halberd

Swedish halberd heads from the 16th century

Halberdiers from a modern day reenactor troupe.

A halberd (also called halbert or Swiss voulge) is a two-handed pole weapon that came to prominent use during the 14th and 15th centuries. Possibly the word halberd comes from the German words Halm (staff), and Barte (axe) - in modern-day German, the weapon is called Hellebarde. The halberd consists of an axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft. It always has a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade for grappling mounted combatants.^[1] It is very similar to certain forms of the voulge in design and usage. The halberd was 1.5 to 1.8 metres (5 to 6 feet) long.^[2]

The halberd was cheap to produce and very versatile in battle. As the halberd was eventually refined, its point was more fully developed to allow it to better deal with spears and pikes (also able to push back approaching horsemen), as was the hook opposite the axe head, which could be used to pull horsemen to the ground.^[3]

Additionally, halberds were reinforced with metal rims over the shaft, thus making effective weapons for blocking other weapons like swords. This capability increased its effectiveness in battle, and expert halberdiers were as deadly as any other weapon masters.^{[citation needed]} A halberd in the hands of a Swiss peasant was the weapon^[4] which killed the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, decisively ending the Burgundian Wars, literally in a single stroke.^[5]

The halberd was the primary weapon of the early Swiss armies in the 14th and early 15th centuries.^[3] Later on, the Swiss added the pike to better repel knightly attacks and roll over enemy infantry formations, with the halberd, hand-and-a-half sword, or the dagger known as the Schweizerdolch being used for closer combat. The German Landsknechte, who imitated Swiss warfare methods, also used the pike, supplemented by the halberd, but their side arm of choice was the short sword known as the Katzbalger.^{[citation needed]}

As long as pikemen fought other pikemen, the halberd remained a useful supplemental weapon for "push of pike", but when their position became more defensive, to protect the slow-loading arquebusiers and matchlock musketeers from sudden attacks by cavalry, the percentage of halberdiers in the pike units steadily decreased, until the halberd all but disappeared from these formations as a rank-and-file weapon by the middle of the sixteenth century.

The halberd has been used as a court bodyguard weapon for centuries, and is still the ceremonial weapon of the Swiss Guard in the Vatican.^[6] The halberd was one of the polearms sometimes carried by lower-ranking officers in European infantry units in the 16th through 18th centuries.

Different types of halberds

• Hippe
• Scorpion
• Ji (戟)

Weapons often mistaken for halberds

• Bardiche
• Bill
• Bisento
• Dagger-axe
• Fauchard
• Glaive
• Guan dao
• Lochaber axe
• Naginata
• Pollaxe
• Ranseur
• Spear
• Spetum
• Voulge
• War scythe
• And other various pole weapons.

Gallery

• 

  Different sorts of halberds and halberd-like pole weapons in Switzerland

• 

  Citizens of Zurich on 1 May 1351 are read the Federal Charter as they swear allegiance to representatives of Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Lucerne. The person on the right side is a scribe reading the text. One of the representatives carries a typical Swiss Halberd of the period depicted (as opposed to the time the image was made, 1515).

• 

  Saint Wiborada is often (anachronistically) depicted with a halberd, indicative of the means of her martyrdom

• 

  Halberds:A) 1450 ; B) 1384 and C) 1500.

References

• O'Flaherty, Ronan; The Early Bronze Age halberd: a history of research and a brief guide to the sources, pp. 74-94, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Vol.128 (1998).
• Brandtherm, Dirk & O'Flaherty, Ronan; Prodigal sons: two 'halberds' in the Hunt Museum, Limerick, from Cuenca, Spain and Beyrǔt, Syria, pp.56-60, JRSAI Vol.131 (2001). .
• R. E. Oakeshott, European weapons and armour: From the Renaissance to the industrial revolution (1980), 44-48.

See also

• Viking halberd

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