Henry Adams

Source

• Born: 16 February 1838
• Birthplace: Boston, Massachusetts
• Died: 27 March 1918
• Best Known As: The author of The Education of Henry Adams

Henry Brooks Adams was a brainy political journalist, academic and gadabout during the second half of the 19th century. He is best remembered for his great personal summing-up, The Education of Henry Adams (1906). Adams was the great-grandson of President John Adams, the grandson of President John Quincy Adams and the son of Charles Francis Adams, the American minister to England during the Civil War. Young Adams traveled widely in Europe and worked as a personal secretary to his father in London. In 1868 he returned to the United States, where he wrote about politics for magazines like The Nation, edited the North American Review, and became a professor of history at Harvard. In 1877 he moved to Washington, D.C., where his home became a center for intellectual discussions and sparkling parties. His nine-volume History of the United States (published 1889-91) focused on the administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. He also wrote Democracy, a novel of political intrigue which he published anonymously in 1880. His autobiography, The Education of Henry Adams, was first published privately in 1906 and then released publicly in 1918, the year of his death. It won a Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1919 and was later named by The Modern Library as the best non-fiction book of the 20th century.

Adams graduated from Harvard in 1858. He also studied law at the University of Berlin, but did not receive a degree there... He married the former Marian "Clover" Hooper in 1872, and they were married until her suicide in 1885.

The American historian and author Henry Brooks Adams (1838-1918) lived in an era of remarkable change and recorded the implications of the period with great perception. He is best known for "Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres" and "The Education of Henry Adams."

Henry Adams was born in Boston on Feb. 16, 1838, the fourth of seven children of Charles Francis and Abigail Brooks Adams. Henry's mother was the daughter of one of Boston's wealthiest men; his father was the son of John Quincy Adams, sixth president of the United States, and the grandson of John Adams, second president. The boy grew up in a household which contained Boston's largest private library and in which politics and history were perpetually present.

Entering Harvard in 1854, Adams proved himself an able student, but the proffered reward of high class standing did not tempt him to become a conformist even in this period of rigid college regulations. He wrote for the Harvard Magazine, acted for the Hasty Pudding Club, and at his graduation in 1858 was chosen Class Day Orator. Although he had learned far more than a reader of his autobiography might imagine, he graduated without academic distinction. In the autumn he traveled to Germany, intending to study law at the University of Berlin. When he discovered that his German was inadequate for university study, he entered a gymnasium (secondary school) for one semester. He toured Europe for 2 years, sending reports to a Boston newspaper.

Private Secretary

When Adams returned to America in 1860, he became private secretary to his father, newly elected to Congress, and again arranged to act as correspondent for a newspaper in his native city. The plans of father and son were abruptly altered in March 1861, when President Lincoln appointed the elder Adams minister to Great Britain. By the time the new minister and his private secretary sailed, Southern forces had fired on Fort Sumter and the Civil War had begun. Henry thought of seeking a commission, but his elder brother Charles, himself in the army, urged him to remain in England and advance the Union cause as a writer. Whether or not the reports Henry published in the New York Times and elsewhere contributed to the war effort is an open question, but the 7 years he spent with his father in England unquestionably contributed greatly to his education. He met Sir Charles Lyell and John Stuart Mill and at their urging read the works of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer; in the course of time these influences would reorient his thinking on politics, economics, and science. During this period Henry Adams published three long and promising articles in the influential North American Review.

The Educator

Adams returned to the United States in 1868 and settled in Washington, where he reported on the political scene for the Nation and for some newspapers. The Adams family was accustomed to wielding power, and he doubtless dreamed from time to time of holding high office, but the political realities of Washington in the "gilded age" seem to have brought him quickly to the conviction that his role would be that of critic and commentator rather than political leader. His brilliant, acerbic articles were soon making him famous and men in and near the White House infamous. In the autumn of 1870 he reluctantly quit Washington for Boston to become editor of the North American Review and assistant professor of history at Harvard.

