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Henry Morgenthau, Jr.

(b. New York City, 11 May 1891; d. 6 Feb. 1967) US; Secretary of the Treasury 1934 – 45 Morgenthau was the son of a German Jewish immigrant who had become a New York financier and served as US ambassador to Turkey 1913 – 16. He attended Philips Exeter Academy before entering Cornell University to study architecture. Finding this subject of little interest he left Cornell, began working with his father, became ill, and whilst recuperating in Texas became interested in agriculture. Returning to Cornell he studied agriculture for two years, 1909 – 10 and 1912 – 13, before buying a large farm on the Hudson River. During the First World War he served as a lieutenant in the US navy. After the war he returned to farming, and acquired the journal American Agriculturalist, which he published for eleven years, 1922 – 33.

Morgenthau's career in the public service began in 1929, when his farming neighbour and friend, Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Governor of New York, appointed him chairman of the Agricultural Advisory Commission. Thereafter he was appointed a member, then chairman, of Taconic State Park Commission 1929 – 31, and a member of the New York State Conservation Commission 1931. When Roosevelt became President, Morgenthau became chairman of the Federal Farm Board and was assigned the task of reorganizing the existing farm lending agencies of the government. This was accomplished in the form of the Farm Credit Administration, of which he became governor in 1933. That same year he moved to the Treasury, serving first as acting secretary, then as Under-Secretary and finally, in 1934, as Secretary of the Treasury, a post which he continued to hold until 1945.

Morgenthau is chiefly remembered for his long tenure in this post. As Secretary of the Treasury he was in charge of US finances throughout the turbulent years of the New Deal and the Second World War. On taking office he faced the formidable task of stabilizing America's monetary system in the aftermath of abandoning the Gold Standard. During the war he played a key role in the planning and operation of the Lend-Lease scheme designed to support the Allied war effort. He was also instrumental in devising the plans for the post-war monetary system that eventually emerged from Bretton Woods in 1944. When, in 1945, his somewhat bizarre plans for the enforced "pastoralization" of post-war Germany found little favour with Truman, Morgenthau became marginalized and resigned.

After retiring from public life Morgenthau turned to the task of editing his detailed and controversial diaries and records of his time in the Treasury.

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US Military History Companion: Henry Morgenthau, Jr.

(1891–1967), secretary of the treasury, 1934–45

This former Dutchess County gentleman farmer and member of a prominent New York German Jewish family was a close personal friend and political confidant of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Morgenthau was an important figure in the Roosevelt administration.

Responsible for U.S. financing of World War II, Morgenthau, as head of the Treasury Department, advocated relying on increases in the income tax to dampen inflationary pressures while raising revenue. Although he prevented a regressive national sales tax advocated by conservatives, Morgenthau faced a series of defeats in Congress over fiscal policies, especially on the income tax. He did, however, organize several highly publicized bond drives.

When the Roosevelt administration, especially the State Department, proved unresponsive to reports of systematic extermination of European Jewry by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler in 1940–43, Morgenthau and the Treasury Department proved to be one of the few federal agencies pressing for the United States to take decisive action against the Holocaust. On 16 January 1944, Morgenthau directly confronted Roosevelt with evidence of the Holocaust as well as the reluctance of the State Department to provide visas to Jewish refugees or facilitate rescue efforts by Jewish organizations in Europe. Shortly after this meeting, Roosevelt established the U.S. War Refugee Board by executive order. This body, with Morgenthau an active member, undertook a series of relief efforts, albeit limited, to aid Jewish refugees.

In 1944, Morgenthau—over the objections of the State and War Departments—forcefully advocated a harsh peace settlement. His plan called for stripping Germany of all heavy industry and partitioning the country into a series of demilitarized agricultural states. Attending the Quebec Conference in September 1944, Morgenthau prodded Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill to initial a memorandum of agreement supporting his plan. This was later reversed by Roosevelt and his successor, Harry S. Truman, after intense lobbying by the State and War Departments, which denounced the plan as both unrealistic and detrimental to U.S. interests, given the need for a European counterweight to the expanded power of the Soviet Union.

Morgenthau proved more successful in shaping the postwar international monetary system. Relying heavily on expertise of Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White, Morgenthau organized the Bretton Woods Conference of June–July 1944, which established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Shortly after Truman assumed the presidency in April 1945, Morgenthau resigned as Treasury secretary. In retirement, he became an ardent supporter of the state of Israel and active in a number of Jewish philanthropic causes.

