Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.

For more information on Henry Cabot Lodge, visit Britannica.com.

(b. Nahant, Massachusetts, 5 July 1902; d. 27 Feb. 1985) US; US Senator 1936 – 52, US delegate to the United Nations 1953 – 60, US ambassador to South Vietnam 1963 – 4, 1965 – 7Lodge was educated at Middlesex School, Concord, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard in 1924. He embarked on a career in journalism, beginning as a trainee on the Boston Evening Transcript and then becoming a staff reporter on the New York Herald Tribune. At the age of 30 he followed in his grandfather's (Henry Cabot Lodge Sr.) footsteps and was elected, first to the Massachusetts legislature, and then, four years later in 1936, to the US Senate.

Lodge, a liberal Republican in domestic matters, inherited his grandfather's isolationist views in respect of foreign policy, and, in 1939, voted against amending the Neutrality Act in Britain's favour. His views on foreign policy were changed by his wartime experience. During the Second World War he saw active service in Libya. On returning to the Senate in 1946 he became a convinced advocate of the need for America to participate in the proposed collective security arrangements of the United Nations.

Lodge played an active role in persuading General Eisenhower to accept the nomination as Republican Party presidential candidate in 1952. Lodge lost his own Senate seat in this election to John F. Kennedy. Eisenhower repaid his indebtedness to Lodge by appointing him US Permanent Representative to the United Nations at ambassadorial rank with a seat in the Cabinet.

Lodge never ran for the presidency himself but in 1960 agreed to be Richard Nixon's running-mate. The contest was narrowly lost to Lodge's former political rival, Kennedy, who, in 1963 appointed Lodge ambassador to South Vietnam, a post which he continued to occupy under Johnson. After this assignment Lodge spent a couple of years as ambassador-at-large and then spent his final years in public service as the President's Special Representative to the Vatican.

Born in Massachusetts, Lodge was the grandson of the Massachusetts senator for whom he was named. Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1936 and 1942, he resigned in 1944 to go on active duty in Europe with the Second Armored Division. Lieutenant Colonel Lodge received several combat decorations. Reelected to the Senate in 1946, he lost his seat to John F. Kennedy in 1952. Lodge served from 1953 to 1960 as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations and was the Republican nominee for vice president in 1960.

President Kennedy named Lodge ambassador to South Vietnam. When Lodge arrived in Saigon in August 1963, members of South Vietnam's armed forces were plotting the overthrow of President Ngo Dinh Diem. Lodge tried unsuccessfully to get Diem to remove his unpopular brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, from the government, and the ambassador concluded that Diem was politically doomed. On 1 November 1963, a coup toppled Diem's government and led to the murders of Diem and Nhu. Lodge emphatically denied subsequent allegations in The Pentagon Papers (1971) and other accounts that he authorized or encouraged the coup on instructions from Washington. The embassy had knowledge of the plot, he admitted, but not of its timing and details, especially the murders.

Lodge resigned as ambassador in June 1964 to participate in the Republican presidential nomination process, but he returned to head the U.S. Embassy in Saigon July 1965–April 1967. From June to December 1966, he engaged in Project Marigold—secret but futile talks through Polish intermediaries to explore a negotiated settlement with North Vietnam. In March 1968, Lodge was part of the group of elder statesmen, the Wise Men, who advised Lyndon B. Johnson not to send more troops to Vietnam. He was a delegate to the Vietnam peace talks in Paris in 1969 and served as ambassador to Bonn and the Vatican before retiring in 1977.

[See also Pentagon Papers; Vietnam War: Military and Diplomatic Course.]

Bibliography

• Henry Cabot Lodge, The Storm Has Many Eyes, 1973.
• Ellen J. Hammer, A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963, 1987

Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (1902-1985) was a patrician, elitist, pragmatist, and moderate Republican politician whose career as congressman, senator, ambassador, and presidential adviser added prestige to his already famous family names.

Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (he dropped the junior in 1956) was born July 5, 1902, in his parents' summer home beside the rocky shore at Nahant, Massachusetts. The circumstances of his birth could not have been more fitting for the scion of several of America's oldest and most prestigious families. Through his father, George, he inherited the legacy of George Cabot, who seized fame and fortune as a highly successful privateer during the American Revolution. His grandfather - and namesake - was none other than U.S. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (Republican from Massachusetts), President Theodore Roosevelt's closest personal friend and political adviser. Through his mother, Mathilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen Davis, he was related to even more congressmen, senators, and cabinet members. That Lodge perpetuated and enhanced this line-age of wealth and power was a matter of no small achievement, even granted the advantages bestowed on him by birth.

