Henry L. Stimson

For more information on Henry Lewis Stimson, visit Britannica.com.

The grandson of a New York stockbroker and son of a doctor, Stimson was educated at Phillips Andover Academy, Yale College, and the Harvard Law School. He practiced law in New York as a partner of Elihu Root, later, like him, secretary of both war and state.

Stimson's long career spanned the entire history of modern American warfare, from Indian fighting to the atomic bomb. As an undergraduate, he saw Indian warfare in Colorado. As secretary of war in the Taft administration, he visited the army posts of the Old West in the last years of their existence. He saw active service in France during World War I as an artillery officer with the American Expeditionary Forces.

In early 1902, while riding in Washington, Stimson was spotted by President Theodore Roosevelt, who jokingly ordered him to swim Rock Creek. Stimson took the order literally and nearly drowned as he forded the creek. Within a year, Teddy Roosevelt, who liked that kind of man, tapped Stimson as U.S. Attorney in New York, where he made a great record as a prosecutor.

Appointed secretary of war by President Taft, Stimson helped to modernize the army's structure, ending the isolation of the privileged staff corps. His reforms infuriated conservatives, led by the adjutant general, Maj. Gen. Fred C. Ainsworth, who called Stimson and his supporters, in writing, “incompetent amateurs.” After consulting Root, who said when a man pulls your nose you must hit him, Stimson fired Ainsworth for gross insubordination.

Stimson ran unsuccessfully for governor of New York in 1910; then, after the war, practiced law in New York until he was asked by Coolidge to impose a settlement in Nicaragua and in 1927 to serve as governor general of the Philippines. As Herbert C. Hoover's secretary of state, he was involved in the London Naval Conference of 1930 and in the 1931–32 Manchuria crisis, in which he formulated the “Stimson Doctrine” of nonrecognition of conquered countries.

He was prominent among the internationalist Republicans who argued for American “preparedness” in the late 1930s. In 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him secretary of war. Stimson worked closely with Gen. George C. Marshall and assembled an able team of civilian advisers, including Robert C. Lovett and John J. McCloy. He helped to steer through the decision to give first priority to the war in Europe; he also presided over the Manhattan Project, which built the atomic bomb.

Although he chaired the meetings at which the decision to use the bomb was taken, after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Stimson had second thoughts. At his last cabinet meeting in September 1945 he argued that the United States should enter into an agreement with the Soviet Union to control the use of nuclear weapons.

[See also Nicaragua, U.S. Military Involvement in; Philippines, U.S. Military Involvement in; World War II: Domestic Course.]

Bibliography

• Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War, 1948.
• Elting E. Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, 1960.
• Godfrey Hodgson, The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry L. Stimson, 1990

Stimson, Henry L. (1867-1950) secretary of war. After graduating from the Harvard Law School, Stimson, a New Yorker, practiced law with the law firm of Elihu Root and became active in local Republican politics. He served for three years as U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York and, in 1910, ran as President Theodore Roosevelt's choice for the New York governorship, but his stiff manner caused him to lose the race decisively. He served as secretary of war in the cabinet of President William H. Taft, where he supported increased government oversight of business, and, in 1915 returned to his law practice. Despite his age, he volunteered for service in World War I and fought in France; he then again returned to his practice. In 1927 he negotiated a truce in the civil war in Nicaragua (which ultimately failed); in 1928 he was governor general of the Philippines. In 1929 President Herbert Hoover named him secretary of state. When Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, he proclaimed what became known as the Stimson Doctrine, which rejected any treaty or agreement brought about by aggression, but the Doctrine had little effect on the course of events. He returned to his law practice in 1932 but returned to government in 1940 when President Franklin D. Roosevelt, hoping to silence Republican critics of his war policy, invited him to become secretary of war. Stimson instituted a selective service system and supported U.S. moves to strengthen Britain against Germany; he also recommended the internship of 100, 000 Japanese-Americans whom he considered threats to national security. Stimson headed the Manhattan Project, the secret plan to develop an atomic bomb, and approved the bomb's use in Japan in 1945. He opposed the deindustrialization of postwar Germany, fearing it would weaken all Europe and breed resentment.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

The American lawyer and statesman Henry Lewis Stimson (1867-1950) was twice secretary of war and once secretary of state.

