hard-boiled

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Cover of seminal hardboiled magazine Black Mask, September 1929, featuring part 1 of its serialization of The Maltese Falcon, by Dashiell Hammett. Illustration of private eye Sam Spade by Henry C. Murphy, Jr.

Hardboiled detective fiction is a literary style which portrays crime and violence in an unsentimental way.

Pioneered by Carroll John Daly in the mid-1920s, popularized by Dashiell Hammett over the course of the decade, and refined by Raymond Chandler beginning in the late 1930s, hardboiled fiction is most commonly associated with detective stories. From its earliest days, hardboiled fiction was published in and closely associated with so-called pulp magazines, most famously Black Mask. Later, many hardboiled novels were published by houses specializing in paperback originals, also colloquially known as "pulps." Consequently, "pulp fiction" is often used as a synonym for hardboiled crime fiction. In the United States, the original hardboiled style has been emulated by innumerable writers, notably including Chester Himes, Mickey Spillane, Ross Macdonald, John D. MacDonald, Robert B. Parker, Sara Paretsky, Sue Grafton, and Walter Mosley.

The term comes from a colloquial phrase of understatement. For an egg, to be hardboiled is to be comparatively tough. The hardboiled detective—originated by Daly's Terry Mack and Race Williams and epitomized by Hammett's Sam Spade and Chandler's Philip Marlowe—not only solves mysteries, like his "softer" counterparts, he (and often these days, she) confronts danger and engages in violence on a regular basis. The hardboiled detective also has a characteristically tough attitude—in fact, Spade and Marlowe are two of the primary fictional models for the attitude that has come to be known as "attitude": cool, cocky, flippant. For extensive detail on the identifying marks of the style, see the history of American hardboiled fiction.

Noir fiction

The Killer Inside Me (1952), one of the definitive noir novels, by Jim Thompson. The guilty party? "All of us."

Noir fiction is the name sometimes given to a mode of crime fiction regarded as a subset of the hardboiled style. According to noir aficionado George Tuttle,

In this sub-genre, the protagonist is usually not a detective, but instead either a victim, a suspect, or a perpetrator. He is someone tied directly to the crime, not an outsider called to solve or fix the situation. Other common characteristics...are the emphasis on sexual relationships and the use of sex to advance the plot and the self-destructive qualities of the lead characters. This type of fiction also has the lean, direct writing style and the gritty realism commonly associated with hardboiled fiction.^[1]

The seminal American writer in the noir fiction mode was James M. Cain—regarded as the third major figure of the early hardboiled scene, he debuted as a crime novelist in 1934, right between Hammett and Chandler. Other important U.S. writers in the noir tradition are Cornell Woolrich, Dorothy B. Hughes, Jim Thompson, David Goodis, Charles Williams, and Elmore Leonard. The term "noir fiction" may evoke unrelenting gloom; in fact, while the work of all the major authors in the field might be characterized by a fatalistic attitude, it has been expressed in a variety of tones. Woolrich and Goodis indeed often portray what seems to be a sunless world, but Leonard is frequently bright, even when the color is blood red. Hughes and Williams are somewhere in the middle—her work is serious, yet with a lot of hardboiled "attitude," while his forte is the philosophical smile and shrug. As for Cain and Thompson, each wrote some of the blackest of American genre fiction, and some of the funniest. The popular use of "noir" in the term "noir fiction" derives immediately from "film noir" as it has been used to characterize certain putatively "dark" Hollywood crime dramas and melodramas, many early examples of which were based on works by the original hardboiled writers. In turn, "noir" (French for "black"), first applied to American films in the mid-1940s by observers in France, was used there in similar senses. Most relevantly, the term roman noir (“black novel") was employed to describe a range of books, some that an English speaker might think of as mysteries, others as gothic melodramas. Note that while the meanings of "noir fiction" and roman noir are closely related, the derivation is not direct. Making the connection even tighter, in 1945 the French publisher Gallimard brought out a new series of paperback thrillers, many of them translations of hardboiled American fiction. The line was called Série noire.

Major variants of hardboiled and noir

W. R. Burnett's influential Little Caesar (1929) was turned into one of the first major Hollywood gangster films of the sound era in 1931.

W. R. Burnett, part of the first wave of hardboiled writers along with Hammett and Cain, wrote in a style that split the difference, often featuring heroic gangsters as his leads. The five novels featuring dipso detective Bill Crane written by Jonathan Latimer over the course of the 1930s constitute the first literary series of hardboiled screwball comedy. The work of Charles Willeford has sometimes been referred to as hardboiled or, particularly, noir fiction, though it is perhaps more helpfully characterized as "neo-noir," as Willeford's crime writing rarely employs the conventions of hardboiled literature without critiquing them. Of latter-day hardboiled novelists who regularly feature detective protagonists, the most prominent to write in an unmistakably noir mode is James Ellroy. In terms of character, plot, and worldview, Patricia Highsmith is a quintessential writer of noir fiction—indeed, her work has been the source for numerous movies, both American and European, regarded as film noirs—but her style sets her apart: far from "lean" and "direct," it is characteristically dense and subtle.

