Hasan ibn Ali

Hasan ibn Ali
Born	15 Ramadhan 3AH Madina
Died	28 Safar 50AH Medina
Parents	Ali ibn Abi Talib Fatimah bint Muhammad

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Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadan, 3 AH – Twenty-eighth of Safar, 50 AH) [6] was the grandson of Muhammad, and was the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (fourth Sunni Caliph and first Shia Islam) and Fatima Zahra (a daughter of Muhammad). He is an important figure in Islam as a member of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad . He is also regarded as the second Shi'a Imam.

His birth and family life

Hasan ibn Ali (as) was born three years after the Hijra (624 CE) ^[1], the migration of the early Muslim community from Mecca to Medina. His parents were Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima Zahra bint Muhammad.

Hasan ibn Ali was Muhammad’s first grandchild. According to Shi'a tradition, he was named by his grandfather, who acted on divine inspiration. Hasan means "pleasant" or "handsome" in Arabic. Hasan never seriously entertained taking the Imamate, and instead chose to retire from public life, marrying as many as 90 times and having between 300 and 400 concubines--earning him the nickname, "The Divorcer".^[2] The number of wives and concubines is a matter of dispute among scholars. ^[3]

Hasan ibn Ali and his younger brother, Husayn ibn Ali, are said to have been greatly beloved by their grandfather. There are numerous Hadiths (oral traditions) that affirm this claim. There are also Hadiths which states that Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali will be the leaders of the youth in paradise. Muhammad also said that Hasan and Hussain are Imams, whether they sit (agree to a peace treaty) or stand (go to war). Shi'ahs and Sunnis believe that Hasan ibn Ali is one of the five persons included in the Hadith of The Cloak.

Life of Hasan ibn Ali during the times of his father

As a growing youth, Hasan saw the active role of his father, Ali ibn Abi Talib, in the battlefield defending Islam, as a preacher to a vast congregation of believers on the occasion of Hajj, and as a missionary of Islam to Yemen. After the death of his grandfather, Muhammad, he saw his father having retreated to a passive role in the matters of the state during the period of the first three caliphs. However, whenever he saw it necessary, Ali ibn Abi Talib [as] never refrained from giving his opinion to the caliph of the time on matters of the practice of faith. He had also seen that the caliphs, in turn, respected Ali ibn Abi Talib for his overall knowledge, and consulted him on many occasions as the need arose.

When the third caliph was murdered by a mob of agitated demonstrators in his palace in Mad'mah, and Ali ibn Abi Talib was elected to lead the Muslim nation, Hasan ibn Ali took active part in assisting his father in many ways. He went to Kufa and successfully raised the first army of believers against the dissenting Muslims. He participated actively in the battlefields of Basra, Siffin, and Nahrawan alongside his father, and demonstrated his skills as a soldier and as a leader.

Before he died, Ali ibn Abi Talib appointed Hasan to lead the nation of believers and to be their Imam after him. The people also chose him to be their Caliph.

The Caliphate

Upon the death of Ali ibn Abi Talib in Kufa a new caliph should be chosen. As Ali declared in many occasions that just Ahl Al-Bayt of prophet were entitled to rule the Muslim community the choices restricted to Hasan and his brother Husayn. Thus Kufi Muslims pledge allegiance(bay'ah) to his eldest son Hasan without dispute.^[4]

This threatened Muawiyah I, who had been fighting Ali for the caliphate. Muawiyah summoned all the commanders of his forces in Syria, Palestine, and Transjordan to join him in preparation for war. He also attempted to negotiate with Hasan, sending the young heir letters asking him to give up his claim. If he could persuade Hasan to renounce his claim to the caliphate, then Muawiyah would certainly avoid the undesirable consequence of killing fellow Muslims, and would further support his claim to the caliphate. If Muawiyah was forced to defeat Hasan in battle, Muawiyah would gain absolute power, but questions regarding his legitimacy would linger.

Negotiations stalled, and Muawiyah marched against Hasan ibn Ali with an army claimed to number sixty thousand fighters ^[5]. Hasan ibn Ali also marched his army towards Muawiyah. The two armies faced opposed near Sabat.

During this period of suspense, Hasan is reported to have given a sermon in which he proclaimed his hatred of schism and appealed to his men to follow his orders even if they did not agree to them. Some of the troops took this as a sign that Hasan was preparing to surrender; they rebelled on him and attacked him. Hasan was wounded, but his loyal soldiers surrounded him in protection and managed to kill the mutineers. Another one of Hasan’s commanders, Ubayd Allah Ibn Abbas, deserted him and joined Muawiyah’s forces.

