-13), HAL 0.5.10 Specification, freedesktop.org, http://people.freedesktop.org/~david/hal-spec/hal-spec.html, retrieved 2009-04-18
- ^ Halsectomy, ubuntu.com, https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Halsectomy, retrieved 2009-11-01
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