Lodge's father, a published poet, died when Lodge was seven years old. Although young Lodge graduated in the bottom half of his class at the Middlesex School, he excelled at Harvard, where he majored in Romance languages - French, German, and Latin. He joined the Republican and Conservative clubs and the Fox dining club, rowed crew, and graduated cum laude in three years.

After working several months as a reporter for the Boston Transcript, Lodge took a tour of Europe armed with letters of introduction from President Coolidge, Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, and others. He interviewed heads of state, such as Mussolini in Italy and Poincare in France. Upon his return he resumed his career in journalism with the Transcript and later with the New York Herald Tribune. As a reporter and heir of the Lodge political legacy he continued to meet the notable people of the day. In December 1928 Lodge and his wife, Emily E. Sears, began a trip around the world which, in terms of the people he met, was more like that of a head of state than that of a private citizen.

Choosing a Political Career

Back home Lodge gave more attention to politics. He did not share the prevailing Republican view that success in business was a prerequisite to govern, and he was critical of Hoover's handling of the Depression. He also pursued his career as a reserve officer in the U.S. Army, which he had begun in 1924. In 1932 he campaigned successfully for a seat in the Massachusetts general court and published The Cult of Weakness. This was a collection of essays in which he echoed the Social Darwinism of his grandfather by calling for "a return of government principles which will recognize the rights and welfare of the strong against the weak." He also advocated military preparedness, economic self-sufficiency, and government dominated by "a set of professional politicians of the highest quality, " rather than by the pressure of minority groups and special interests.

Despite his opposition to the prevailing New Deal philosophy, Lodge upset the popular Democratic governor James M. Curley for a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1936. He was re-elected by a landslide in 1942, but then he became preoccupied with World War II. In 1943 he toured both the European and Asian fronts, and in February 1944 he resigned his seat in the Senate to go on active duty with his reserve unit, the 1st Armored Cavalry. He served as an aide to Gen. Jacob L. Devers and was his interpreter when the German Army Group G surrendered in 1945.

Less than a year later Lodge won a special election and returned to the Senate. There he plunged into foreign affairs, serving on the Foreign Relations Committee and allying himself with the powerful Sen. Arthur Vandenberg (Republican, Michigan), who supported U.S. involvement in the United Nations, the Truman Doctrine, and the Marshall Plan. Lodge also tried to change his party's domestic policies. In a widely read Atlantic Monthly article of March 1950 entitled "Modernize the G. O. P." he rejected his earlier views by rebuking his cohorts for their image as a "rich man's club, " which was "a haven for reactionaries."

Mixed Success at Presidential Politics

The following year he put his new ideology into action by joining forces with Gov. Thomas E. Dewey and others to draft Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower as the Republican presidential nominee. The front-runner at the time was Sen. Robert A. Taft (Republican, Ohio), and although Lodge succeeded in nominating and electing the popular "Ike, " he alienated the "mossbacks, " as he called the conservative faction of his party. He spent so much of his time on Eisenhower's campaign at the expense of his own that he lost his Senate seat to John F. Kennedy. Consequently, Eisenhower first appointed Lodge head of his transition team and then as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, which made him a cabinet member.

Lodge's years at the United Nations were eventful, and he maintained a high profile as a major figure in such dramatic crises as the Suez Canal and Hungary in 1956. His high visibility was also a result of his bare-knuckle responses to Soviet attacks. When Nikita Khrushchev toured the United States in the autumn of 1959 Lodge acted as his escort. All this publicity made him a strong contender for the vice-presidential nomination the following year, and Richard Nixon did choose him over several others. Lodge proved a popular campaigner, by some accounts drawing larger crowds than Nixon.

After the Republican defeat by a narrow margin, Lodge joined TIME as a consultant. Several months later he was asked by Secretary of State Dean Rusk to head the Atlantic Institute, a non-profit organization to promote Euro-American cooperation. From this experience came Partnership for Progress: A Program for Transatlantic Action (1963). When Lodge presented a copy to John F. Kennedy shortly after its publication, the president asked him to serve as U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam. Lodge arrived in Saigon in August 1963 and quickly persuaded Kennedy that the U.S. commitment to the Diem regime should be curtailed or withdrawn. When Lyndon B. Johnson became president, he, too, relied heavily on Lodge's advice.

