hand

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length Particularly for the height of horses, 4 in (101.6 mm).

noun

1. Approval expressed by clapping: applause, ovation, plaudit. See praise/blame.
2. The act or an instance of helping: abetment, aid, assist, assistance, help, relief, succor, support. See help/harm/harmless.
3. One who labors: laborer, operative, roustabout, worker, working girl, workingman, workingwoman, workman, workwoman. See work/play.
4. The particular angle from which something is considered: angle², aspect, facet, frame of reference, light¹, phase, regard, respect, side. See perspective.
5. One of two or more contrasted parts or places identified by its location with respect to a center: flank, side. See place.

verb

1. To relinquish to the possession or control of another: deliver, furnish, give, hand over, provide, supply, transfer, turn over. See give/take/reciprocity.
2. To cause to be transferred from one to another. convey, pass, transmit. See give/take/reciprocity.

phrasal verb - hand down

1. To convey (something) from one generation to the next: bequeath, hand on, pass (along or on), transmit. See give/take/reciprocity.
2. To deliver (an indictment or verdict, for example): render, return. See law.

phrasal verb - hand on

To convey (something) from one generation to the next: bequeath, hand down, pass (along or on), transmit,, give/take/reciprocity.

phrasal verb - hand out

1. To pass (something) out: circulate, disperse, disseminate, distribute. See collect/distribute.
2. To make a gift of: bestow, give (away), present². See give/take/reciprocity.
3. To present as a gift to a charity or cause: bestow, contribute, donate, give. See give/take/reciprocity.

phrasal verb - hand over

1. To relinquish to the possession or control of another: deliver, furnish, give, hand, provide, supply, transfer, turn over. See give/take/reciprocity.
2. To put in the charge of another for care, use, or performance: commend, commit, confide, consign, entrust, give (over), relegate, trust, turn over. Idioms: give intrustcharge. See give/take/reciprocity.
3. To give up a possession, claim, or right: abandon, abdicate, cede, demit, forswear, quitclaim, relinquish, render, renounce, resign, surrender, waive, yield. See keep/release.

Idioms beginning with hand:
hand and foot
handy
handshake
hand in glove
hand in hand
hand it to
handle
handle to one's name
hand on
hand out
hand over
hand over hand
handsome is as handsome does
hands up

See also at first hand; at hand; at second hand; at the hand of; back of one's hand; bare hands; bird in the hand; bite the hand that feeds you; bound hand and foot; by hand; catch red-handed; change hands; clean hands; cold hands, warm heart; deal in (one a hand); dirty one's hands; eat out of someone's hand; feed (hand) someone a line; force someone's hand; free hand; from hand to hand; give a hand; glad hand; grease someone's palm (hand); hang heavy on one's hands; hat in hand; have a hand in; have one's hands full; heavy hand; helping hand; in good hands; in hand; in one's hands; in the hands of; iron hand; keep one's hand in; know like a book (the back of one's hand); lay hands on; left hand doesn't know what the right hand is doing; left-handed compliment; lend a hand; many hands make light work; off one's hands; on a platter, hand; on hand; on one's hands; on the one hand; on the other hand; out of control (hand); out of hand; play into the hands of; putty in someone's hands; raise a hand against; right-hand man; rub one's hands; shake hands; show of hands; show one's hand; sit on one's hands; sleight of hand; take in hand; take into one's hands; take one's life (in one's hands); take the law into one's hands; throw in one's hand; throw up one's hands; tie one's hands; time on one's hands; tip one's hand; to hand; try one's hand; turn one's hand to; upper hand; wait on hand and foot; wash one's hands of; with one arm (hand) tied.

Definition: fingers
Antonyms: foot

n

Definition: help, aid
Antonyms: check, encumbrance, hindrance, obstruction, prevention

n

Definition: laborer
Antonyms: boss

n

Definition: round of applause
Antonyms: silence

n. a person who engages in manual labor, especially on board a ship: the ship was lost with all hands.

take in or furl (a sail): hand in the main!

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

1. The direction, left or right, of the swing of a door (when viewed from the side usually considered the outside) or associated doorframes or hardware. A left-hand door has hinges on the left and the door swings away; a left-hand reverse door swings toward the viewer. A right-hand door has hinges on the right and swings away. A right-hand reverse door swings toward the viewer.
2. Of a spiral stair, designates the direction of turn of the stair. Right-hand refers to a stair on which the user turns clockwise as he descends. Left-hand refers to a stair on which the user turns counter-clockwise ashe descends.

See blindness, recovery from; handedness; spatial coordination; touch.

To convert from hands to:

cm, multiply by 10.16.

n.

A singular instrument worn at the end of the human arm and commonly thrust into somebody's pocket.

Hands symbolize building, healing, and praying. Clasped hands depict unity and completeness or agreement. One can "give a hand" to help and to soothe. Negative connotations of this symbol include a "heavy-handed" manner in relationships and theft or deceit (caught with his hand in the cookie jar). Wringing and washing of the hands suggests a worrisome issue that the dreamer needs to work through.

1. unit of measurement of height in a horse; hands high, abbreviated hh. 1 hand = 4 inches = 10.16 cm.
2. the terminal part of an upper extremity of a primate.

• h. gallop — a restrained gallop at less than top speed.
• h. milking — see handmilking.

• Limbs and Extremities - hand: grasping extremity, with fingers, at end of arm
• Aspects and Components of Appearance - hand: terminal part of forelimb with five fingers used for manual operations and expressive gestures
• Animal Types and Parts - hand: unit of linear measure equal to four inches (10.2 cm), used to determine the height of horses
• Special Measures - hand: linear measure equal to 4 inches (10 cm), used esp. for horses
• Marriage and Divorce - hand: bride's hand, given by her father, symbolizing his permission for her to marry; woman's agreement to marry
• Fashion, Trim, and Sewing - hand: tactile quality of fabric
• Employers, Employees, and Business People - hand: manual worker, laborer
• General Titles, Positions, and Status - hand: helper, esp. at unskilled jobs
• Card Terms
• Praise, Exaltation, Flattery, and Applause - hand: outburst or round of applause

For other uses, see Hand (disambiguation).

Hand
Palmar and Dorsal aspects of human right hand
X-ray of human hand
Vein	dorsal venous network of hand
Nerve	ulnar nerve, median nerve, radial nerve
MeSH	Hand

A hand (med./lat.: manus, pl. manūs) is a prehensile, multi-fingered extremity located at the end of an arm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the koala (which has two opposable thumbs on each "hand" and fingerprints remarkably similar to human fingerprints) are often described as having either "hands" or "paws" on their front limbs.