Bibliography

John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, 3 vols., 1959–67.
David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945, 1984.
Henry Morgenthau III, Mostly Morgenthaus: A Family History, 1991

US Military Dictionary: Henry Morgenthau, Jr.

Morgenthau, Henry, Jr. (1891-1967) secretary of the treasury (1934-45), born in New York City. Morgenthau was responsible for the financing of World War II. Morgenthau's plan to increase income taxes as a means of retarding inflation did not obtain Congressional approval, but he did organize several highly publicized and successful bond drives. Morgenthau, a gentleman farmer and member of a prominent New York German family, made the Treasury Department one of the few federal agencies that pressed for the United States to take action against the Holocaust. He prevailed upon President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a close personal friend, who established the War Refugee Board by executive order. In 1944 Morgenthau advocated a harsh peace settlement, which was rejected by Roosevelt and his successor, Harry S. Truman. That same year, however, he had a significant impact on the postwar international monetary system through his organization of the Bretton Woods Conference, which established the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later the World Bank). Morgenthau resigned shortly after Truman assumed the presidency. He devoted the remainder of his life to Jewish philanthropic causes and was an ardent supporter of the state of Israel.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

Biography: Henry Morgenthau, Jr.

Henry Morgenthau, Jr. (1891-1967), was secretary of the U.S. Treasury and a longtime confidant and adviser to President Franklin Roosevelt.

Henry Morgenthau, Jr., was born in New York City on May 11, 1891, into a prosperous family of German-Jewish ancestry. The senior Morgenthau, who had become wealthy through real estate investments, was active in Democratic party affairs and in sponsoring various social welfare projects in the city. Henry Morgenthau, Jr., attended Phillips Exeter Academy and then Sachs Collegiate Institute in New York City before entering Cornell University. Morgenthau left Cornell after three semesters to recuperate from typhoid fever. He again enrolled in Cornell, this time to study agriculture. But he soon left on a trip to the Pacific Coast to investigate different kinds of farming at firsthand. When he returned more excited than ever about a career in farming, his father bought several hundred acres for him in Dutchess County in upstate New York, which in succeeding decades became a highly successful and apple-growing farm.

Morgenthau and Roosevelt

Morgenthau's friendship with Franklin Roosevelt began in 1915, when Roosevelt, hosting Morgenthau at his neighboring Dutchess County estate at Hyde Park, tried unsuccessfully to persuade the young agriculturalist to run for sheriff. The next year Morgenthau married Elinor Fatman, whom he had known since childhood. The Morgenthaus had two sons and a daughter - Henry III, Robert, and Joan - all of whom became well known in their own right.

Morgenthau's first involvement in public service came during World War I, when he helped organize agricultural production in Dutchess County and persuaded U.S. Food Administrator Herbert Hoover to transfer 1,500 tractors to France. After the war Morgenthau became increasingly active in county and state Democratic party affairs and undertook publication of an agricultural weekly in which he championed such causes as soil conservation, rural electrification, and aid to rural education.

Morgenthau worked hard to elect Roosevelt governor of New York State. In 1929, after Roosevelt's victory, he went to Albany as a member of the state agricultural commission. Following Roosevelt's reelection in 1930, Morgenthau became conservation commissioner. With Harry Hopkins, Morgenthau devised a plan for combining reforestation projects with work relief for the jobless. This became a model of its kind as unemployment skyrocketed during the early years of the Great Depression. In 1932 Morgenthau again helped Roosevelt get elected, this time to the presidency, and again Roosevelt brought Morgenthau with him to the seat of government.

New Dealer

Morgenthau wanted very much to become secretary of agriculture, but he accepted appointment as head of the Farm Credit Administration, which handled most of the New Deal's efforts to aid debt-ridden farmers. During the year and a half he remained at Farm Credit, Federal loans to farmers increased more than 10-fold.

By November 1934, when Morgenthau became secretary of the treasury, the Roosevelt administration had shifted control of money and credit from New York and private financial combines to Washington and the federal government. Always close to Roosevelt, Morgenthau now became an even more central figure in the New Deal. Basically a fiscal conservative, Morgenthau nevertheless went along with mounting federal deficits as the Roosevelt administration struggled to meet the nation's relief needs and to revive the economy. In 1937, however, Morgenthau finally persuaded Roosevelt to make substantial reductions in federal spending, a move that helped trigger the "Roosevelt recession" of the late 1930s.

Wartime Spender

Morgenthau was an early and vigorous champion of collective security arrangements to resist the growing aggressiveness of Nazi Germany. After the outbreak of World War II in Europe in the fall of 1939, Morgenthau battled within the Roosevelt administration against neutralists and "America First" military strategists to clear British and French purchases of American-made war matérial and to step up military production, especially of airplanes. Until the establishment of the Lend-Lease Program in 1941, Morgenthau managed the bulk of American aid to Great Britain.