An effort was made to draft Lodge for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968. Despite winning the New Hampshire primary as a write-in candidate, decisively out-polling both Barry Goldwater and Nixon, Lodge did not resign his position, return to the United States, or actively campaign. Consequently, the boom for his candidacy collapsed, after which he did resign and return.

He did not actively campaign for the Goldwater ticket. Thus he did not alienate President Johnson, and six months later L.B.J. asked Lodge to return to his old post in Saigon. He endorsed Johnson's troop escalation and bombing of the North, but he did not believe in an exclusively military solution. "If you win the people over … the war is over."

Lodge hailed the election in September 1966 - and the 80 percent turnout - as a significant indicator of American progress. He also promoted various collective efforts for a political solution in Vietnam. After the collapse of several international attempts to find a political solution in Vietnam, Lodge left Saigon in June 1967. After a year as ambassador-at-large he accepted an appointment as ambassador to West Germany. The next year President Nixon made him his personal representative, first to the Paris meetings on Vietnam and then to the Vatican, which he visited occasionally until 1977.

A Changed View of Republicanism

During these years he published two memoirs, The Storm Has Many Eyes (1973) and As It Was (1976). Both of these works reveal the changes that had occurred in his thinking since his first publication 40 years earlier. On the Republican Party he said, "In becoming a Republican, I thought I was joining something affirmative, evolutionary, and idealistic which demanded sacrifice and generosity - not a party which said no to all proposals for change." On U.S. foreign policy he advocated collective security - a noticeable move away from his earlier and inherited isolationism - but he still showed signs of his old elitism by calling for policy-making by knowledgeable insiders. As for the United Nations, he thought that the ten elected seats in the Security Council should be rotated among the larger states and that Japan should be a permanent member.

On the domestic front Lodge spoke fervently of the merits of drafting presidential candidates. This, he thought, would greatly increase the peoples' trust in government by reducing the influence which special interests had over the process. He also endorsed the idea of limiting senators to two terms (12 years total) and representatives to three terms of four years each (12 years total). Overall, he maintained his near obsession with the need for America to be and to stay strong, and he meant a good deal more than missiles and Marines. He meant, as he told the West Point graduating class of 1959, the strength which comes from living in terms of a code based on the spirit "which wants above all to get the job done; which does not ignore danger but refuses to take counsel of its fears (and) which is (not) interested in getting the credit for what has been achieved, or in getting the perquisites of rank." In short, a code based on "selflessness and striving." Hence, it is not surprising that Lodge kept physically fit all of his life and spent his final years occasionally lecturing at colleges near his seaside home in Beverly, Massachusetts, not far from where he was born.

Further Reading

The bibliography on Lodge is extensive. In addition to his own works - Cult of Weakness (1932), The Storm Has Many Eyes (1973), and As It Was (1976) - which are the best source for his own thinking, the most extensive biography is William J. Miller, Henry Cabot Lodge (1967), but it excludes the last 15 years of his life. For a relatively full account of Lodge's U.N. years see Seymour M. Finger, Your Man at the U.N. (1980).

Quotes:

"This organization is created to prevent you from going to hell. It isn't created to take you to heaven."

"I have loved but one flag and I can not share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league."

Henry Cabot Lodge
United States Senator from Massachusetts
In office January 3, 1937 – February 3, 1944
Preceded by	Marcus A. Coolidge
Succeeded by	C. Sinclair Weeks
In office January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by	David I. Walsh
Succeeded by	John F. Kennedy
United States Ambassador to the United Nations
In office 1953 – 1960
President	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by	Warren R. Austin
Succeeded by	James J. Wadsworth
United States Ambassador to South Vietnam
In office 1965 – 1967
President	Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded by	Maxwell D. Taylor
Succeeded by	Ellsworth Bunker
United States Ambassador to West Germany
In office 1968 – 1969
President	Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon
Preceded by	George C. McGhee
Succeeded by	Kenneth Rush
Born	July 5, 1902(1902-07-05) Nahant, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	February 27, 1985 (aged 82) Beverly, Massachusetts
Nationality	American
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Emily Sears
Children	George Cabot Lodge II Henry Sears Lodge
Alma mater	Harvard University
Religion	Episcopalian
Military service
Service/branch	United States Army
Rank	Lieutenant Colonel
Battles/wars	World War II

Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (July 5, 1902 – February 27, 1985) was a Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts and a U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Vietnam and the Vatican (as Representative). He was the Republican nominee for Vice President in the 1960 Presidential election.