Hands are the main structures for physically manipulating the environment, used for both gross motor skills (such as grasping a large object) and fine motor skills (such as picking up a small pebble). The fingertips contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings on the body, are the richest source of tactile feedback, and have the greatest positioning capability of the body; thus the sense of touch is intimately associated with hands. Like other paired organs (eyes, feet, legs), each hand is dominantly controlled by the opposing brain hemisphere, so that handedness, or the preferred hand choice for single-handed activities such as writing with a pen, reflects individual brain functioning.

Some evolutionary anatomists use the term hand to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb more generally — for example, in the context of whether the three digits of the bird hand involved the same homologous loss of two digits as in the dinosaur hand.^[1]

The human hand has 27 bones, 14 of which are the phalanges (proximal, medial, and distal) of the fingers. The metacarpal is the bone that connects the fingers and the wrist. Each human hand has 5 metacarpals.^[2]

Contents 1 Definitions 2 Human anatomy 2.1 Digits 2.2 Bones 2.3 Articulations 2.4 Arches 2.5 Muscles 2.5.1 Intrinsic 2.5.2 Extrinsic 2.6 Sexual dimorphism 2.7 Disorders and diseases 3 Evolution 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Definitions

Many mammals and other animals have grasping appendages similar in form to a hand such as paws, claws, and talons, but these are not scientifically considered to be grasping hands. The scientific use of the term hand in this sense to distinguish the terminations of the front paws from the hind ones is an example of anthropomorphism. The only true grasping hands appear in the mammalian order of primates. Hands must also have opposable thumbs, as described later in the text.

Humans have two hands located at the distal end of each arm. Apes and monkeys are sometimes described as having four hands, because the toes are long and the hallux is opposable and looks more like a thumb, thus enabling the feet to be used as hands. Also, some apes have toes that are longer than human fingers.^[3]

The word "hand" is sometimes used by evolutionary anatomists to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb such as when researching the homology between the three digits of the bird hand and the dinosaur hand.^[1]

Human anatomy

The human hand consists of a broad palm (metacarpus) with 5 digits, attached to the forearm by a joint called the wrist (carpus).^[4][5] The back of the hand is formally called the opisthenar.

Digits

The digits of the human hand

The four fingers on the hand are used for the outermost performance; these four digits can be folded over the palm which allows the grasping of objects. Each finger, starting with the one closest to the thumb, has a colloquial name to distinguish it from the others:

• index finger, pointer finger, or forefinger
• middle finger or long finger
• ring finger
• little finger, pinky finger, or small finger

The thumb (connected to the trapezium) is located on one of the sides, parallel to the arm. A reliable way of identifying true hands is from the presence of opposable thumbs. Opposable thumbs are identified by the ability to be brought opposite to the fingers, a muscle action known as opposition.

Bones

Bones of the human hand

The skeleton of the human hand consists of 27 bones:^[6] the eight short bones of the wrist or carpus organized into a proximal row (scaphoid, lunate, triquetral and pisiform), which articulates with the skeleton of the forearm, and a distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate), which articulates with the bases of the metacarpal bones (i.e. the bones of the palm or "hand proper"). Together with the fourteen phalanx bones of the fingers these metacarpal bones form five rays or poly-articulated chains.

Because supination and pronation (rotation about the axis of the forearm) are added to the two axes of movements of the wrist, the ulna and radius are sometimes considered part of the skeleton of the hand.

There are numerous sesamoid bones in the hand, small ossified nodes embedded in tendons; the exact number varies between different people:^[7] whereas a pair of sesamoid bones are found at virtually all thumb metacarpophalangeal joints, sesamoid bones are also common at the interphalangeal joint of the thumb (72.9%) and at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the little finger (82.5%) and the index finger (48%). In rare cases, sesamoid bones have been found in all the metacarpophalangeal joints and all distal interphalangeal joints except that of the long finger.

Articulations

The articulations are:

• interphalangeal articulations of hand (the hinge joints between the finger bones)
• metacarpophalangeal joints (where the fingers meet the palm)
• intercarpal articulations (where the palm meets the wrist)
• wrist (may also be viewed as belonging to the forearm.)

Arches

The fixed and mobile parts of the hand adapt to various everyday tasks by forming bony arches: longitudinal arches (the rays formed by the finger bones and their associated metacarpal bones), transverse arches (formed by the carpal bones and distal ends of the metacarpal bones), and oblique arches (between the thumb and four fingers):

Of the longitudinal arches or rays of the hand, that of the thumb is the most mobile (and the least longitudinal). While the ray formed by the little finger and its associated metacarpal bone still offers some mobility, the remaining rays are firmly rigid. The phalangeal joints of the index finger, however, offer some independence to its finger, due to the arrangement of its flexor and extension tendons.^[8]

The carpal bones form two transversal rows, each forming an arch concave on the palmar side. Because the proximal arch simultaneously has to adapt to the articular surface of the radius and to the distal carpal row, it is by necessity flexible. In contrast, the capitate, the "keystone" of the distal arch, moves together with the metacarpal bones and the distal arch is therefore rigid. The stability of these arches is more dependent of the ligaments and capsules of the wrist than of the interlocking shapes of the carpal bones, and the wrist is therefore more stable in flexion than in extension.^[8] The distal carpal arch affects the function of the CMC joints and the hands, but not the function of the wrist or the proximal carpal arch. The ligaments that maintain the distal carpal arches are the transverse carpal ligament (part of the flexor retinaculum) and the intercarpal ligaments (also oriented transversally). These ligaments also form the carpal tunnel and contribute to the palmar arches. Several muscle tendons attaching to the TCL and the distal carpals also contribute to maintaining the carpal arch. ^[9]

Compared to the carpal arches, the arch formed by the distal ends of the metacarpal bones is flexible due to the mobility of the peripheral metacarpals (thumb and little finger). As these two metacarpal approach each other, the palmar gutter deepens. The central-most metacarpal (index finger) is the most rigid, and it and its two neighbours are untied to the carpus by the interlocking shapes of the metacrapal bones. The thumb metacarpal only articulates with the trapezium and is therefore completely independent, while the fifth metacarpal (little finger) is semi-independent with the fourth metacarpal (ring finger) forms a transitional element to the fifth metacarpal.^[8]

Together with the thumb, the four ulnar fingers form four oblique arches, of which the arch of the index finger functionally is the most important, especially for precision grip, while the arch of the little finger contribute an important locking mechanism for power grip. The thumb is undoubtedly the "master digit" of the hand, giving value to all the other fingers. Together with the index and middle finger, it forms the dynamic tridactyl configuration responsible for most grips not requiring force. The ring and little fingers are more static, a reserve ready to interact with the palm when great force is needed. ^[8]

Muscles

Muscles and other structures of wrist and palm

The muscles acting on the hand can be subdivided into two groups: the extrinsic and intrinsic muscle groups. The extrinsic muscle groups are the long flexors and extensors. They are called extrinsic because the muscle belly is located on the forearm.