At Harvard, Adams's teaching assignments were concentrated in the medieval period, but his methods were modern and innovative, emphasizing student participation rather than lectures, and critical understanding rather than the memorization of names and dates. In 1872 Adams married the wealthy and intelligent Marian Hooper and took her to Europe for a year-long wedding trip. This was the beginning of the happiest and most productive period of his life - a period which, ironically enough, he omits entirely from his autobiography. By 1876 he was ready to offer his Harvard students a course on the history of the United States from 1789 to 1840. From that course he developed materials for the books upon which his reputation as a historian rests: Documents Relating to New England Federalism, 1800-1815 (1877); The Writing and The Life of Albert Gallatin (1879), a classic political portrait; John Randolph (1882); and the monumental History of the United States during the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison (9 vols., 1889-1891).

Observer and Critic of Society

Adams resigned as editor of the North American Review in 1876 in an election-year dispute with the loyal Republican publishers. The following year he left Harvard and settled with his wife in Washington, where he could more easily pursue his historical research. In 1879 they returned to Europe, spending much of the winter in London, often in the company of their close friend Henry James. Before their return to America in the fall of 1880, an anonymous novel treating the political and social life of Washington appeared under the title Democracy; Adams's authorship of this sprightly piece was to remain a well-kept secret until 1909.

Living in Washington again, the Adamses established their own little court - a splendid circle of sentimental cynics which included John Hay and his wife, the brilliant geologist and writer Clarence King, and the aging senator Don Cameron and his wife, Elizabeth. Elizabeth, always a favorite of Adams, served as the model for Catherine in his second novel, the pseudonymous Esther (1884). The title character was based on Adams's wife, and it is a tender and touching portrait. In 1885 Marian Adams's father died; she sank rapidly into a manic-depressive condition and on December 7 committed suicide. "For twelve years I had everything I most wanted on earth," Henry Adams wrote to a friend; suddenly he seemed to have nothing.

Six months after his wife's death, Adams and the artist John La Farge set out for Japan. Adams returned in time to stand by his father's deathbed in November 1886. He went to Washington next and completed the History. More travels followed, notably a trip to Polynesia, again with La Farge, in 1890. One of the native women Adams admired provided materials for Memoirs of Marau Taaroa, Last Queen of Tahiti (1893). From the South Seas the writer-traveler journeyed to France.

In 1904 Adams privately printed Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres, a classic study of the architecture, thought, and spirit of the Middle Ages (a trade edition appeared in 1913). In this book the Virgin of Chartres stands as a symbol of 13th-century unity. For his next major work he also found a dominant symbol in France: the dynamo he observed at the Paris Exposition of 1900 somehow expressed for him the "multiplicity" of the 20th century. This was the subject of the book for which he is best remembered, The Education of Henry Adams (private edition 1907; published 1918). Customarily called his autobiography, it is really the history of an era.

Adams spent his last years in Washington, surrounded by nieces and visited by a new generation of America's social and political elite. He approved of President Wilson's decision to enter World War I because he hoped it would lead the country into a permanent Atlantic alliance. Adams died quietly in his home on March 26, 1918. He was buried in Rock Creek Cemetery beside the grave of his wife with no marker save the beautiful statue he had commissioned Augustus Saint-Gaudens to execute for her.

Further Reading

Ernest Samuels's exemplary biography in three volumes is the standard authority: The Young Henry Adams (1948), Henry Adams: The Middle Years (1958), and Henry Adams: The Major Phase (1964). J. C. Levenson, The Mind and Art of Henry Adams (1957), is rigorous and thorough. George Hochfield, Henry Adams: An Introduction and Interpretation (1962), is also useful.

For more information on Henry Brooks Adams, visit Britannica.com.

(1838-1918), historian and writer. As a fourth-generation member of one of America's most distinguished families, Henry Adams was born into history, which became a determining influence on his long but undramatic life. Childhood visits to grandfather John Quincy Adams in the White House and family tales of great-grandparents John and Abigail Adams first served to personalize the facts and dates he studied at school. During the Civil War, he witnessed history in the making as secretary to his father, Charles Francis Adams, minister to the Court of St. James.

Rather than becoming a maker of history, however, Henry, a master of English prose, chose to write about it. His classic account of self, The Education of Henry Adams (privately printed, 1907; published, 1918), today remains his most popular work; yet his finely crafted letters, essays, and especially Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres (privately printed, 1904; published, 1913) retain a specialized appeal, as, to a lesser degree, do his novels, Democracy (1880) and Esther (1884). Adams's reputation as a historian derives chiefly from the nine-volume History of the United States of America during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (1889-1891), a pioneering study of intellectual and documentary history that focuses on the years between the presidencies of the two Adamses.