Henry Stimson was born on Sept. 21, 1867, in New York City of a family of substantial means. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, Yale University (class of 1888), and Harvard Law School (class of 1891). He then joined one of the most prestigious law firms in New York.

Stimson became a highly successful lawyer and a rich man, but he was deeply interested in public affairs. From 1906 to 1909, as U.S. district attorney in New York, he distinguished himself by his energy in carrying out the trust-busting policies of President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1910 Roosevelt persuaded him to run for the governorship of New York. Never very impressive as a public speaker, and handicapped by the nationwide reaction against the Republican party, to which he belonged, Stimson lost. From 1911 to 1913 he was secretary of war in the administration of President William Howard Taft. Never one to avoid responsibility, he worked to improve the armed services under his control. In private life from 1913 to 1917, he enlisted in the Army with the coming of World War I, serving briefly in France.

In 1927 President Calvin Coolidge appointed Stimson to a mission to Nicaragua. He helped bring the civil war there to a conclusion and laid the foundations for what came to be known as the good-neighbor policy toward Latin America. From December 1927 to March 1929 he served a brilliantly successful term as governor general of the Philippines.

Stimson was secretary of state in the administration of President Hoover from 1929 to 1933. Stimson faced a multitude of vexing problems, made more difficult by strained relations with the President, who in many ways wanted to be his own secretary. Most important was the situation in the Far East. In 1931 the Japanese army began conquering the Chinese province of Manchuria (hitherto under a limited Japanese occupation) and set up a puppet regime. The League of Nations attempted to arrest the aggression without result. Stimson, unable to cooperate with the League, addressed identical notes to Japan and China declaring that the United States did not intend to "admit the legality of any situation or recognize any treaty or agreement which violated the rights of the United States or of the Republic of China." This later became known as the Stimson Doctrine, but it was ineffectual in ending the dispute.

In 1933 Stimson resumed his law practice. When the Democrats came to power, President Franklin Roosevelt appointed him secretary of war in 1940. Though Stimson was a Republican, he accepted and brilliantly administered the War Department. He chose remarkable lieutenants and must be credited with a great accomplishment. He had a part in developing and launching the atomic bomb. His critics have alleged that he took insufficient measures to warn the American Army leaders at Pearl Harbor before the Japanese attack. He resigned as secretary in 1945 and died in Huntington, Long Island, on Oct. 20, 1950. Few men have ever served the U.S. government more usefully or with greater devotion.

Further Reading

Stimson's account of his activities, written with McGeorge Bundy, is On Active Service in Peace and War (1948). Studies of Stimson are Richard N. Current, Secretary Stimson: A Study in Statecraft (1954), and Elting E. Morison, Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson (1960).

Additional Sources

Hodgson, Godfrey, The colonel: the life and wars of Henry Stimson, 1867-1950, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992.

(1867-1950), statesman. Stimson served in high government positions from the administration of Theodore Roosevelt to that of Harry S. Truman. President William Howard Taft appointed him secretary of war, Herbert Hoover made him secretary of state, and on the eve of World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt reappointed him secretary of war, correctly believing that his reputation for integrity and his Republican party affiliation would help build support for the war effort.

Whether inspecting water projects in the California wilderness or administering the largest military expansion in U.S. history, Stimson combined rugged individualism with the urbanity of a Wall Street lawyer educated at Yale and Harvard. Like his mentor, Elihu Root, he was a conservative modernizer striving to stabilize American capitalism through regulation "in the public interest." The idea of a neutral public interest was a distinguishing trait of his philosophy whether he was governing the Philippines, as he did in the twenties, or agonizing over the implications of the atomic bomb.

Stimson's close friend President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him to his first public office, U.S. attorney in New York City. During this time, he made fundamental, but little-known, contributions to the strengthening of federal power and the reshaping of American capitalism. He created the first modern, professional federal prosecutor's office, which engaged in high-profile enforcement of trade regulation laws. Among the bright young lawyers he brought into public life was Felix Frankfurter, who later ascended to the Supreme Court.

As secretary of state at the beginning of the Great Depression, Stimson hoped to maintain American power without resorting to war. Though a strong partisan of army reform and military preparedness prior to both world wars, he energetically negotiated arms limitation treaties and took a hard line against perceived violations of international law, such as the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. Under the Stimson Doctrine the United States refused to recognize any territorial change effected by conquest, but lacking British support, the doctrine remained a paper declaration.