Intrinsic

The intrinsic muscle groups are the thenar (thumb) and hypothenar (little finger) muscles; the interossei muscles (four dorsally and three volarly) originating between the metacarpal bones; and the lumbrical muscles arising from the deep flexor (and are special because they have no bony origin) to insert on the dorsal extensor hood mechanism.^[10]

Extrinsic

Extensor compartments of wrist (back of hand)

The fingers have two long flexors, located on the underside of the forearm. They insert by tendons to the phalanges of the fingers. The deep flexor attaches to the distal phalanx, and the superficial flexor attaches to the middle phalanx. The flexors allow for the actual bending of the fingers. The thumb has one long flexor and a short flexor in the thenar muscle group. The human thumb also has other muscles in the thenar group (opponens and abductor brevis muscle), moving the thumb in opposition, making grasping possible.

The extensors are located on the back of the forearm and are connected in a more complex way than the flexors to the dorsum of the fingers. The tendons unite with the interosseous and lumbrical muscles to form the extensorhood mechanism. The primary function of the extensors is to straighten out the digits. The thumb has two extensors in the forearm; the tendons of these form the anatomical snuff box. Also, the index finger and the little finger have an extra extensor, used for instance for pointing. The extensors are situated within 6 separate compartments.

Compartment 1 (Most radial)	Compartment 2	Compartment 3	Compartment 4	Compartment 5	Compartment 6 (Most ulnar)
Abductor pollicis longus	Extensor carpi radialis longus	Extensor pollicis longus	Extensor indicis	Extensor digiti minimi	Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor pollicis brevis	Extensor carpi radialis brevis		Extensor digitorum communis

The first four compartments are located in the grooves present on the dorsum of inferior side of radius while the 5th compartment is in between radius and ulna. The 6th compartment is in the groove on the dorsum of inferior side of ulna.

Sexual dimorphism

Further information: Digit ratio

The average length of an adult male hand is 189 mm, while the average length of an adult female hand is 172 mm. The average hand breadth for adult males and females is 84 and 74 mm respectively.^[11]

Disorders and diseases

• Polydactyly, more than the usual number of fingers or toes. Having more than the typical number of metacarpal bones may be caused by genetic disorders like Catel-Manzke syndrome.
• Syndactyly, fusion of fingers or toes.
• Hand infection
• Hand surgery
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Dupuytren's contracture
• Claw hand, paralysis of intrinsic muscles of hand.

Fractures of the hand include:

• Scaphoid fracture
• Rolando fracture - a comminuted intra-articular fracture through the base of the first metacarpal bone
• Bennett's fracture - a fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone which extends into the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint.^[12]
• Boxer's fracture - a fracture at the neck of a metacarpal

Evolution

"Hands" of a Javanese tree shrew and a human

The prehensile hands and feet of primates evolved from the mobile hands of semi-arboreal tree shrews that lived about a 100 million years ago. This development has been accompanied by important changes in the brain and the relocation of the eyes to the front of the face, together allowing the muscle control and stereoscopic vision necessary for controlled grasping. This grasping, also known as power grip, is supplemented by the precision grip between the thumb and the distal finger pads made possible by the opposable thumbs. Hominidae (great apes including humans) acquired an erect bipedal posture about 3 million years ago, which freed the hands from the task of locomotion and paved the way for the precision and range of motion in human hands.^[13] Functional analyses of the features unique to the hand of modern humans have shown that they are consistent with the stresses and requirements associated with the effective use of paleolithic stone tools. It is possible that the refinement of the bipedal posture in the earliest hominids evolved to facilitate the use of the trunk as leverage in accelerating the hand.^[14]

While the human hand has unique anatomical features, including a longer thumb and fingers that can be controlled individually to a higher degree, the hands of other primates are anatomically similar and the dexterity of the human hand can not be explained solely on anatomical factors. The neural machinery underlying hand movements is a major contributing factor; primates have evolved direct connections between neurons in cortical motor areas and spinal motoneurons, giving the cerebral cortex monosynaptic control over the motoneurons of the hand muscles; placing the hands "closer" to the brain.^[15] The recent evolution of the human hand is thus a direct result of the development of the central nervous system, and the hand, therefore, is a direct tool of our consciousness — the main source of differentiated tactile sensations — and a precise working organ enabling gestures — the expressions of our personalities.^[16]

A gorilla, a large primate with small thumbs, and the hand skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus, a small Pliocene primate with human-like thumbs

There are nevertheless several primitive features left in the human hand, including pentadactyly (having five fingers), the hairless skin of the palm and fingers, and the os centrale found in human embryos, prosimians, and apes. Furthermore, the precursors of the intrinsic muscles of the hand are present in the earliest fishes, reflecting that the hand evolved from the pectoral fin and thus is much older than the arm in evolutionary terms.^[13]

The proportions of the human hand are plesiomorphic (shared by both ancestors and extant primate species); the elongated thumbs and short hands more closely resemble the hand proportions of Miocene apes than those of extant primates.^[17] Humans did not evolve from knuckle-walking apes, ^[18] and chimpanzees and gorillas independently acquired elongated metacarpals as part of their adaptation to their modes of locomotion.^[19] Several of primitive hand features most likely present in the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor (CHLCA) and absent in modern humans are still present in the hands of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo floresiensis. This suggests that the derived changes in modern humans and Neanderthals did not evolve until 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago or after the appearance of the earliest Acheulian stone tools and that these changes are associated with tool-related tasks beyond those observed in other hominins.^[20] The thumbs of Ardipithecus ramidus, a CHLCA candidate, are robust like in humans, and thus a primitive trait, while the palms of other extant higher primates are elongated to the extent that some of the thumb's original function has been lost (most notably in highly arboreal primates such as the spider monkey). In humans, the big toe is thus more derived than the thumb.^[19]