See also

• Black Lizard
• Gold Medal Books
• Hard Case Crime
• Mediterranean noir
• Mystery film

Notes

Bibliography

• Abbott, Megan E. (2002). The Street Was Mine: White Masculinity in Hardboiled Fiction and Film Noir, Palgrave MacMillan, ISBN 0312294816
• Duncan, Paul (2000). Noir Fiction: Dark Highways, Pocket Essentials, ISBN 1903047110
• Emanuel, Michelle (2006). From Surrealism to Less-Exquisite Cadavers: Léo Malet and the Evolution of the French 'Roman Noir', Editions Rodopi B.V., ISBN 9042020806
• Gorrara, Claire (2003). The Roman Noir In Post-War French Culture, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924609-2
• Gorrara, Claire, "French Crime Fiction: From Genre Mineur To Patrimoine Culturel", in French Studies, 2007, Vol. LXI: pp. 209 – 214
• Gorrara, Claire, "Narratives of Protest and the Roman Noir in Post-1968 France", in French Studies, 2000, Vol. LIV: pp. 313 – 325
• Gosselin, Adrienne Johnson (2002). Multicultural Detective Fiction: Murder from the "Other" Side, Garland Publishing, ISBN 0815331533
• Haut, Woody (1996). Pulp Culture: Hardboiled Fiction and the Cold War, Serpent's Tail, ISBN 1852423196
• Irwin, John T. (2006). Unless the Threat of Death Is Behind Them: Hard-Boiled Fiction and Film Noir, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0801884357
• Kemp, Simon (2006). Defective Inspectors: Crime-fiction Pastiche in Late Twentieth-century, Maney Publishing, ISBN 1904350518
• Marling, William (1998). The American Roman Noir: Hammett, Cain, and Chandler, University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0-82-032081-1
• Mizejewski, Linda (2004). Hardboiled and High Heeled: The Woman Detective in Poular Culture, Routledge Chapman Hall, ISBN 0415969700
• O'Brien, Geoffrey (1997). Hardboiled America: Lurid Paperbacks and the Masters of Noir, Da Capo, ISBN 0306807734
• Panek, LeRoy Lad (2000). New Hard-Boiled Writers: 1970s-1990s, University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0879728191
• Server, Lee (2002). Encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers, Facts On File Inc., ISBN 0816045771

Sources

• Tuttle, George (1994). "What Is Noir?" Mystery Scene 43 (available online)

External links

• "American Hard-Boiled Crime Fiction, 1920s-1940s" essay on the form's early history by Lee Horsley; part of the Crimeculture website
• Black Mask (Detective) gallery of the magazine's covers, 1920–1951; part of the Galactic Central website
• "Detective Novels: An Overview" major history of the genre by Prof. William Marling, Case Western Reserve University
• FIRN Annual Festival of Noir Fiction held in Frontignan, France.
• Hardboiled Bibliographies comprehensive bibliographies of many important hardboiled/noir authors; part of the RARA-AVIS website
• Hard-Boiled Detective Fiction an annotated pamphlet by Ralph Willett
• The Hardboiled Era: A Checklist, 1929-1958 chronology of significant novels, compiled by critic Geoffrey O'Brien for the 1981 edition of his Hardboiled America
• "The Hard-Boiled Way" article by Gary Lovisi; originally published in A Shot in the Dark, March 1995
• Mystery Time Line: Hard-Boiled Mysteries brief survey of the genre's early days, focusing on Black Mask; part of the MysteryNet website
• NoirBlog news on noir and neo-noir in film, literature, and graphic novels
• "Noir Fiction" essay on the history of the style, including a selected and annotated list of significant works, by George Tuttle
• Noir Originals Zine online magazine, with links to dozens of interviews and articles; part of Allan Guthrie's Noir Originals website
• The Thrilling Detective Web Site major genre site, including many recent stories and novelettes; administered by Kevin Burton Smith
• Toward a Hardboiled Genealogy hardboiled/noir family tree, by crime fiction author and scholar Megan Abbott
• Twists, Slugs and Roscoes: A Glossary of Hardboiled Slang comprehensive lexicon of genre lingo; part of the RARA-AVIS website

Excerpts from Lee Horsley's The Noir Thriller (2001)

• "1920-1945: The Interwar Period and the Development of Hard-Boiled Crime Fiction"
• "Fatal Women in the Hard-Boiled Fifties"
• "Hard-Boiled Investigators"
• "Rage in Harlem: Black Protest in the Mid-Century American Crime Novel"

Leading author resources

• Continental Detective Agency breezy, well-written site on hardboiled pioneer Dashiell Hammett
• "James M. Cain"/The Art of Fiction, No. 69 long interview with the author; originally published in The Paris Review, Spring–Summer 1978
• The Raymond Chandler Web Site well-sourced site on the seminal hardboiled author; administered by Robert F. Moss

Hardboiled and noir fiction online

• Bomb Built in Hell the complete first novel by Andrew Vachss
• "The Case of the Four and Twenty Blackbirds" hardboiled pastiche by Neil Gaiman
• Charles Willeford Excerpts excerpts from many of the author's books; part of the Dennis McMillan Publications website
• Hard Case Crime—Our Books links to chapter-length excerpts from the publisher's line of classic and contemporary crime fiction
• New Noir and Harboiled Fiction Writers links (plus summaries) to extracts from many recent works in the field; part of Allan Guthrie's Noir Originals website
• "Nightmare Town" the classic story by Dashiell Hammett
• The Shark-Infested Custard excerpt from the novel by Charles Willeford: chapter 1 and part of chapter 2; part of the Random House website