As Franklin D. Roosevelt's secretary of war, Stimson had his greatest impact on American life. During the pre-Pearl Harbor days of World War II he worked closely with Chief of Staff George C. Marshall to secure congressional approval for conscription, promote the growth of war industries, and reorganize the War Department, a necessity in a military establishment about to expand to 12 million men and women.

Stimson valued technological innovation. He pushed for the development of radar and played a central role in the administration of atomic bomb development. When Roosevelt died, Stimson was the person who informed Truman of the existence of the weapon. Though Stimson never doubted that atomic weapons should be used against Japan, he vetoed the selection of the old imperial capital of Kyoto as the first target, arguing that destruction of a major cultural treasure would violate the norms of civilized behavior.

A committed internationalist, Stimson favored an early sharing of atomic technology with other nations, including the Soviet Union, with the objective of limiting further military development of the technology. In the Truman cabinet, he fought against punitive treatment of Germany and Japan. Stimson envisioned a stable, American-dominated postwar order that would permit free trade throughout the world.

Bibliography:

Elting E. Morison, Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson (1960); Henry Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (1948).

Author:

Jonathan Soffer

Henry Lewis Stimson was a lawyer and a distinguished public servant, occupying key posts in the administrations of five presidents between 1911 and 1945. As secretary of state, he sought disarmament, while as secretary of war he advocated the use of the atomic bomb against Japan in World War II.

Stimson was born on September 21, 1867, in New York City. He earned a bachelor's degree from Yale in 1888, a master's degree from Harvard University in 1889, and a bachelor of laws degree from Harvard in 1890. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1891 and joined the law firm headed by Elihu Root, a prominent attorney and influential figure in the Republican party.

In 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Stimson U.S. attorney for the southern district of New York. He left the post in 1909 to run as the Republican nominee for governor of New York. Although he lost the 1910 election, his stock continued to rise. President William Howard Taft named Stimson secretary of war in 1911, a position he held until the end of the Taft administration in 1913. He then returned to his New York law practice.

Stimson did not reenter public service until 1927, when President Calvin Coolidge named him governor of the Philippine Islands. In 1929 President Herbert Hoover elevated Stimson to secretary of state, a position that put him on the world stage. As secretary, Stimson sought to continue the policy of military disarmament, participating in the London Naval Conference of 1930.

Following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Stimson wrote a diplomatic note to both China and Japan, informing them that the United States would not recognize territorial or other changes made in violation of U.S. treaty rights. The "Stimson Doctrine" was invoked as the rationale for successive economic embargoes against Japan during the 1930s.

With the election of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, in 1932, Stimson returned to his law practice and private life. By the end of the 1930s, however, with the growing belligerence of Germany and Japan, Stimson emerged as an opponent of U.S. isolationist policies. When World War II began in 1939, Stimson became a leading member of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, urging the U.S. government to provide aid to Great Britain and France.

President Roosevelt, who also sought to help the Allies, appointed Stimson secretary of war in 1940. By appointing a Republican to this key post, Roosevelt strengthened bipartisan support for his foreign policy. Stimson remained secretary of war during World War II and received praise for his quiet but firm administration of the war effort.

In 1945, acting as chief presidential adviser on atomic programs, Stimson directed the Manhattan Project, which resulted in the creation of the atomic bomb. He recommended to President Harry S Truman that atomic bombs be dropped on Japanese cities of military importance. Truman followed his advice, ordering the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that brought a swift end to World War II. Stimson defended his recommendation, arguing that the bombings ended the war quickly and therefore saved more lives than were lost.

Stimson left office in September 1945. He published his autobiography, On Active Service in Peace and War, in 1948. He died on October 20, 1950, in Huntington, New York.

Quotes:

"Marriage should be a duet -- when one sings, the other claps. Joe Murray The only way to make a man trustworthy is to trust him."

"The only way to make a man trustworthy is to trust him."

"The only deadly sin I know is cynicism."

"Gentlemen do not read each others mail."