Contents 1 Early life and career 1.1 Senator 1.2 World War II 1.3 Return to the Senate and the drafting of Eisenhower 1.4 Ambassador to the United Nations 1.5 The 1960 Vice Presidential campaign 1.6 Ambassador to South Vietnam 1.7 "Walking for President" 1.8 Later career 2 Personal life 3 Family 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Early life and career

Lodge was born in Nahant, Massachusetts. He came from a prominent political and artistic family in Massachusetts. He was the son of the poet George Cabot Lodge and Mathilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen (Davis) Lodge. He was the grandson of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and when his father died in 1909, the senator would play an important role in raising him. He was also the great-great-great-grandson of Senator George Cabot, and the nephew of Congressman Augustus Peabody Gardner.^[1] He attended Middlesex School, graduating in 1920. After graduating from Harvard University cum laude in 1924, and working in the newspaper business, he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1931.

Senator

Henry Cabot Lodge Jr was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican in November 1936. He defeated Governor James Michael Curley in an open Senate contest.

World War II

Lodge served with distinction during the war, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. During the war he saw two tours of duty: The first in 1942, while also serving as a U.S. Senator, and the second in 1944-45 after resigning from the Senate.

The first period was a continuation of Lodge's longtime service as an Army Reserve Officer. Lodge was a major in the 1st Armored Division, a tank unit based in North Africa that was fighting with British tank troops in Egypt and Libya.^[2] In that position Lodge observed the first U.S. armed forces that made actual contact with the Germans on land.^[3] That tour ended in July 1942, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered congressmen serving in the military to resign one of the two positions, and Lodge, who chose to remain in the Senate, was ordered by Secretary of War Henry Stimson to return to Washington.^[3]

After returning to Washington and winning re-election in November 1942, Lodge served the first year of his new Senate term, but then resigned his Senate seat on February 3, 1944 in order to return to active duty,^[4] the first U.S. Senator to do so since the Civil War. He saw action in Italy and France. Promoted to a lieutenant colonel, in the fall of 1944 Lodge singlehandedly captured a four-man German patrol.^[5] By March 1945 he was decorated with the French Legion of Honor and Croix de Guerre with palm.^[6] At the end of the war in 1945 he served as a liaison and interpreter to U.S. Sixth Army commander General Jacob Devers in Devers' surrender negotiations with the German forces in western Austria.

After the war Lodge returned to Massachusetts and resumed his political career.

Return to the Senate and the drafting of Eisenhower

In 1946 Lodge defeated Democratic Senator David I. Walsh and returned to the U.S. Senate. He soon emerged as a spokesman for the moderate, internationalist wing of the Republican Party. In late 1951, Lodge began to court General Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for the Republican presidential nomination. When Eisenhower finally consented, Lodge served as his campaign manager and played a key role in helping Eisenhower to win the nomination over Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, the candidate of the party's conservative faction.

In the fall of 1952 Lodge found himself fighting in a tight race for re-election with John F. Kennedy, then a Congressman from Massachusetts. Due to his efforts in helping Eisenhower, Lodge had neglected his own Senate campaign. In addition, some of Taft's supporters in Massachusetts were angered when Lodge supported Eisenhower, and they defected to Kennedy's campaign.^[7] In November 1952 Lodge was narrowly defeated by Kennedy; Lodge received 48.5% of the vote to Kennedy's 51.5%. This was neither the first nor last time the Lodges faced the Kennedys in a Massachusetts election: In 1916 Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. had defeated Kennedy's grandfather John F. Fitzgerald for the same Senate seat, and Lodge's son, George C. Lodge, was defeated in his bid for the seat by Kennedy's brother Ted in the 1962 election for John F. Kennedy's unexpired term.