The two armies fought a few inconclusive skirmishes. Muawiyah, distressed that the result of a battle would mean a loss of many men and a lack of people to go back and partake in caring for the people, and because of that he sent two men from Banu Quraish to Hasan ibn Ali in order to negotiate a settlement with Hasan ibn Ali and his followers.^[6] Hasan ibn Ali, wounded and facing disaffection in his own army, and desiring to end the long-fought civil wars, finally negotiated a settlement with Muawiyah. With regards to the negotiation, the prophet had prophesied earlier, saying, "It is this grandson of mine, on whose hands the two great armies from amongst the Muslims will stop fighting."

According to Sunni scholars, Hasan ibn Ali stipulated that Muawiyah should follow the Qur'an and the Sunnah, allowing a shura for the caliphate to be held after his death, and refrain from any acts of revenge against Hasan ibn Ali’s followers.

According to Shi’ah scholars, Hasan ibn Ali further stipulated that the caliphate should be returned to him after Muawiyah's death, if Hasan ibn Ali was still alive, and in case if he dies before that then the caliphate should be given to his younger brother, Hussain ibn Ali. ^[7]

Muawiyah proceeded to Kufa and demanded that the Muslims there swear allegiance. He also asked Hasan ibn Ali to join him and support him in the fight against the rebellious Kharijites. Hasan ibn Ali is claimed to have written him in response: "I have abandoned the fight against you, even though it was my legal right, for the sake of peace and reconciliation of the nation. Do you think that I shall then fight together with you?" ^[8]

Was he a Sunni Caliph?

Most caliph chronologies do not include Hasan ibn Ali. Hasan ibn Ali claimed the caliphate only briefly and was recognized by a half of the Islamic empire. Muawiyah forced him to resign. However, a handful of the older Sunni historians, such as Suyuti, Ibn al-Arabi, and Ibn Kathir accept Hasan ibn Ali as a caliph before Muawiyah ^[9]. Twelver Shi'a Muslims also regard Hasan ibn Ali as one of the twelve infallible imams.

Retirement to Medina

Marwan I, who was the personal secretary to the third caliph, and had fought against Ali ibn Abi Talib during the Battle of Bassorah, was now the governor of Medina under Muawiyah. He took personal pleasure in discharging Muawiyah's wishes to slur the reputation of Hasan ibn Ali and his father. Needless to say that the life of Hasan ibn Ali in Medina after the peace treaty was not peaceful at all. In addition to the relentless taunts and abuse slung at him by Muawiyah, Hasan ibn Ali had to endure the anger of his supporters for having relinquished the Caliphate to the lifelong enemy of himself and that of his father before him. They had failed to appreciate that Hasan ibn Ali had given up his right in the larger interests of Islam, and to avoid further bloodshed of the Muslims.

Death

Part of a series on Shī‘a Islam
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History of Shia Islam Theology of Shia

Historians believe that Hasan ibn Ali died in Medina on Safar 28, 50 AH. He is buried at the famous Jannat al-Baqi cemetery across from the Masjid al-Nabawi, the Mosque of the Prophet.

Was Hasan poisoned?

Some early Arab historians, mostly of Shi'ah tendency, give another account. They say that Muawiyah wished to pass the caliphate to his own son Yazid ibn Muawiyah, and saw Hasan ibn Ali as an obstacle to his plans. And thus Muawiyah plotted to kill Hasan ibn Ali. He secretly contacted Hasan ibn Ali's wife Ja'da bint al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, and instigated her to poison her husband. Ja'da did as Muawiyah suggested, giving her husband poison mixed with honey. Madelung (pp. 331-333) notes other traditions suggesting that Hasan ibn Ali had been poisoned by another wife, the daughter of Suhayl ibn Amr, or perhaps by a servant. Madelung also cites the early historians (Baladhuri, Waqidi, etc.) who recounted these traditions. Madelung, who is more accepting of Shi'a traditions than most Western academic historians, believes that Hasan ibn Ali was poisoned and that the famous early Islamic historian al-Tabari suppressed the tale out of concern for the faith of the common people. (Madelung pp. 331-332)

Shi'ahs believe that Ja'da was promised gold and marriage to Yazid. Seduced by the promise of money and power, she poisoned her husband, and then hastened to the court of Muawiyah in Damascus to receive her reward. Muawiyah reneged on his promises and married her to another man. ^[10]