After Pearl Harbor and America's entrance into the war, Morgenthau administered the biggest and most rapid expansion of federal expenditures in the nation's history. By 1945 total federal outlays, which had been $7.1 billion during Morgenthau's first year at the Treasury, had reached $93.7 billion. Morgenthau's main contribution to the intensifying postwar planning debate within the Roosevelt administration was the much-criticized "Morgenthau Plan," which envisioned not only the disarmament of Germany but its deindustrialization as well. It was largely President Harry Truman's disapproval of the Morgenthau Plan that prompted Morgenthau's angry resignation in July 1945.

In retirement Morgenthau devoted much of his time to philanthropic projects. He was chairman of the United Jewish Appeal (1947-1950), and in the early 1950s he was chairman of the board of the American Financial and Development Corporation for Israel, which handled a $500 million Israeli bond issue. On Feb. 6, 1967, following a succession of heart attacks, Morgenthau died at Poughkeepsie, N.Y.

Early life

Morgenthau was born to Jewish parents in New York City, the son of Henry Morgenthau Sr., a prominent real estate mogul and diplomat and Josephine Sykes. He had three sisters. He attended what is now The Dwight School. Later, he studied architecture and agriculture at Cornell University. In 1913, he met and became friends with Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. During World War I, he worked for the U.S. Farm Administration. In 1929, Roosevelt, as Governor of New York, appointed him chair of the New York State Agricultural Advisory Committee and to the state Conservation Commission.

New Deal

In 1933, Roosevelt became President and appointed Morgenthau governor of the Federal Farm Board. In 1934, when William H. Woodin resigned because of ill-health, Roosevelt appointed Morgenthau Secretary of the Treasury (an act that enraged conservatives). Morgenthau was an orthodox economist who opposed Keynesian economics and disapproved of some elements of Roosevelt's New Deal, but he was a Roosevelt loyalist and retained his office until 1945.

Fiscal responsibility

Morgenthau's signature, as used on American currency

Morgenthau believed in balanced budgets, stable currency, reduction of the national debt, and the need for more private investment. The Wagner Act regarding labor unions met Morgenthau’s requirement because it strengthened the party’s political base and involved no new spending. Morgenthau accepted Roosevelt’s double budget as legitimate–that is a balanced regular budget, and an “emergency” budget for agencies, like the WPA, PWA and CCC, that would be temporary until full recovery was at hand. He fought against the veterans’ bonus until Congress finally overrode Roosevelt’s veto and gave out $2.2 billion in 1936. His biggest success was the new Social Security program; he managed to reverse the proposals to fund it from general revenue and insisted it be funded by new taxes on employees. Morgenthau insisted on excluding farm workers and domestic servants from Social Security because workers outside industry would not be paying their way^[1].

Jewish refugees

Confronted by the Holocaust, the Anglo-American Alliance moved slowly to meet this tragedy during World War II. Refusing the initial appeal of Jewish organizations for Allied countries to deliver food and medicine to the ghettos of Europe, the British and U.S. governments argued that supplies would be diverted for the Germans' personal use or would be granted to the Jews just to free the Third Reich from its "responsibility" to feed them. A license granted in December 1942 for such shipments had minimal effect. The World Jewish Congress' subsequent plan to rescue Jews through the use of blocked accounts in Switzerland received the US Treasury Department's approval in mid-1943, but the State Department and the British Foreign Office procrastinated further. Jewish groups failed at times to measure up to the catastrophe, but it has been argued that the fundamental obligation lay with the Allied councils of war, which discriminated in their unwillingness to save a powerless European Jewry. The persistence of Morgenthau and his staff in bypassing State and ultimately confronting Roosevelt in January 1944, along with increasing calls from Congress and the public for a presidential rescue commission, resulted in the executive creation of the US War Refugee Board. The lateness of the hour and Hitler's ruthless determination to complete the murder of all the Jews of Europe made the odds for the new board's success more than questionable. In January 1944, however, Morgenthau succeeded in persuading Roosevelt to allow the creation of a War Refugee Board in the Treasury Department. This allowed an increasing number of Jews to enter the U.S. in 1944 and 1945 - as many as 200,000 Jews were saved in this way (Penkower 1980).