Ambassador to the United Nations

In February 1953, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr was named U.S. ambassador to the United Nations by President Eisenhower, with his office elevated to Cabinet level rank. In contrast to his grandfather (who had been a principal opponent of the UN's predecessor, the League of Nations), Lodge was supportive of the UN as an institution for promoting peace. As he famously said about it, "This organization is created to prevent you from going to hell. It isn't created to take you to heaven."^[8] Since that time, no one has even approached his record of seven years as ambassador to the UN. During his time as UN Ambassador, Lodge supported the Cold War policies of the Eisenhower Administration, and often engaged in debates with the UN representatives of the Soviet Union. In 1959 he escorted Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev on a highly-publicized tour of the United States.

The 1960 Vice Presidential campaign

Lodge left the ambassadorship during the election of 1960 to run for Vice President on the Republican ticket headed by Richard Nixon. The duo lost the election to Lodge's old foe, Kennedy, in a razor-thin vote. Nixon chose Lodge as his running mate in the hope that Lodge's presence on the ticket would force Kennedy to divert time and resources to securing his Massachusetts base, but Kennedy won his home state handily. Nixon also felt that the name Lodge had made for himself in the United Nations as a foreign-policy expert would prove useful against the relatively inexperienced Kennedy. The choice of Lodge proved to be controversial, as some conservative Republicans charged that Lodge had cost the ticket votes, particularly in the South, by his pledge (made without Nixon's approval) that as President, Nixon would name at least one African-American to a cabinet post.

Between 1961 and 1962 he was the first director-general of the Atlantic Institute.

Ambassador to South Vietnam

See also: Xa Loi Pagoda raids, Cable 243, Krulak Mendenhall mission, McNamara Taylor mission, and Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem

Kennedy appointed Lodge to the position of Ambassador to South Vietnam, which he held from 1963 to 1964. The new ambassador quickly determined that Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Republic of Vietnam, was both inept and corrupt, and that South Vietnam was headed for disaster unless Diem either reformed his administration or was replaced. But while the coup toppled the Diem regime, it sparked a rapid succession of leaders in Vietnam, each unable to rally and unify their people, and each in turn overthrown by someone new. As the situation in the region deteriorated, Lodge suggested to the State Department that South Vietnam be made to relinquish its independence, and it be made a protectorate of the United States so as to bring governmental stability. The alternatives, he warned, were either increased military involvement by the U.S., or else total abandonment of South Vietnam by America.

"Walking for President"

Lodge won three primaries as a "write-in" candidate without making any public appearances

In 1964, Lodge, while still Ambassador to South Vietnam, was the surprise write-in victor of the Republican New Hampshire primary, defeating declared presidential candidates Barry Goldwater and Nelson Rockefeller.^[9] His entire campaign was organized by a small band of political amateurs working independently of the ambassador, and Lodge, believing they had little hope of winning him any delegates, did nothing to aid their efforts. But when they scored the New Hampshire upset, Lodge, along with the press and Republican Party leaders, suddenly began to seriously consider his candidacy. Many observers remarked on the situation's similarity to 1952, when Eisenhower had unexpectedly defeated Senator Robert A. Taft, then leader of the Republican Party's conservative faction. However, Lodge (who refused to become an open candidate) did not fare as well in later primaries, and Goldwater ultimately won the nomination.

Later career

He was re-appointed ambassador to South Vietnam by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965, and served thereafter as Ambassador at Large (1967-1968) and Ambassador to West Germany (1968-1969). In 1969, he was appointed by President Richard Nixon to serve as head of the American team at the Paris peace negotiations, and he served as Special Envoy to the Vatican from 1970 to 1977.

Personal life

On July 1 1926, Lodge married Emily E. Sears (born July 15, 1905 and died on June 6 1992 as the remarried Emily Clark). They had two sons, George Cabot Lodge, who was born in 1927 and Henry Sears Lodge, born in 1930.^[10] He was also a member of the Grand Lodge of A.F.and A. M of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Lodge died in 1985 and was interred in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Family

• Henry Cabot Lodge was his grandfather
• George Cabot was a great-great-great grandfather
• John Davis was a great-great grandfather
• Elijah Hunt Mills was a great-great grandfather
• John Davis Lodge was a brother
• Augustus P. Gardner was an uncle