Henry Lewis Stimson
United States Secretary of War
In office May 22, 1911 – March 4, 1913
President	William Howard Taft
Deputy	Robert Shaw Oliver
Preceded by	Jacob M. Dickinson
Succeeded by	Lindley M. Garrison
Governor-General of the Philippines
In office December 27, 1927 – February 23, 1929
Deputy	Eugene Allen Gilmore
Appointed by	Calvin Coolidge
Preceded by	Leonard Wood (acting)
Succeeded by	Eugene Allen Gilmore (acting)
United States Secretary of State
In office March 28, 1929 – March 4, 1933
President	Herbert Hoover
Deputy	Joseph P. Cotton (1929-1931) William R. Castle, Jr. (1931-1933)
Preceded by	Frank B. Kellogg
Succeeded by	Cordell Hull
United States Secretary of War
In office July 10, 1940 – September 21, 1945
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt (1940-1945) Harry S. Truman (1945)
Deputy	Robert P. Patterson (1940) John J. McCloy (1941-1945)
Preceded by	Harry Hines Woodring
Succeeded by	Robert P. Patterson
Born	September 21, 1867(1867-09-21) New York City
Died	October 20, 1950 (aged 83) Long Island, New York
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Mabel White Stimson
Alma mater	Yale College Harvard Law School
Profession	Lawyer, Diplomat, Administrator
Religion	Presbyterian

Henry L. Stimson

Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, who served as Secretary of War, Secretary of State and Governor-General of the Philippines. A conservative Republican, he is best known for managing the U.S. military as Secretary of War during World War II.

Contents 1 Early career 2 Secretary of War (1st term) 3 World War I 4 Nicaragua and Philippines 5 Secretary of State 6 Secretary of War (2nd term) 7 Death 8 See also 9 References 10 Primary sources 11 External links

Early career

Born to a wealthy New York family long involved in Republican Party politics, he was educated at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where a dormitory is named and dedicated to him, and at Yale College (BA 1888), where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa^[1] and Skull and Bones, a secret society that afforded many contacts for the rest of his life. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1890 and joined the prestigious Wall Street law firm of Root and Clark in 1891, becoming a partner two years later. Elihu Root, a future Secretary of War and Secretary of State, became a major influence on and role model for Stimson^[2].

In 1893, Stimson married Mabel Wellington White, a great-great granddaughter of American founding father Roger Sherman and the sister of Elizabeth Selden Rogers. They had no children.

In 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Stimson U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. Here he made a distinguished record prosecuting antitrust cases. Stimson was defeated as Republican candidate for Governor of New York in 1910.

Secretary of War (1st term)

In 1911, resident William Howard Taft appointed Stimson Secretary of War. He continued the reorganization of the Army begun by Elihu Root, improving its efficiency prior to its vast expansion in World War I. In 1914, follwiing the accession of President Woodrow Wilson, Stimson left office.

World War I

Following the outbreak of World War I] in 1914, he was one of eighteen officers selected by former President Theodore Roosevelt to raise a volunteer infantry division, Roosevelt's World War I volunteers, for service in France in 1917.^[3] The U.S. Congress gave Roosevelt the authority to raise up to four divisions similar to the Rough Riders of 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment and to the British Army 25th (Frontiersmen) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers; however, as Commander-in-chief, President Woodrow Wilson refused to make use of the volunteers and the unit disbanded. Stimson went on to serve the regular U.S. Army in France as an artillery officer, reaching the rank of Colonel in August 1918.

Nicaragua and Philippines

In 1927, Stimson was sent by President Calvin Coolidge to Nicaragua for civil negotiations. Stimson wrote that Nicaraguans "were not fitted for the responsibilities that go with independence and still less fitted for popular self-government". Later, after he'd been appointed Governor-General of the Philippines (succeeding General Leonard Wood), an office he held from 1927 to 1929, he opposed Filipino independence for the same reason.

Secretary of State

Stimson returned to the cabinet in 1929, when President Herbert Hoover appointed him Secretary of State. Both served until 1933.

From 1930 to 1931 Stimson was the Chairman of the U.S. delegation to the London Naval Conference. In the following year, he was the Chairman of the U.S. delegation to the Geneva Disarmament Conference. That same year, the United States issued the "Stimson Doctrine" as a result of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria: the United States refused to recognize any situation or treaty that limited U.S. treaty rights or that was brought about by aggression. Returning to private life at the end of Hoover's administration, Stimson was an outspoken advocate of strong opposition to Japanese aggression.