Burial of Hasan

Hasan ibn Ali, before his death, asked to be buried next to his grandfather, Muhammad. However, Aisha, one of Muhammad's widows, refused to let Hasan ibn Ali to be buried next to Muhammad's tomb. Some believe that it was Marwan who prevented Hasan ibn Ali's his right. Marwan requested to Aisha to allow his relative Uthman ibn Affan to be buried beside the Prophet if she allows Hasan ibn Ali to be buried there. On the contrary, Aisha was aware of Marwan's treachery from the past so she refused to accept his plan, and further did not allow anyone else to be buried beside the Prophet. Then Marwan who had been appointed by Muawiya I as the governor of Madina, sent soldiers to prevent Hasan ibn Ali's burial next to Muhammad. However, this is not true because Uthman ibn Affan was killed in 656 and Hasan died in 669. [7] Hasan ibn Ali's family was thus forced to bury him elsewhere, and so they buried him in Jannat al-Baqi.

Sunni view

Sunni Muslims honor Hasan ibn Ali because he is from Ahl al-Bayt. Certain Sunni scholars of the past also are of the opinion of him being the fifth caliph, before Muawiyah, because of his appointment by Ali.^[9]

Shi'a view

Main article: Shi'a view of Hasan ibn Ali

Muawiyah was successful in deceitfully gaining the absolute power he had aspired for. He was not interested in the functions of preaching piety or theology. He was interested in expanding his sphere of influence in the territories already conquered by the Muslims, and was actively engaged in further conquests to the north and north west of Syria. In utter violation of the terms of the Treaty with Hasan ibn Ali, Muawiyah decided to name his son Yazid to succeed him after his death. He knew that Yazid lacked all qualifications to be a caliph for the Muslims and to represent Muhammad. He also knew that Hasan ibn Ali, being a true representative of Muhammad, would oppose the nomination of his son. Consequently, he decided to eliminate the opposition.

Muawiyah solicited the services of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, a son-in-law of Uthman ibn Affan, who was the governor of Medina at that time. With a promise for a reward, Marwan approached one of the wives of the Imam, Ju'da binte al-Ash'ath ibn Qays to poison Hasan ibn Ali. He was successful, and Hasan ibn Ali died as a result of this plot.

Before Hasan ibn Ali died, in accordance with the Will of Allah, named his brother, Hussain ibn Ali to be the next Imam. He expressed his wish to his brother to bury his body near to the grave of his grandfather, Muhammad. This caused an armed opposition by the governor of Medina. Under a shower of arrows, the funeral procession of Hasan ibn Ali had to withdraw and be diverted to Jannat al-Baqi, the general graveyard of Medina, where he was buried.

Shi'ahs hold Hasan ibn Ali in a very high positive view, like the Sunnis, except that Shi'ahs regard Hasan ibn Ali as their second Imam. Both Sunnis and Shi'ahs regard him as a martyr. According to Shi’ahs Hasan ibn Ali married four women:

Umm Ishaq bint Talha ibn `Ubayd Allah.
Hafsa bint 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr.
Hind bint Suhayl bin `Amru.
Ju'da bint al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, whom Muawiyah I tempted to kill Hasan ibn Ali. So she killed him with poison.

Preceded by Ali ibn Abu Talib	Shia Imam 661–669	Succeeded by Husayn ibn Ali

Notes

^ Kitab al-Irshad, Sheikh Mufid
^ Bloom, Jonathan and Blair, Sheila. Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power. Yale University Press. 2002. pg. 52
^ Madelung claims that this is slander. Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. 1997 pp. 380-387
^ Madlong, (1997) p. 313 - 314
^ Ibn A'zham IV, p. 153. Other numbers: [1]
^ Sahih Bukhari 3:49:867
^ Imam Hasan bin 'Ali
^ Madelung, 1997 pp. 324-325
^ ^a ^b

Suyuti in The Khalifas who took the right way page 9 and History of the Caliphs Vol 12

Ibn al-Arabi in his Sharh Sunan al-Tirmidhi 9:68-69 ref

Ibn Kathir in The Beginning and the End Vol 6 page 249-250

Examples of other brief and partially recognized caliphs include Muawiya II and Abd-Allah ibn Zubayr.
^ [2], [3], [4], [5]

References

Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521646960.

External links

Hasan ibn 'Ali In Encyclopædia Britannica
Hasan ibn 'Ali by Wilferd Madelung , In Encyclopædia Iranica
AlMujtaba Islamic Network - In The Memory of Imam Al-Hassan AlMujtaba (AS)
Kitab al Irshad , by Sheikh al Mufid, translated by I.K.A Howard, pp. 279 - 289
[8]
The Second Imam
Sulh al-Hasan, The Peace Treaty of al-Hasan by Shaykh Radi Al-Yasin.
[9]

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