Hurwitz (1991) argues that in late 1943, the Treasury Department drafted a report calling for the creation of a special rescue agency for European Jewry. At the same time, several congressmen connected with the "Bergson Boys" introduced a resolution also calling for the creation of such an agency. On 16 January 1944, Morgenthau presented President Roosevelt with the Treasury report, and the president agreed to create the War Refugee Board (WRB), the first major attempt of the United States to deal with the murder of European Jewry.

In the aftermath of World War two, some have asked what was the main cause for the creation of the WRB, and whether it was the actions of Treasury, or the resolution in Congress. Those who claim that the congressional resolution was the decisive factor assert that Roosevelt feared a confrontation with Congress over this issue. However, there is no evidence that such was Roosevelt's reasoning. In truth, there are many indications that Congress in those years was both anti-refugee and passive to the plight of European Jewry. Others suggest, thus, that Roosevelt's primary motivation must have come from the Treasury Department's prompting.

Morgenthau Plan

In 1944, Morgenthau proposed the Morgenthau Plan for postwar Germany, calling for Germany to be dismembered, partitioned into separate independent states, stripped of all heavy industry and forced to return to an agrarian economy. The Morgenthau plan is by some thought to have been devised by Morganthau's deputy, Harry Dexter White. At the Second Quebec Conference on September 16 1944 U.S. President Roosevelt and Morgenthau persuaded the initially very reluctant British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to agree to the plan, likely using a $6 billion Lend Lease agreement to do so.^[2] Churchill chose however to narrow the scope of Morgenthau's proposal by drafting a new version of the memorandum, which ended up being the version signed by the two statesmen.^[3] The gist of the signed memorandum was "This programme for eliminating the war-making industries in the Ruhr and in the Saar is looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character."

The plan faced opposition in Roosevelt's cabinet, primarily from Henry L. Stimson (see also his memorandum), and the leakage of the plan to the press resulted in public criticism of Roosevelt.[1] The Presidents response to press inquiries was to deny the press reports.[2] As a consequence of the leak Morgenthau was in bad favor with the President for a time.

German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels used the leaked plan, with some success, to encourage the German people to persevere in their war efforts so that their country would not be turned into a potato field.(See also this OSS report) General George Marshall complained to Morgenthau that German resistance had strengthened.^[4] Hoping to get Morgenthau to relent on his plan for Germany, President Roosevelt's son-in-law, Lt. Colonel John Boettiger, who worked in the War Department, explained to Morgenthau how the American troops that had had to fight for five weeks against fierce German resistance to capture the city of Aachen and complained to him that the Morgenthau Plan was "worth thirty divisions to the Germans." Morgenthau refused to relent.^[5]

On May 10, 1945 Truman signed the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067. Morgenthau told his staff that it was a big day for the Treasury, and that he hoped that "someone doesn't recognize it as the Morgenthau Plan."^[6] The directive, which was in effect for over two years directed the U.S. forces of occupation to "…take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany".^[7]

In occupied Germany Morgenthau left a direct legacy through what in OMGUS commonly were called "Morgenthau boys". These were US Treasury officials whom Eisenhower had "loaned" in to the Army of occupation. These people ensured that JCS 1067 was interpreted as strictly as possible. They were most active in the first crucial months of the occupation, but continued their activities for almost two years following the resignation of Morgenthau in mid 1945 and some time later also of their leader Colonel Bernard Bernstein, who was "the repository of the Morgenthau spirit in the army of occupation".^[8] They resigned when in July 1947 JCS 1067 was replaced by JCS 1779 which instead stressed that "An orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany".

Morgenthaus legacy was also seen in the plans for preserving German disarmament by significantly reducing German economic might.^[9] (see also The industrial plans for Germany)

In October 1945 Morgenthau published a book^[10] in which he described and motivated the Morgenthau plan in great detail. FDR had granted permission for the book the evening before his death, when dining with Morgenthau at Warm Springs. Morgenthau had asked Churchill for permission to also include the text of the then still secret "pastoralization" memorandum signed by Churchill and FDR at Quebec but permission was denied.^[11] In November 1945 General Eisenhower, the Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, approved the distribution of 1000 free copies of the book to American military officials in occupied Germany. Historian Stephen Ambrose draws the conclusion that, despite Eisenhower's later claims that the act was not an endorsement of the Morgenthau plan, Eisenhower both approved of the plan and had previously given Morgenthau at least some of his ideas on how Germany should be treated.^[12]

Following his resignation, and in company of other prominent individuals such as the former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Morgenthau remained for several years an active member of the campaign group for a harsh peace for Germany. ^[13]

Bretton Woods

Morgenthau was a leading participant in the Bretton Woods Conference that established the Bretton Woods system, under which the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the precursor to the World Bank) were created. He resigned in mid-1945, when Truman became President and Morgenthau's advice was no longer sought.