Secretary of War (2nd term)

After World War II had broken out in Europe, President Franklin D. Roosevelt returned Stimson, now aged 73, to his post at the head of the War Department. The Democrat President chose Stimson, a Republican, for his aggressive stance against Nazi Germany, putting him in charge of Army and Air Force. Ten days before the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Stimson entered in his diary the following statement: "how we should maneuver them [the Japanese] into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves."^[4] During the war, Stimson directed the expansion of the military, managing the conscription and training of 12 million soldiers and the purchase and transportation to battlefields of 30% of the nation's industrial output.^{[citation needed]}

As Secretary of war, Stimson also was in charge of the development of the atomic bomb, with direct supervision over General Leslie Groves, head of the Manhattan Project. Both Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman followed Stimson's advice on every aspect of the bomb, and Stimson overruled the military when needed.^[5]. Stimson was responsible for removing Kyoto from the military's targeting list for the atomic bomb, as he wanted to save this cultural center which he knew from his honeymoon and further diplomatic visits.^[6] On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bombing destroyed the Japanese city of Hiroshima.

Stimson strongly opposed the Morgenthau Plan to de-industrialize and partition Germany into several smaller states.^[7] The plan also envisioned the deportation and summary imprisonment of anybody suspected of responsibility for war crimes. Initially, Roosevelt had been sympathetic to this plan, but later, due to Stimson's opposition and the public outcry when the plan was leaked, the President backtracked. Stimson thus retained overall control of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, and although the Morgenthau plan never became official policy, it did influence the early occupation. Explaining his opposition to the plan, Stimson insisted to Roosevelt that ten European countries, including Russia, depended upon Germany's export-import trade and production of raw materials and that it was inconceivable that this "gift of nature", populated by peoples of "energy, vigor, and progressiveness", should be turned into a "ghost territory" or "dust heap".

What Stimson most feared, however, was that a subsistence-level economy would turn the anger of the German people against the Allies and thereby "obscure the guilt of the Nazis and the viciousness of their doctrines and their acts". Stimson pressed similar arguments on President Harry S. Truman in the spring of 1945.^[8]

Stimson, a lawyer, insisted - against the initial wishes of both Roosevelt and Churchill - on proper judicial proceedings against leading war criminals. He and the United States Department of War drafted the first proposals for an International Tribunal, and this soon received backing from the incoming President Truman. Stimson's plan eventually led to the Nuremberg Trials of 1945-46 that have had a significant impact on the development of International Law.

Stimson resigned from office in 1945.

Death

Stimson died in October 1950 age 83 at his estate in Huntington, NY, on the north shore of Long Island. He is buried in the adjacent town of Cold Spring Harbor, in the cemetery of St. John's Church.^[9]

Stimson is remembered on Long Island with the Henry L. Stimson Middle School in Huntington Station and by a residential building on the campus of Stony Brook University. The Henry L. Stimson Center, a private research institute in Washington, DC, advocates what it says is Stimson's "practical, non-partisan approach"^[10] to international relations. The Benjamin Franklin-class ballistic missile submarine USS Henry L. Stimson (SSBN-655), and a street in Houston also was named for him.

See also

• List of U.S. political appointments that crossed party lines

References

This article includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (July 2009)

• Larry G. Gerber. "Stimson, Henry Lewis"; http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00626.html; American National Biography Online February 2000.
• Larry G. Gerber, The Limits of Liberalism: Josephus Daniels, Henry Stimson, Bernard Baruch, Donald Richberg, Felix Frankfurter and the Development of the Modern American Political Economy (1983).
• Godfrey Hodgson, The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867-1950 (1990).
• Elting E. Morison, Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson (1960).
• David F. Schmitz. Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man (2000)

Primary sources

• Stimson, Henry and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War. (1948), his memoirs

1. ^ Guide to the Papers of Henry Louis Stimson, accessed Oct 4, 2009
2. ^ see Malloy, Ch. 1, "The Education of Henry L. Stimson"
3. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore (1917). The Foes of Our Own Household. New York: George H. Doran company. pp. 347. LCCN 17025965. 
4. ^ Cumings, Bruce: "Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations" Duke (1999), p. 47.
5. ^ Malloy, Sean (2008). Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. A look at Stimson's role as the Secretary of Defense who was responsible for the oversight of the Manhattan Project; also includes brief but useful biographical information
6. ^ The Manhattan Project, Department of Energy at mbe.doe.gov
7. ^ Morgenthau-Plan
8. ^ Arnold A. Offner, "Research on American-German Relations: A Critical View" in Joseph McVeigh and Frank Trommler, eds. America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990) v2 p. 176; see also Michael R. Beschloss, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941-1945 (2002)
9. ^ http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NA.html#RBK0PFI1H
10. ^ http://www.stimson.org/about/?sn=ab2001110510