Henry Adams also introduced both the seminar method and the Germanic rigor of the Ph.D. degree to Harvard during his seven-year stint as a faculty member and editor of the prestigious North American Review. Dissatisfied with both roles, however, he moved to Washington, D.C., where he conducted research for the History. From that base, he launched one travel expedition after another during the remaining years of a highly independent life. In 1885, his domestic comfort was shattered by the suicide of his wife, Marian ("Clover") Hooper Adams, a tragedy that drove him deeper into seclusion. Notable among his few intimates were the colorful geologist Clarence King; the politically ambitious John Hay, biographer of Abraham Lincoln; and the reigning beauty Elizabeth Cameron, who was unhappily married to a much older senator and who filled an idealized role of heroine in Adams's later life.

Adams believed in the possibility of a truly "scientific" history, founded on such models as physics or mathematics. Yet his Education also declared that "Chaos was the law of nature; Order was the dream of man." In fact, his most ambitious goal as a thinker and writer was never simply prescriptive; instead, he sought to understand history in the largest possible way. Concluding his History, Adams insisted that although "the traits of American character were fixed" by 1815, any final test of the results "required another century of experience." Not surprisingly, such high ambition often led him to express pessimism and disappointment, especially in terms of personal "failure." Nevertheless, he succeeded most admirably as a writer. He used the exercise of composition to escape from excessive introspection and, even more, to instruct and provoke his readers, hoping they might reach even higher levels of intellectual performance than he had displayed.

Bibliography:

William H. Jordy, Henry Adams: Scientific Historian (1952); J. C. Levenson, The Mind and Art of Henry Adams (1957); Ernest Samuels, Henry Adams (1989).

Author:

Earl N. Harbert

See also History and Historians; Literature.

Quotes:

"They know enough who know how to learn."

"Nothing in education is so astonishing as the amount of ignorance it accumulates in the form of inert facts."

"One friend in a lifetime is much, two are many, three are hardly possible. Friendship needs a certain parallelism of life, a community of thought, a rivalry of aim."

"As for America, it is the ideal fruit of all your youthful hopes and reforms. Everybody is fairly decent, respectable, domestic, bourgeois, middle-class, and tiresome. There is absolutely nothing to revile except that it's a bore."

"The proper study of mankind is woman."

"No man likes to have his intelligence or good faith questioned, especially if he has doubts about it himself."

See more famous quotes by Henry Brooks Adams

Henry Adams

Henry Brooks Adams (February 16, 1838 – March 27, 1918) was an American journalist, historian, academic and novelist. He is best-known for his autobiographical book, The Education of Henry Adams. He was a member of the Adams political family.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Civil War years 3 Historian and intellectual 4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 5 Antisemitism 6 Brothers 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Writings by Adams 10 Published as 11 Books about Adams 12 External links

Early life

He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Charles Francis Adams Sr. (1807-1886) and Abigail Brooks (1808-1889) into one of the country's most prominent families.^[1] Both his paternal grandfather, John Quincy Adams, and a great grandfather, John Adams, had been U.S. Presidents, his maternal grandfather was a millionaire, and another great grandfather, Nathaniel Gorham, signed the Constitution.

After his graduation from Harvard University in 1858, he embarked on a Grand Tour of Europe, during which he also attended lectures in civil law at the University of Berlin.

Civil War years

Adams returned home from Europe in the midst of the heated presidential election of 1860, which also was the year his father, Charles Francis Adams Sr., sought reelection to the US House of Representatives. ^[2] He tried his hand again at law, taking employment with Judge Horace Gray's Boston firm, but this was short-lived. After his successful reelection, Charles Francis asked Henry to be his private secretary, continuing a father-son pattern set by John and John Quincy, and suggesting that Charles Francis had chosen Henry as the political scion of that generation of the family. Henry shouldered the responsibility reluctantly and with much self-doubt. "[I] had little to do," he reflected later, "and knew not how to do it rightly." ^[3] During this time, Adams was the anonymous Washington Correspondent for Charles Hale's Boston Daily Advertiser.