See also: Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism

Additional images

Static adult human physical characteristics of the hand.   X-ray of a child's hand   Hands clenched in fists.   Cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs and hands.   Dissection of hand

See also

• Dermatoglyphics
• Hand strength
• Hand walking
• Handanalysis
• Handstand
• Knuckle-walking

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Xu Xing et al. (2009). "A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies". Nature 459 (7249): 940–944. Bibcode 2009Natur.459..940X. doi:10.1038/nature08124. PMID 19536256. 
2. ^ Marieb, Elaine N (2004). Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition. Pearson PLC. p. 237. ISBN 0-321-20413-1. 
3. ^ "Primate Feet". ufovideo.net. http://www.ufovideo.net/BIGFOOTxSASQUATCHxHandsxFeetxlarge.jpg. Retrieved December 2009.  (JPG)
4. ^ "Nature Bulletin No. 611". Division of Educational Programs, Argonne National Laboratory. 1960-10-01. http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/natbltn/600-699/nb611.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-24. 
5. ^ "hand". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 3rd ed. 2001.
6. ^ Tubiana, Raoul; Thomine, Jean-Michel; Mackin, Evelyn (1998). Examination of the Hand and Wrist (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-85317-544-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=G1gWHR1_J9UC. 
7. ^ Schmidt, Hans-Martin; Lanz, Ulrich (2003). Surgical Anatomy of the Hand. Thieme. p. 105. ISBN 1-58890-007-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=L7a1tkBU8eMC&pg=PA105. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Tubiana, Raoul; Thomine, Jean-Michel; Mackin, Evelyn (1998). Examination of the Hand and Wrist (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 9–14. ISBN 978-1-85317-544-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=G1gWHR1_J9UC. 
9. ^ Austin, Noelle M. (2005). "Chapter 9: The Wrist and Hand Complex". In Levangie, Pamela K.; Norkin, Cynthia C.. Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. pp. 319–320. ISBN 0–8036–1191–9. 
10. ^ "Medical mnemonics". LifeHugger. http://mc.lifehugger.com/moc/386/intrinsic-muscles-hand. Retrieved 2009-12-19. 
11. ^ Agnihotri, A. K.; B. Purwar, N. Jeebun, S. Agnihotri (2006). Determination Of Sex By Hand Dimensions. 1. The Internet Journal of Forensic Science. http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijfs/vol1n2/hand.xml. Retrieved 2007-12-24. 
12. ^ Bennett's fracture-subluxation at GPnotebook
13. ^ ^{a b} Schmidt, Hans-Martin; Lanz, Ulrich (2003). Surgical Anatomy of the Hand. Thieme. p. 105. ISBN 1-58890-007-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=L7a1tkBU8eMC&pg=PA1. 
14. ^ Marzke, Mary. "Evolution of the hand and bipedality". Massey University, NZ. http://www.massey.ac.nz/~alock/hbook/hand.htm. Retrieved December 2009. 
15. ^ Flanagan, J Randall; Johansson, Roland S (2002). "Hand Movements". Encyclopedia of the human brain. Elsevier Science. http://wexler.free.fr/library/files/flanagan%20(2002)%20hand%20movements.pdf. 
16. ^ Putz, RV; Tuppek, A. (November 1999). "Evolution of the hand". Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 31 (6): 357–61. doi:10.1055/s-1999-13552. PMID 10637723. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10637723. Retrieved December 2009. 
17. ^ Almécija, Sergio (2009). Evolution of the hand in Miocene apes: implications for the appearance of the human hand (PhD Thesis). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. http://www.tesisenxarxa.net/TESIS_UAB/AVAILABLE/TDX-0319110-140212//sa1de1.pdf. 
18. ^ Kivella, Tracy L.; Schmitt, Daniel (August 25 2009). "Independent evolution of knuckle-walking in African apes shows that humans did not evolve from a knuckle-walking ancestor". PNAS 106 (34): 14241–14246. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901280106. PMC 2732797. PMID 19667206. http://www.pnas.org/content/106/34/14241.long. 
19. ^ ^{a b} Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; Simpson, Scott W.; Matternes, Jay H.; White, Tim D. (October 2009). "The Great Divides: Ardipithecus ramidus Reveals the Postcrania of Our Last Common Ancestors with African Apes". Science 326 (5949): 73, 100-106. doi:10.1126/science.1175833. PMID 19810199. 
20. ^ Tocheri, Matthew W.; Orr, Caley M.; Jacofsky, Marc C.; Marzke, Mary W. (2008). "The evolutionary history of the hominin hand since the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo". J. Anat. (212): 544–562. doi:10.1111/J.1469-7580.2008.00865.X. PMC 2409097. PMID 18380869. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2409097.  (Abstract, PubMed) (PDF, Smithsonian)

External links

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• Hand anatomy (eMedicine)
• Watch the National Film Board of Canada documentary Faces of the Hand (Requires Adobe Flash)
• American Society for Surgery of the Hand
• The Common Hand article in the May 2012 National Geographic

v t e Human regional anatomy (TA A01.1) Head Forehead · Ear · Jaw · Face (Cheek, Eye, Nose, Mouth, Chin) · Occiput · Scalp · Temple Neck Throat · Adam's apple Trunk Chest (Breast) · Abdomen (Navel) · Back · Pelvis (Sex organs) Limbs Upper limb Shoulder · Axilla · Arm Elbow · Forearm Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little) Lower limb/ (see also leg) Hip · Buttocks · Thigh Knee · Calf · Crus Ankle · Heel · Foot · Toe (Hallux · Long  • Third  • Fourth  • Fifth) · Sole General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

v t e List of muscles of upper limbs (TA A04.6, GA 4.432) Shoulder deltoid · rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) · teres major fascia: Deltoid fascia · Supraspinous fascia · Infraspinous fascia Arm (compartments) Anterior coracobrachialis · biceps brachii · brachialis Posterior triceps brachii · anconeus · Articularis cubiti Fascia Axillary sheath · Axillary fascia · Brachial fascia · intermuscular septa (Lateral, Medial) Other spaces (Quadrangular space, Triangular space, Triangular interval) Forearm Anterior superficial: pronator teres · palmaris longus · flexor carpi radialis · flexor carpi ulnaris · flexor digitorum superficialis deep: pronator quadratus · flexor digitorum profundus · flexor pollicis longus Posterior superficial: mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) · extensor digitorum · extensor digiti minimi · extensor carpi ulnaris deep: supinator · anatomical snuff box (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus) · extensor indicis Fascia Bicipital aponeurosis · common tendons (Extensor, Flexor) · Antebrachial fascia Other Cubital tunnel Hand Lateral volar thenar (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis) · adductor pollicis Medial volar hypothenar (opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor digiti minimi) · palmaris brevis Intermediate lumbrical · interossei (dorsal, palmar) Fascia posterior: Extensor retinaculum · Extensor expansion anterior: Flexor retinaculum · Palmar aponeurosis M: MUS, DF+DRCT anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/devp/hist noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (M1A/3)