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Henry L. Stimson

• Obituary, New York Times, October 21, 1950
• Henry Stimson Center
• Hiroshima: diary excerpts
• Annotated bibliography for Henry Stimson from the Alsos Digital LIbrary
• Sherman Genealogy Including Families of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, England By Thomas Townsend Sherman

Party political offices
Preceded by Charles Evans Hughes	Republican Nominee for Governor of New York 1910	Succeeded by Job Hedges
Political offices
Preceded by Jacob M. Dickinson	United States Secretary of War 1911 – 1913	Succeeded by Lindley M. Garrison
Preceded by Eugene Allen Gilmore	Governor-General of the Philippines 1927 – 1929	Succeeded by Eugene Allen Gilmore
Preceded by Frank B. Kellogg	United States Secretary of State Served Under: Herbert Hoover 1929 – 1933	Succeeded by Cordell Hull
Preceded by Harry H. Woodring	United States Secretary of War 1940 – 1945	Succeeded by Robert P. Patterson

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v • d • e American Governors-General of the Philippines Merritt · Otis · MacArthur · Taft · Wright · Ide · Smith · Forbes · Gilbert · Harrison · Yeater · Wood · Gilmore · Stimson · Gilmore · Davis · Butte · Roosevelt · Murphy Smallcaps indicate military governors · Italics indicate acting governors

v • d • e Spanish, British and American Governor-Generals of the Philippines Histories: Philippines  · Military Spanish government (1565-1898) Spanish colonial government (1565–1761) Legazpi  · Lavezaris  · Sande  · Ronquillo de Peñalosa  · Ronquillo  · de Vera  · G. Dasmariñas  · de Rojas  · L. Dasmariñas  · Tello de Guzmán  · Bravo de Acuña  · Téllez de Almanza  · Vivero  · Juan de Silva  · Alcaraz  · Fajardo de Entenza  · Jeronimo de Silva  · Fernándo de Silva  · Tabora  · Salamanca  · Hurtado de Corcuera  · Diego Fajardo  · Manrique de Lara  · Salcedo  · de la Peña Bonifaz  · de León  · Coloma  · Sotomayor  · Vargas y Hurtado  · Curuzealegui  · Avila Fuertes  · Cruzat  · Zabálburu de Echevarri  · Urzua  · Torralba  · Bustamante  · de la Cuesta  · Cosio  · Valdés  · G. de la Torre  · Arrechederra  · Obando  · Arandia  · Ezpelata British occupation (1761-1764) Rojo del Rio  · Anda  · Drake1 Spanish colonial government (1764–1872) de la Torre  · Raón  · Anda  · de Sarrio  · Basco  · Sarrio  · Berenguer de Marquina  · de Aguilar y Ponce de León  · de Folgueras  · Gonzalez de Aguilar  · Gardoqui Jaraveitia  · de Folgueras  · Martínez  · Ricafort  · Enrile  · de Torres  · de Crámer  · Salazar Castillo  · García Camba  · Lardizábal  · Oraá Lecumberri  · Alcalá de la Torre  · Claveria  · Blanco  · de Urbistondo  · Montero  · Pavía  · Montero  · Crespo  · Montero  · Norzagaray  · Solano  · Dávila  · Lemery  · Valdés  · Echague  · del Solar  · de Lara  · de Sanz  · Osorio  · del Solar  · de la Gándara  · Maldonado  · Cárlos María de la Torre  · Izquierdo Pre-revolution (1872-1896) MacCrohon  · Alminos  · Valderrama  · Malcampo  · Moriones  · Arias  · Primo de Rivera  · Molíns  · Jovellar  · Molíns  · Terrero  · Molto  · Lobaton  · Wéyler  · Despujol  · Ochando  · Blanco Philippine Revolution (1896-1898) de Polavieja  · Lachambre  · Primo de Rivera  · Augustín  · Jáudenes  · Rizzo  · de los Ríos American government (1898-1946) Military government (1898-1901) Merritt  · Otis  · MacArthur Civil government (1901-1935) Taft  · Wright  · Ide  · Smith  · Forbes  · Gilbert  · Harrison  · Yeater  · Wood  · Gilmore  · Stimson  · Gilmore  · Davis  · Butte  · Roosevelt  · Murphy See also British Occupation of the Philippines  · Commonwealth of the Philippines Locations: Viceroyalty  · Spanish Empire  · Commonwealth · Malacañang Palace 1 First and last British governor-general of Manila.