On March 19, 1861, Abraham Lincoln appointed Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States Minister (ambassador) to the United Kingdom. Henry Adams accompanied him to London as his private secretary. Henry also became the anonymous London correspondent for the New York Times. The two Adamses were kept very busy, monitoring Confederate diplomatic intrigues, and trying to obstruct the construction of Confederate commerce raiders by British shipyards (see Alabama Claims). Henry's writings for the New York Times argued that Americans should be patient with the British. While in Britain, Adams was befriended by many noted men including Charles Lyell, Francis T. Palgrave, Richard Monckton Milnes, James Milnes Gaskell, and Charles Milnes Gaskell.

While in Britain, Henry read and was taken with the works of John Stuart Mill. For Adams, Mill's Consideration on Representative Government showed the necessity of an enlightened, moral, and intelligent elite to provide leadership to a government elected by the masses and subject to demagoguery, ignorance, and corruption. Henry wrote to his brother Charles that Mill demonstrated to him that "democracy is still capable of rewarding a conscientious servant." ^[4] His years in London led Adams to conclude that he could best provide that knowledgeable and conscientious leadership by working as a correspondent and journalist.

Historian and intellectual

In 1868, Henry Adams returned to the United States and settled down in Washington, D.C., where he started working as a journalist. Adams saw himself as a traditionalist longing for the democratic ideal of the 17th and 18th centuries. Accordingly, he was keen on exposing political corruption in his journalism.

According to Ken Burns PBS production of the American Civil War, Adams said, "I think that Lee should have been hanged. It was all the worse that he was a good man and a fine character and acted conscientiously. It's always the good men who do the most harm in the world."

In 1870, Adams was appointed Professor of Medieval History at Harvard, a position he held until his early retirement in 1877 at 39. As an academic historian, Adams is considered to have been the first (in 1874–1876) to conduct historical seminar work in the United States. Included among his students were Henry Cabot Lodge, who worked closely with Adams as a graduate student.

On June 27, 1872, he and Clover Hooper were married in Boston, and spent their honeymoon in Europe. Upon their return, he went back to his position at Harvard and their home at 91 Marlborough Street, Boston ,^[5] became a gathering place for a lively circle of intellectuals. In 1877, he and his wife moved to Washington, D.C., where their home on Lafayette Square, across from the White House, again became a dazzling and witty center of social life. He worked as a journalist and continued working as an historian.

Adams's The History of the United States of America (1801 to 1817) (9 vols., 1889–1891) has been called "a neglected masterpiece" by Garry Wills (Henry Adams and the Making of America (2005))

In the 1880s, Adams also wrote two novels. He is credited as the author of Democracy, which was published anonymously in 1880 and immediately became popular. (Only after Adams's death did his publisher reveal Adams's authorship.) His other novel, published under the nom de plume of Frances Snow Compton, was Esther, whose eponymous heroine was believed to be modeled after his wife.

Adams was a member of an exclusive circle, a group of friends called the "Five of Hearts" that consisted of Henry, his wife Clover, mountaineer Clarence King, John Hay (assistant to Lincoln and later Secretary of State), and Hay's wife Clara. One of Adams's frequent travel companions was the artist John La Farge, with whom he journeyed to Japan and the South Seas. A long-time, intimate correspondent of Adams's was Elizabeth Cameron, wife of Senator J. Donald Cameron.

On December 6, 1885, his wife, Clover, committed suicide by drinking potassium cyanide. Her death has been attributed to depression over her father's death^[6] and also to her knowledge that Henry was having a romantic affair^[7]. Following her death Adams took up a restless life as a globetrotter, traveling extensively, spending summers in Paris and winters in Washington, where he commissioned the Adams Memorial, designed by sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens and architect Stanford White for her grave site in Rock Creek Cemetery.

In 1894, Adams was elected president of the American Historical Association. His address, entitled "The Tendency of History," was delivered in absentia. The essay predicted the development of a scientific approach to history, but was somewhat ambiguous as to what this achievement might mean.

In 1904, Adams privately published a copy of his "Mont Saint Michel and Chartres," a pastiche of history, travel, and poetry, that celebrated the unity of medieval society, especially as represented in the great cathedrals of France. Originally meant as a diversion for his nieces and "nieces-in-wish," it was publicly released in 1913 at the request of Ralph Adams Cram, an important American architect, and published with support of the American Institute of Architects.

