The legal doctrine of harmless error is found in the Federal
Rules of Criminal Procedure, extensive case law and state statutes.
It comes into use when a litigant appeals the decision of a judge
or jury, arguing that an errorof law was made at trial that
resulted in an incorrect decision or verdict. The appelate court
then must decide whether the error was serious enough to strike
down the decision made at trial. Review for harmless error involves
a complicated test that applies to state and federal laws as well
as rules of procedure. If an error is held to be serious, the
appellate court is likely to set aside the decision of the trial
court and may order a new trial. If it deems the error harmless,
the appellate court affirms the lower court's decision. The
doctrine of harmless error thus prevents an unnecessary new trial
when the error alleged would not have affected the outcome of the
original trial. See:
http://www.answers.com/topic/harmless-error