Legacy

Morgenthau devoted the remainder of his life to philanthropy, and also became a financial advisor to Israel. He died in Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1967. The foot ( m) Coast Guard Cutter Morgenthau is named in his honor.

External links

Time Magazine Oct. 15, 1945 Morgenthau's Hope Reaction to the publication of Morgenthau's book "Germany is Our Problem" where he promotes the "Morgenthau Plan".
Time Magazine Sep. 22, 1967 Vengeance v. Vision Review of YEARS OF WAR, 1941-1945; FROM THE MORGENTHAU DIARIES by John Morton Blum.
U.S. Treasury - Biography of Secretary Morgenthau
Stay the Hand of Vengeance By Gary Bass

Notes

^ Julian E. Zelizer; "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933-1938." Presidential Studies Quarterly. Volume: 30. Issue: 2. 2000. pp 331+.
^ John L. Chase "The Development of the Morgenthau Plan Through the Quebec Conference" The Journal of Politics, Vol. 16, No. 2 (May, 1954), pp. 324-359
^ John L. Chase "The Development of the Morgenthau Plan Through the Quebec Conference" The Journal of Politics, Vol. 16, No. 2 (May, 1954), pp. 324-359
^ Report on the Morgenthau Diaries, p. 41ff
^ Michael R. Beschloss, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945, pg. 172-173.
^ Michael R. Beschloss, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945, pg. 233.
^ Pas de Pagaille! Time Magazine, Jul. 28, 1947.
^ Vladimir Petrov, Money and conquest; allied occupation currencies in World War II. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press (1967) pg. 228-229
^ Frederick H. Gareau "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany" The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp. 517-534
^ Germany Is Our Problem. Harper and Brothers, 1945
^ Michael Beschloss, The Conquerors, p. 250
^ Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect (1893-1952), New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983, p. 422.
^ Steven Casey ,"The campaign to sell a harsh peace for Germany to the American public, 1944–1948". History, 90 (297). pp. 62–92. (2005) ISSN 1468-229X

References

Beschloss, Michael. The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941-1945. Simon & Schuster. 2002. ISBN 0-684-81027-1. Devotes much attention to Morgenthau Plan
Hurwitz, Ariel. "The Struggle over the Creation of the War Refugee Board (WRB)" Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1991 6(1): 17-31. ISSN 8756-6583
Penkower, Monty Noam. "Jewish Organizations and the Creation of the U.S. War Refugee Board." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1980 (450): 122-139. ISSN 0002-7162 Fulltext in Jstor
Julian E. Zelizer; "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933-1938." Presidential Studies Quarterly. Volume: 30. Issue: 2. 2000. pp 331+.
Vladimir Petrov, Money and conquest; allied occupation currencies in World War II. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press (1967)

Primary sources

Blum, John Morton, ed. From the Morganthau Diaries, a 3 volume narrative of Morganthau's New Deal years (1928-45) based very closely on his diary.; abridged edition: Roosevelt and Morgenthau: A Revision and Condensation of From the Morgenthau Diaries (1972)

Preceded by William H. Woodin	United States Secretary of the Treasury 1934–1945	Succeeded by Fred M. Vinson

United States Secretaries of the Treasury

Hamilton • Wolcott • Dexter • Gallatin • Campbell • Dallas • Crawford • Rush • Ingham • McLane • Duane • Taney • Woodbury • Ewing • Forward • Spencer • Bibb • Walker • Meredith • Corwin • Guthrie • Cobb • Thomas • Dix • Chase • Fessenden • McCulloch • Boutwell • Richardson • Bristow • Morrill • Sherman • Windom • Folger • Gresham • McCulloch • Manning • Fairchild • Windom • Foster • Carlisle • Gage • Shaw • Cortelyou • MacVeagh • McAdoo • Glass • Houston • Mellon • Mills • Woodin • Morgenthau • Vinson • Snyder • Humphrey • Anderson • Dillon • Fowler • Barr • Kennedy • Connally • Shultz • Simon • Blumenthal • Miller • Regan • Baker • Brady • Bentsen • Rubin • Summers • O'Neill • Snow • Paulson

Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury

Persondata
NAME	Morgenthau, Henry, Jr.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	20th century American politician and economist
DATE OF BIRTH	May 11, 1891
PLACE OF BIRTH	New York City, United States
DATE OF DEATH	February 6, 1967
PLACE OF DEATH	Poughkeepsie, New York, United States

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