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - hånd, håndskrift, arbejder, kort på hånden, klapsalve, bifald, applaus, viser (på ur)
v. tr. - give, levere, række, overrække, hjælpe

idioms:

• at the hands of    fra nogens side
• be in the hands of    være i kløerne/hænderne på
• by hand    manuelt, håndlavet, pr. bud
• get one's hands on    få fingrene i, lægge beslag på
• get out of hand    komme ud af kontrol
• go hand in hand    gå hånd i hånd
• hand and foot    på hænder og fødder
• hand around    distribuere
• hand back    give tilbage, returnere
• hand down    give videre, lade gå i arv
• hand in    indlevere
• hand luggage    håndbagage
• hand on    give videre
• hand out    udlevere
• hand over    overlevere, aflevere, overrække, afstå
• hand over fist    med lynets hast, meget hurtigt
• hand to mouth    fra hånden i munden
• hands are tied    bundet på hænder og fødder, være optaget
• have a free hand    have frie hænder til
• have a hand in    have en finger med i
• have got to hand it to    skal levere det til
• have one's hands full    have hænderne fulde
• in hand    under kontrol
• on all hands    på alle sider, fra alle sider
• on hand    ved hånden, i nærheden
• on the one hand    på den ene side
• on the other hand    på den anden side
• out of hand    uden videre, øjeblikkelig , på stedet, ud af kontrol, spise af ens hånd
• take one's hands off    holde fingrene væk
• take something in hand    tage sig af, påtage sig ansvaret for
• to hand    ved hånden
• turn one's hand to    gå i gang med noget

Nederlands (Dutch)
hand(-), applaus, assistent, handbreedte, huwelijksbelofte, kaarten in de hand, (kaart) speler, beurt, deelnemer, handvol, vijf stuks, schouderstuk van varken, matroos, arbeider, handschrift, controle, wijzer, aangeven enerzijds/ anderzijds zich ontfermen over

Français (French)
n. - (Anat) main, écriture, influence, coup de main, applaudissement, consentement (au mariage), mains, en la possession de, entre les mains de, contrôle, jeu, pari, (Agric) ouvrier agricole, (Ind) ouvrier, (Naut) membre de l'équipage, responsabilité, sur les bras, sous la main, disponible, essai à (photographie, marketing, etc), aiguille (d'une montre), (Équit, Mes) = 10,16 cm, (Culin) régime (de bananes), signature (arch), source (d'information), aspect, côté, par contre
v. tr. - donner (qch) à qn, passer (qch) à qn, remettre (qch) à qn, aider qn à
adj. - en cours, (Comm) en stock

idioms:

• at the hands of    entre les mains de, par, contre, face à
• be in the hands of    être entre les mains de, être aux mains de
• by hand    à main, à la main, en mains propres, par porteur (une enveloppe)
• by the hands of    entre les mains de, par, contre, face à
• get one's hands dirty    se salir les mains
• get one's hands on    mettre la main sur
• get out of hand    déraper, échapper au contrôle, devenir impossible (un enfant)
• go hand in hand    aller main dans la main
• hand and foot    des pieds et des mains
• hand and glove    (s'entendre) comme larrons en foire
• hand around    faire circuler
• hand back    rendre (à)
• hand down    transmettre, faire passer
• hand in    remettre
• hand in hand    main dans la main, aller main dans la main
• hand luggage    bagage à main
• hand off    (Sport) football américain
• hand on    passer (qch)
• hand out    distribuer (qch), prodiguer (un conseil) (péj), distribuer (des punitions, des amendes)
• hand over    (TV, Radio) passer l'antenne à, passer la main à (un successeur), passer (qn) au téléphone, rendre (une arme), céder (une affaire), livrer (un secret), transmettre (un pouvoir, etc), remettre (des clés), céder (un microphone), livrer (un prisonnier, un terroriste), remettre (qn) entre les mains de qn
• hand over fist    main sur main
• hand someone off    (Sport) raffut (rugby), (Sport) repousser (qn) du plat de la main (au rugby)
• hand to mouth    vivre au jour le jour
• hands off    pas touche, bas les pattes
• have a hand in    être pour quelque chose dans, être mêlé à
• have got to hand it to    devoir avouer, reconnaître
• have one's hands full    être très occupé, avoir fort à faire
• in hand    en mains
• on all hands    partout, de tous les côtés
• on every hand    partout, de tous les côtés
• on hand    à portée de la main, sous contrôle
• on one's hands    entre ses mains
• on the one hand    d'une part
• on the other hand    d'autre part
• out of hand    d'emblée, sommairement, sans jugement
• someone's hands are tied    poings et mains liées
• take a hand in    participer à, contribuer à, se mêler de
• take one's hands off    débarrasser qn
• take something in hand    prendre qch en main
• to hand    à portée de main, proche, accessible
• turn one's hand to    s'y mettre (au travail), se mettre à travailler, s'occuper (à faire, à qch)

Deutsch (German)
n. - Hand, Handschrift, Arbeiter, Beifall, Zeiger, Seite, Mitspieler, Runde
v. - geben, reichen
adj. - hand-, manuell

idioms:

• at the hands of    durch
• be in the hands of    ausgeliefert sein
• by hand    mit der Hand
• by the hands of    durch
• get one's hands dirty    sich die Hände schmutzig machen
• get one's hands on    erwischen
• get out of hand    außer Kontrolle geraten
• go hand in hand    verbunden sein mit
• hand and foot    an Händen und Füßen
• hand and glove    vertraut, auf vertrautem Fuße stehend, ein Herz und eine Seele [mit]
• hand around    etw. herumgeben od. -reichen, etw. herumgehen lassen
• hand back    zurückgeben
• hand down    hinunterreichen, verkünden, überliefern, weitergeben, vererben
• hand in    abgeben, einreichen
• hand in hand    Hand in Hand
• hand luggage    Handgepäck
• hand off    (Spo) [mit der Hand] wegstoßen
• hand on    weitergeben
• hand out    austeilen, verteilen, geben, erteilen, verhängen
• hand over    übergeben
• hand over fist    schnell, Zug um Zug
• hand someone off    (Spo) jmdn. [mit der Hand] wegstoßen
• hand to mouth    kärglich
• hands off    Hände od. Finger weg!
• have a hand in    bei etwas seine Hände im Spiel haben
• have got to hand it to    das muß man jmdm. lassen
• have one's hands full    die Hände voll haben
• in hand    im Besitz, zur Verfügung, unter Kontrolle
• on all hands    von allen Seiten, ringsum, von überallher
• on every hand    auf/von allen Seiten, ringsum, von überall her
• on hand    anwesend, verfügbar
• on one's hands    untätig zuschauen, untätig, müßig, auf Hände und Knien, auf allen vieren, (fig.) mit großer Mühe
• on the one hand    einerseits
• on the other hand    andererseits
• out of hand    außer Kontrolle, ohne weitere Umstände
• someone's hands are tied    die Hände sind gebunden
• take a hand in    sich [an etw. (Dat.)] beteiligen
• take one's hands off    die Finger sofort wegnehmen
• take something in hand    in Angriff nehmen
• to hand    in Reichweite
• turn one's hand to    sich einer Sache zuwenden

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - χέρι, εργάτης, γραφή, γραφικός χαρακτήρας, δείκτης οργάνου, ρολογιού κ.λπ., βοήθεια, χείρα βοηθείας, χειροκρότημα, χαρτωσιά
v. - δίνω, εγχειρίζω, παραδίδω (στα χέρια), βοηθώ
adj. - χειρο-, με το χέρι, στο χέρι

idioms:

• at the hands of    στα χέρια του, στην ευθύνη του
• be in the hands of    βρίσκομαι στα χέρια του, στην ευθύνη του
• by hand    με το χέρι, δια χειρός
• get one's hands on    καταφέρνω να πιάσω ή να αποκτήσω
• get out of hand    ξεφεύγω από τον έλεγχο, αποχαλινώνομαι
• go hand in hand    πάω χέρι-χέρι, συνταιριαστά
• hand and foot    χειροπόδαρα
• hand around    διανέμω, διαδίδω, κυκλοφορώ, δίνω από χέρι σε χέρι
• hand back    επιστρέφω
• hand down    μεταβιβάζω, παραδίδω, κληροδοτώ
• hand in    εγχειρίζω, υποβάλλω, παραδίδω
• hand on    παραδίδω, μεταβιβάζω, εγχειρίζω
• hand out    μοιράζω
• hand over    παραδίδω, εγχειρίζω
• hands are tied    τα χέρια μου είναι δεμένα, δεν μου επιτρέπεται
• have a free hand    έχω ελευθερία κινήσεων, έχω απεριόριστη πρωτοβουλία
• have a hand in    είμαι ανακατεμένος σε, έχω την ουρίτσα μου σε
• have got to hand it to    πρέπει να του βγάλω το καπέλο
• have one's hands full    (καθομ.) πνίγομαι, είμαι πολύ απασχολημένος
• in hand    υπό έλεγχο, εν προκειμένω, υπό εκτέλεση, διαθέσιμος (σε πρώτη ζήτηση)
• on all hands    από όλους
• on hand    διαθέσιμος, σε πρώτη ζήτηση
• on the one/other hand    αφενός/αφετέρου
• out of hand    πρόχειρα, αβασάνιστα, εκτός ελέγχου, αυτοστιγμεί, αδίστακτα
• take one's hands off    κατεβάζω τα χέρια μου από
• to hand    κοντά, προσβάσιμο
• turn one's hand to    (καθομ.) τα καταφέρνω σε

Italiano (Italian)
passare, porgere, consegnare, mano, calligrafia, applauso, lancetta, a mano

idioms:

• at hand    vicino, imminente
• at the hands of    per mano di
• be in the hands of    essere alla mercè di
• by hand    a mano
• change hands    cambiare mani, essere venduto
• flat of the hand    palma
• force someone's hand    costringere qualcuno
• get out of hand    sfuggire il controllo
• get/lay one's hands on    mettere le mani su
• give a big hand    applaudire
• go hand in hand    associarsi
• hand and foot    (legato) mani e piedi
• hand around    passare (da uno all'altro)
• hand back    restituire
• hand down    trasferire, trasmettere
• hand grenade    bomba a mano
• hand gun    pistola
• hand in    consegnare
• hand in glove    in stretto contatto, intimo
• hand luggage    bagaglio a mano
• hand on    passare
• hand out    distribuire
• hand over    consegnare, rimettere
• hand over fist    rapidamente
• hand to mouth    dalle mani alla bocca
• hands are tied    avere le mani legate
• have a free hand    avere le mani libere
• have a hand in    essere coinvolto in, metterci lo zampino
• have got to hand it to    va riconosciuto (il merito)
• have one's hands full    essere occupatissimo
• have the upper hand    prevalere
• hold someone's hand    trattenere qualcuno
• in hand    disponibile
• keep one's hand in    mantenersi in pratica
• keep one's hands off    non toccare
• on all hands
• on hand        vicino, disponibile
• on the one/other hand    d'altronde
• orders in hand    registro ordini
• out of hand    fuori controllo, senza esitazione
• palm of the hand    palmo (della mano)
• place in the hands of    rimettere nelle mani di
• play into someone's hands    fare il gioco di qualcuno
• raise one's hand    alzare le mani
• right hand    mano destra, braccio destro
• second hand    lancetta dei minuti
• shake hands    stringere la mano a
• shake hands with    stringere la mano a
• show one's hand    dichiarare le proprie intenzioni, mettere le carte in tavola
• straight to hand    a portata di mano
• take one's hands off    togliere le mani da
• take something in hand    assumersi la responsabilità
• to hand    in possesso
• try one's hand at    provare
• turn one's hand to    rivolgersi a (un'attività)
• wash one's hands of    lavarsene le mani, declinare ogni responsabilità
• win hands down    stravincere

Português (Portuguese)
n. - mão (f) (Anat.), ponteiro (m) de relógio, ajuda (f), mão (f) (cartas), trabalhador (m) braçal, palmo (m) (comprimento), aplauso (m)
v. - entregar, passar, conduzir, manejar
adj. - de mão

idioms:

• at the hands of    da parte de
• be in the hands of    estar à mercê de
• by hand    pessoalmente
• get out of hand    escapar do controle
• get/lay one's hands on    agarrar, capturar
• go hand in hand    ir lado a lado (juntos)
• hand and foot    completamente
• hand around    circular
• hand back    devolver
• hand down    transmitir
• hand in    entregar
• hand luggage    bagagem (f) de mão
• hand on    passar adiante
• hand out    distribuir
• hand over    entregar
• hand over fist    rapidamente e em grande quantidade
• hand to mouth    da mão para a boca
• hands are tied    de mãos atadas (não pode fazer nada)
• have a free hand    ter liberdade
• have a hand in    participar
• have got to hand it to    tem que entregar a
• have one's hands full    estar de mãos cheias (muito ocupado)
• in hand    sob controle
• on all hands    em todo lugar
• on hand    sob controle, disponível
• on the one/other hand    por um lado/por outro lado
• out of hand    fora de controle
• take one's hands off    afastar-se de
• take something in hand    adquirir controle
• to hand    passar
• turn one's hand to    decidir ajudar

Русский (Russian)
рука, сторона, власть, обещание, рабочий, автор, умение, почерк, стрелка, указатель, ручной, вручать, передавать, дотрагиваться

idioms:

• at the hands of    под чью-л. ответственность
• be in the hands of    быть в руках кого-л.
• by hand    вручную, самолично
• get out of hand    выйти из подчинения
• get/lay one's hands on    найти что-л.
• go hand in hand    идти рука об руку
• hand and foot    усердно
• hand around    раздавать (всем присутствующим)
• hand back    возвращать, отдавать в руки
• hand down    передавать сверху, передавать потомству
• hand in    вручать
• hand luggage    ручной багаж
• hand on    передавать, посылать
• hand out    выдавать
• hand over    передавать другому, сдаваться
• hand over fist    перехватывая руками, быстро и легко, в больших количествах
• hand to mouth    скудно, бедно жить
• hands are tied    связанные руки
• have a free hand    иметь полную свободу действий
• have a hand in    участвовать в чем-либо, вмешиваться
• have got to hand it to    признавать чье-то превосходство
• have one's hands full    не иметь свободной минуты
• in hand    в руках, в распоряжении, в процессе подготовки, под контролем
• on all hands    везде
• on hand    имеющийся в распоряжении
• on the one/other hand    с одной стороны/ с другой стороны
• out of hand    без подготовки, немедленно
• take one's hands off    с рук долой
• take something in hand    взять в свои руки, принять ответственность
• to hand    под рукой
• turn one's hand to    приниматься за что-л. впервые

Español (Spanish)
n. - mano, letra, escritura, palmadas, manecilla, aguja (de reloj), operario, palmo
v. tr. - dar, entregar, poner en manos de
adj. - manual, de mano

idioms:

• at the hands of    a manos de, a través de la agencia de
• be in the hands of    estar en manos de
• by hand    a mano
• by the hands of    a través de la agencia de, a manos de
• get one's hands dirty    ensuciarse las manos, hacer trampa, actuar en forma deshonesta
• get one's hands on    echar mano a, tocar, encontrar
• get out of hand    desmandarse, salirse de los límites
• go hand in hand    ir juntos, ir tomados de la mano, estar estrechamente relacionado con
• hand and foot    completamente
• hand and glove    ser carne y uña
• hand around    distribuir, pasar de mano en mano
• hand back    devolver, restituir
• hand down    transmitir, traspasar la propiedad o el uso esp. a un sucesor o descendiente, expresar una opinión o veredicto
• hand in    entregar, presentar
• hand in hand    estrechamente relacionados
• hand luggage    equipaje de mano
• hand off    rechazar
• hand on    pasar, transmitir, comunicar
• hand out    repartir, distribuir
• hand over    entregar, transmitir, ceder
• hand over fist    rápidamente, a manos llenas o espuertas
• hand someone off    (Rugby) empujar a otro con una mano
• hand to mouth    vivir al día
• hands off    no tocar, no interferir, mantenerse alejado de
• have a hand in    tomar parte en, intervenir en
• have got to hand it to    hay que reconocerle que
• have one's hands full    estar muy ocupado
• in hand    tener algo entre manos
• on all hands    por todas partes, universal, por unanimidad
• on every hand    por todas partes, universal, por unanimidad
• on hand    a mano, en reserva, pendiente
• on one's hands    a cargo de uno, bajo la responsabilidad de uno
• on the one hand    por una parte, por un lado
• on the other hand    por otra parte, por otro lado
• out of hand    en seguida, fuera de control
• someone's hands are tied    tener las manos atadas, estar atado de pies y manos (imposibilitado de hacer algo)
• take a hand in    tener influencia para determinar algo, tomar parte en, intervenir en
• take one's hands off    quitar las manos de algo, dejar algo
• take something in hand    hacerse cargo de algo
• to hand    entregar, dar
• turn one's hand to    dedicarse a

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - hand (äv. kortsp.), hjälp, parti el. spelare (kortsp.), håll, handstil, skicklighet, visare (på klocka), applåd, regelbrott (fotb.), källa (bildl.), arbetare, namnteckning
v. - handstil, (konstnärs) stil, tvärhand (isht mått för hästar), bunt
adj. - hand-, manuell

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
手, 协助, 掌管, 支持, 交给, 搀扶

idioms:

• at the hands of    从...那里, 由于...的作用
• be in the hands of    在...的手上, 被...控制, 被...管理
• by hand    用手
• get one's hands on    把...弄到手
• get out of hand    失去控制, 不可收拾, 不听话, 不守纪律, 立即地, 不假思索地
• go hand in hand    密切相关地, 同时并进地
• hand and foot    手脚一起, 尽力地, 完全
• hand around    传播开, 传阅
• hand back    退还
• hand down    往下递, 传给后世往下递, 传给后世
• hand in    提交, 呈送
• hand luggage    手提行李
• hand on    传递下去
• hand out    把...拿出来, 施舍, 分发
• hand over    交出, 送交
• hand over fist    不费力地, 大量地
• hand to mouth    勉强糊口的, 勉强维持的, 过一天算一天的, 吃光用光的
• hands are tied    手被绑起来, 没有办法做某事
• have a free hand    行动自由
• have a hand in    参与...
• have got to hand it to    向...恭喜
• have one's hands full    手头工作很忙
• in hand    在手头, 掌握住, 在进行中
• on all hands    全方面
• on hand    在手头, 在场, 即将发生
• on the one hand    在一方面
• on the other hand    另一方面
• out of hand    无法控制, 立即
• take one's hands off    放手
• take something in hand    承担, 处理, 尝试
• to hand    在手头, 收到, 近在手边
• turn one's hand to    承担