See also

World War II portal

• List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines

References

1. ^ The Political Graveyard accessed 2007-07-06
2. ^ "Into the Funnel," Time Magazine, 1942-07-42.
3. ^ ^{a b} "For Services Rendered," Time Magazine, 1942-07-20.
4. ^ "Lodge in the Field," Time Magazine, 1944-02-14.
5. ^ "People," Time Magazine, 1944-10-09.
6. ^ "Reservations," Time Magazine, 1945-03-19.
7. ^ Whalen, Thomas J. (2000). Kennedy versus Lodge: the 1952 Massachusetts Senate race. Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-462-2. 
8. ^ Bartleby, Simpson’s Contemporary Quotations, compiled by James B. Simpson. 1988, news summaries January 28, 1954
9. ^ Union-Leader: Lodge's write-in victory
10. ^ MHS Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Photographs II, ca. 1880-1979 : Guide to the Photograph Collection

External links

• Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• The Papers of Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

United States Senate
Preceded by Marcus A. Coolidge	Senator from Massachusetts (Class 2) 1937 – 1944 Served alongside: David I. Walsh	Succeeded by Sinclair Weeks
Preceded by David I. Walsh	Senator from Massachusetts (Class 1) 1947 – 1953 Served alongside: Leverett Saltonstall	Succeeded by John F. Kennedy
Party political offices
Preceded by Richard M. Nixon	Republican Party Vice Presidential nominee 1960	Succeeded by William E. Miller
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Warren R. Austin	U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations 1953 – 1960	Succeeded by James J. Wadsworth
Preceded by Frederick Nolting	U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam 1963 – 1964	Succeeded by Maxwell D. Taylor
Preceded by Maxwell D. Taylor	U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam 1965 – 1967	Succeeded by Ellsworth Bunker
Preceded by George C. McGhee	U.S. Ambassador to West Germany 1968 – 1969	Succeeded by Kenneth Rush
Awards and achievements
Preceded by John Foster Dulles	Sylvanus Thayer Award recipient 1960	Succeeded by Dwight D. Eisenhower

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v • d • e United States presidential election, 1960 Democratic Party 1960 Democratic National Convention Candidates Barnett · Brown · DiSalle · Fisher · Humphrey · Johnson · Kennedy · Meyner · Morse · Smathers · Stevenson · Symington VP Candidates Jackson • Johnson • Symington Republican Party 1960 Republican National Convention Candidates Goldwater · Nixon · Rockefeller VP Candidates Halleck • Lodge • Rockefeller

v • d • e United States presidential election, 1964 Democratic Party 1964 Democratic National Convention Candidates Brewster · Brown · Johnson · Kennedy · Randolph · Reynolds · Wallace · Welsh · Yorty VP Candidates Dodd · Humphrey · Kennedy · McCarthy Republican Party 1964 Republican National Convention Candidates Fong · Goldwater · Lodge · Nixon · Rhodes · Rockefeller · Scranton · Stassen VP Candidates Miller

v • d • e Buddhist crisis Events Hue Vesak shootings · Hue chemical attacks · Self-immolation of Thich Quang Duc · Double Seven Day scuffle · Xa Loi Pagoda raids · 1963 South Vietnamese coup (reaction) · Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem Policy Joint Communique · Cable 243 · Krulak Mendenhall mission · McNamara Taylor mission Political or religious figures Ngo Dinh Diem · Ngo Dinh Nhu · Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu · Ngo Dinh Can · Ngo Dinh Thuc · Nguyen Ngoc Tho · Nguyen Dinh Thuan · Bui Van Luong · Vu Van Mau · Buu Hoi · Tran Van Chuong · Thich Tri Quang · Thich Quang Duc · Thich Tinh Khiet · Thich Thien Hoa · Frederick Nolting · Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. · Maxwell D. Taylor · Robert McNamara · Victor H. Krulak · Joseph Mendenhall · William Trueheart · Roger Hilsman · Averell Harriman · Michael Forrestal  · John F. Kennedy Military figures Duong Van Minh · Tran Van Don · Ton That Dinh · Le Van Kim · Nguyen Van Thieu · Pham Ngoc Thao · Tran Kim Tuyen · Tran Thien Khiem · Nguyen Huu Co · Huynh Van Cao · Do Mau · Do Cao Tri · Nguyen Khanh · Nguyen Van Nhung · Le Quang Tung · ARVN Special Forces · Lucien Conein Journalists David Halberstam · Malcolm Browne · Peter Arnett · Neil Sheehan · Marguerite Higgins

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