v • d • e Cabinet of President William Howard Taft (1909–1913) Vice President James S. Sherman (1909–1912) · None (1912–1913) Secretary of State Philander C. Knox (1909–1913) Secretary of the Treasury Franklin MacVeagh (1909–1913) Secretary of War Jacob M. Dickinson (1909–1911) · Henry L. Stimson (1911–1913) Attorney General George W. Wickersham (1909–1913) Postmaster General Frank H. Hitchcock (1909–1913) Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer (1909–1913) Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger (1909–1911) · Walter L. Fisher (1911–1913) Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson (1909–1913) Secretary of Commerce and Labor Charles Nagel (1909–1913)

v • d • e Cabinet of President Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) Vice President Charles Curtis (1929-1933) Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg (1929) • Henry L. Stimson (1929-1933) Secretary of War James William Good (1929) • Patrick J. Hurley (1929-1933) Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon (1929-1932) • Ogden L. Mills (1932-1933) Attorney General William D. Mitchell (1929-1933) Postmaster General Walter Folger Brown (1929-1933) Secretary of the Navy Charles Francis Adams III (1929-1933) Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur (1929-1933) Secretary of the Agriculture Arthur M. Hyde (1929-1933) Secretary of Commerce Robert P. Lamont (1929-1932) • Roy D. Chapin (1932-1933) Secretary of Labor James J. Davis (1929-1930) • William N. Doak (1930-1933)

v • d • e Cabinet of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) Vice President John Nance Garner (1933–1941) • Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) • Harry S. Truman (1945) Secretary of State Cordell Hull (1933–1944) • Edward Stettinius, Jr. (1944–1945) Secretary of War George Dern (1933–1936) • Harry Hines Woodring (1936–1940) • Henry L. Stimson (1940–1945) Secretary of the Treasury William Hartman Woodin (1933–1934) • Henry Morgenthau, Jr. (1934–1945) Attorney General Homer Stille Cummings (1933–1939) • Frank Murphy (1939–1940) • Robert H. Jackson (1940–1941) • Francis Biddle (1941–1945) Postmaster General James Farley (1933–1940) • Frank Comerford Walker (1940–1945) Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson (1933–1939) • Charles Edison (1940) • Frank Knox (1940–1944) • James Forrestal (1944–1945) Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes (1933–1945) Secretary of the Agriculture Henry A. Wallace (1933–1940) • Claude R. Wickard (1940–1945) Secretary of Commerce Daniel Calhoun Roper (1933–1938) • Harry Hopkins (1939–1940) • Jesse Holman Jones (1940–1945) • Henry A. Wallace (1945) Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins (1933–1945)

v • d • e Cabinet of President Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) Vice President None (1945–1949) • Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, Jr. (1945–1945) • James F. Byrnes (1945–1947) • George C. Marshall (1947–1949) • Dean G. Acheson (1949–1953) Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson (1945–1945) • Robert P. Patterson (1945–1947) • Kenneth C. Royall (1947–1947) Secretary of Defense James Forrestal (1947–1949) • Louis A. Johnson (1949–1950) • George C. Marshall (1950–1951) • Robert A. Lovett (1951–1953) Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, Jr. (1945–1945) • Fred M. Vinson (1945–1946) • John W. Snyder (1946–1953) Attorney General Francis Biddle (1945) • Tom C. Clark (1945–1949) • J. Howard McGrath (1949–1952) • James P. McGranery (1952–1953) Postmaster General Frank C. Walker (1945) • Robert E. Hannegan (1945–1947) • Jesse M. Donaldson (1947–1953) Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal (1945–1947) Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes (1945–1946) • Julius A. Krug (1946–1949) • Oscar L. Chapman (1949–1953) Secretary of the Agriculture Claude R. Wickard (1945) • Clinton P. Anderson (1945–1948) • Charles F. Brannan (1948–1953) Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace (1945–1946) • W. Averell Harriman (1946–1948) • Charles W. Sawyer (1948–1953) Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins (1945) • Lewis B. Schwellenbach (1945–1948) • Maurice J. Tobin (1948–1953)

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