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 手, 協助, 掌管
v. tr. - 支援, 交給, 攙扶

idioms:

• at the hands of    從...那裡, 由於...的作用
• be in the hands of    在...的手上, 被...控制, 被...管理
• by hand    用手
• get one's hands on    把...弄到手
• get out of hand    失去控制, 不可收拾, 不聽話, 不守紀律, 立即地, 不假思索地
• go hand in hand    密切相關地, 同時並進地
• hand and foot    手腳一起, 盡力地, 完全
• hand around    傳播開, 傳閱
• hand back    退還
• hand down    往下遞, 傳給後世往下遞, 傳給後世
• hand in    提交, 呈送
• hand luggage    手提行李
• hand on    傳遞下去
• hand out    把...拿出來, 施捨, 分發
• hand over    交出, 送交
• hand over fist    不費力地, 大量地
• hand to mouth    勉強糊口的, 勉強維持的, 過一天算一天的, 吃光用光的
• hands are tied    手被綁起來, 沒有辦法做某事
• have a free hand    行動自由
• have a hand in    參與...
• have got to hand it to    向...恭喜
• have one's hands full    手頭工作很忙
• in hand    在手頭, 掌握住, 在進行中
• on all hands    全方面
• on hand    在手頭, 在場, 即將發生
• on the one hand    在一方面
• on the other hand    另一方面
• out of hand    無法控制, 立即
• take one's hands off    放手
• take something in hand    承擔, 處理, 嘗試
• to hand    在手頭, 收到, 近在手邊
• turn one's hand to    承擔

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 손, 손 모양의 것, 일손, 솜씨, 지배
v. tr. - 수교하다, ~을 손을 잡고 도와주다, 건네주다, (돛, 기를) 접다

idioms:

• at the hands of    ~의 손에서, ~의 힘으로
• be in the hands of    받아들이게 되다
• by hand    손으로, 손수
• get one's hands on    ~에 익숙해지다
• get out of hand    과도해지다, 감당할 수 없게 되다
• go hand in hand    서로 협조하다
• hand around    (음식을)~에게 받아서 다른 사람에게 주다
• hand back    돌려주다, 반환하다
• hand down    집어 내려주다, 손을 내밀어 내려주다, (판결을) 내리다, 유산을 물리다
• hand in    수교하다, 제출하다
• hand on    다음으로 돌리다
• hand out    나누어 주다, 부축해서 내리다, (충고 등을) 많이 해주다, 돈을 내다
• hand over    수교하다, 넘겨주다, 양도하다
• have a free hand    자유묘사의
• have a hand in    ~에 관여하다, ~에 손을 대다, ~에 익숙하다
• have got to hand it to    ~의 기술이나 업적에 감탄하다
• have one's hands full    손이 차 있다, 몹시 바쁘다
• in hand    손에 손을 잡고, 협력하여
• take one's hands off    떠맡다, 인수하다
• take something in hand    ~에 착수하다
• to hand    손 닿는 곳에, 수중에, 소유하여
• turn one's hand to    ~에 착수하다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 手, 針, 手の形をしたもの, 援助, 人手, 働き手, 乗組員, 腕前, 技量の持ち主, 所有, 支配, 側, 筆跡, 持ち札, 人, 前足, 手並, 一勝負, 職工, 競技者, 婚約
v. - 手渡す, 手を貸して…させる, 渡す
adj. - 手に余って, 手を離れて

idioms:

• at hand    手近に, 近い将来に
• at the hands of    人の手にかかって, 人のせいで
• be at someone's right hand    腹心として
• be in the hands of    支配下にある
• by hand    手で, 手渡しで
• get out of hand    手に負えなくなる
• get/lay one's hands on    手に入れる, つかまえる
• go hand in hand    関連する
• hand and foot    手足もろとも, 一生懸命に
• hand around    取り回す
• hand back    返す
• hand down    下ろして渡す, 言い渡す, お下がりにする, 遺産に残す
• hand glass    手鏡, 拡大鏡
• hand grenade    手榴弾, 消火瓶
• hand gun    拳銃
• hand in    手渡す, 提出する
• hand in glove    ごく親密で, ぐるになって
• hand luggage    手荷物
• hand on    次へ回す, 譲り渡す
• hand out    分け与える, 配る
• hand over    引き渡す, 譲る
• hand over fist    接近して, 並んで
• hand to mouth    接近して, 並んで
• hands are tied    無力だ, どうすることもできない
• have a hand in    仲間入りする, …に関係する
• have got to hand it to    手渡さなくてはならない
• in hand    手にして, 制御して
• off hand    準備せずに
• on all hands    四方八方に
• on hand    持ち合わせて, 間近に, 出席して
• on the one/other hand    一方では
• orders in hand    言われたとおりにする
• out of hand    即座に, 手に余って, すぐに
• take in hand    着手する, 処理する, 世話を引き受ける
• take off someone's hands    手を放せ
• take one's hands off    手をどける
• to hand    手の届く所に, 手中に

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) يد, شئ كاليد مثل مؤشر أو عقرب الساعه, سيطرة, إشراف, جانب, جهه, خط, كتابه, إمضاء, توقيع, براعه, حذق, لمسه, ضلع أو درو أو يد في جريمه مثلا, عون, مساعدة, مصدر أو مصدر معلومات, عاصفه تصفيق, الصانع أو المنتج أو الكاتب, البارع في عمل, العامل, المستخدم (فعل) يطوي شراعا أو رايه, يقود أو يساعد باليد, يسلم باليد (صفه) ذو علاقه باليد أو بشئ كاليد ألخ يأخذ يضع شيئا تحت مسؤوليته وإشرافه‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮יד, כתב-יד, קלפים, ארבעה אינטשים, מחוג, פועל, מלח, התחייבות לנישואים, מיומנות מעשית, הקלפים שמקבל כל משתתף במשחק, סיבוב במשחק, תרועות, רגל קדמית של חזיר, אשכול בננות‬
v. tr. - ‮נתן, מסר, עזר, אמר, ויתר‬

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