He published The Education of Henry Adams in 1907, in a small private edition for selected friends. For Adams, the Virgin Mary was a symbol of the best of the old world, as the dynamo was a representative of modernity. It was only following Adams's death that The Education was made available to the general public, in an edition issued by the Massachusetts Historical Society. It ranked first on the Modern Library's 1998 list of 100 Best Nonfiction Books and was named the best book of the twentieth century]^[8] by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, a conservative organization that promotes classical education. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1919.

In 1912, Adams suffered a stroke, perhaps brought on by news of the sinking of the Titanic, for which he had return tickets to Europe. After the stroke, his scholarly output diminished, but he continued to travel, write letters, and host dignitaries and friends at his Washington, D.C., home. Henry Adams died at age 80 in Washington, D.C. He is interred beside his wife in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Main article: Entropy and life

In 1910, Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a "theory of history" based on the second law of thermodynamics and the principle of entropy. ^{[9] [10]} This, essentially, states that all energy dissipates, order becomes disorder, and the earth will eventually become uninhabitable. In short, he applied the physics of dynamical systems of Rudolf Clausius, Hermann von Helmholtz, and William Thomson to the modeling of human history.

In his manuscript The Rule of Phase Applied to History, Adams attempted to use Maxwell's demon as an historical metaphor. Adams interpreted history as a process moving towards "equilibrium," but he saw militaristic nations (he felt Germany pre-eminent in this class) as tending to reverse this process, a "Maxwell's Demon of history."

Adams made many attempts to respond to the criticism of his formulation from his scientific colleagues, but the work remained incomplete at Adams' death in 1918. It was only published posthumously. ^[11]

Antisemitism

Adams had a great deal of antipathy for Jews and Judaism, blaming them for his own feelings of alienation from modern American capitalism. He believed that Jews controlled politics, the financial world, and the newspapers. "With communism I would exist tolerably well... but in a society of Jews and brokers, a world made up of maniacs wild for gold, I have no place." ^[12]

We are in the hands of the Jews," Adams lamented. "They can do what they please with our values." He advised against investment except in the form of gold locked in a safe deposit box. "There you have no risk but the burglar. In any other form you have the burglar, the Jew, the Czar, the socialist, and, above all, the total irremediable, radical rottenness of our whole social, industrial, financial and political system." ^[13]

Adams's attitude towards Jews has been described as one of loathing. John Hay, remarking on Adams's antisemitism, said that when Adams "saw Vesuvius reddening... [he] searched for a Jew stoking the fire. ^[14]

His writings were "peppered with a variety of antisemitic remarks," according to historian Robert Michael. Adams wrote: "I detest [the Jews], and everything connected with them, and I live only and solely with the hope of seeing their demise, with all their accursed Judaism. I want to see all the lenders at interest taken out and executed." ^[15]

Brothers

Charles Francis Adams, Jr. (1835– 1915) fought with the Union in the Civil War, receiving in 1865 the brevet of brigadier-general in the regular army. He became an authority on railway management as the author of Railroads, Their Origin and Problems (1878), and as president of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1884 to 1890.

Brooks Adams (1848–1927), practiced law and became a writer. His books include The Law of Civilization and Decay (1895), America's Economic Supremacy (1900), and The New Empire (1902).

See also

• Maxwell's demon
• The Education of Henry Adams

Notes

1. ^ Chambers Biographical Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 6
2. ^ Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961), chapters 7–15, and Contosta, ch. 2.
3. ^ The Education of Henry Adams, p. 101.
4. ^ Henry Adams quoted in David R. Contosta, p. 33.
5. ^ Cox, Mary Lee (1999). "A Walking Tour in Boston's Back Bay - #5". Cox-Marylee.tripod.com. http://cox-marylee.tripod.com/backbaywalk.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-07. 
6. ^ Maureen Dowd, "Washington Journal," N. Y. Times, July 29, 1990.
7. ^ Joseph E. Persico, Franklin and Lucy, page 131.
8. ^ best book of the twentieth century
9. ^ Adams, Henry. (1986). History of the United States of America During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson (pg. 1299). Library of America.
10. ^ Adams, Henry. (1910). A Letter to American Teachers of History. Henry Adams (1910). A Letter to American Teachers of History. Press of J.H. Furst co.. http://books.google.com/books?id=gaLdOOzuiKAC&pg=PA1&dq=A+Letter+to+American+Teachers+of+History#PPA10,M1. , Scanned PDF. Washington.
11. ^ Adams (1919), p.267
12. ^ Worthington Ford, ed., Letters of Henry Adams, 1858-1918 (1938), II, 33.
13. ^ American Historians and European Immigrants 1875-1925 Edward N. Saveth, Read Books, 2007 p. 74
14. ^ Louise Mayo, The Ambivalent Image (London: Associated University Presses, 1988), p. 58.
15. ^ A Concise History of American Antisemitism by Robert Michael Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, p. 116

Writings by Adams

• 1876 (in collaboration with Henry Cabot Lodge, Ernest Young and J. L. Laughlin). Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law.
• 1879. Life of Albert Gallatin .
• 1879 (ed.). The Writings of Albert Gallatin (3 volumes).
• 1882. John Randolph.
• 1884. Esther: A Novel (facsimile ed., 1938, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ISBN 978-0-8201-1187-2).
• 1891. Historical Essays.
• 1893. Tahiti: Memoirs of Arii Taimai e Marama of Eimee ... Last Queen of Tahiti (facsimile of 1901 Paris ed., 1947 Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ISBN 978-0-8201-1213-8).
• 1911. The Life of George Cabot Lodge (facsimile ed.. 1978, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ISBN 978-0-8201-1316-6).
• 1918. The Education of Henry Adams, Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, Democracy (novel), and Esther. Library of America.
• Adams, H. (1919). The Degradation of the Democractic Dogma. New York: Kessinger. ISBN 1-4179-1598-6. 
• 1930-38. Letters. Edited by W. C. Ford. 2 vols.

Published as

• Democracy: An American Novel, Esther, Mont Saint Michel, The Education (Ernest Samuels, ed.) (Library of America, 1983) ISBN 978-0-940450-12-7

• History of the United States During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (Earl N. Harbert, ed.) (Library of America, 1986) Vol I (Jefferson) ISBN 978-0-940450-34-9. Vol II (Madison) ISBN 978-0-940450-35-6.

Books about Adams

• Adams, James Truslow, 1933 (reprinted 1970). Henry Adams.
• Adams, Marian Hooper, 1936. The Letters of Mrs. Henry Adams, 1865–1883. Edited by W. Thoron.
• Richard Brookhiser, 2002 America's First Dynasty: The Adamses, 1735–1918.
• Cater, H. D., ed., 1947. Henry Adams and His Friends: A Collection of His Unpublished Letters.
• Chalfant, E., 1994. Better in Darkness.
• Contosta, David R., 1980. Henry Adams and the American Experiment. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.

ISBN 0-316-15400-8

• Dusinberre, W., 1980. Henry Adams: The Myth of Failure.
• Samuels, E., 1948. The Young Henry Adams.
• Samuels, E., 1958. Henry Adams: The Middle Years.
• Samuels, E., 1964. Henry Adams: The Major Phase.
• Simpson, Brooks D., 1996. The Political Education of Henry Adams. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
• Garry Wills, 2005. Henry Adams and the Making of America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2005.

ISBN 0-618-13430-1

• Zencey, Eric, 1995. Panama: ISBN 978-0-425-15602-5

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Henry Brooks Adams

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Henry Brooks Adams

• The Education of Henry Adams at the University of Virginia American Studies Hypertext project.
• Mont Saint Michel and Chartres at the University of Virginia American Studies Hypertext project.
• America in 1800 at the University of Virginia American Studies Hypertext project.
• The Letters of Henry Adams
• Henry Adams, Globe Trotter in Space and Time
• Works by Henry Adams at Project Gutenberg
  • Democracy, an American novel by Henry Adams at Project Gutenberg
  • Esther by Henry Adams at Project Gutenberg
  • Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres by Henry Adams at Project Gutenberg
  • The Education of Henry Adams by Henry Adams at Project Gutenberg
• Encyclopedia Britannica: Henry Adams
• Index entry for Henry Brooks Adams at Poets' Corner
• Henry Brooks Adams at Find a Grave

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