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Henry Pelham
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| British History: Henry Pelham |
Pelham, Henry (c.1696-1754). Prime minister. Pelham was 1st lord of the Treasury for over ten years (1743-54). But time has faded his reputation between the vividly coloured careers of Walpole and Pitt the Elder. Pelham's career began under the wing of his elder brother, the duke of Newcastle, who brought him into Parliament (MP for Seaford 1717-22 and Sussex 1722-54). Pelham became secretary at war in 1724 and paymaster-general in 1730, though his status, certainly in the 1730s, was higher than his offices suggest.
After Walpole's fall in 1742 he recommended Pelham as his successor to George II, who favoured Carteret, the new secretary of state for the northern department. However, in obtaining the Treasury in 1743 Pelham had a firm power base and by the end of 1744 Carteret had resigned. In February 1746, following the retreat of the Jacobites, the king considered replacing his ministers. The Pelham brothers and their many followers resigned, forcing the king to accept them back on their own terms.
Though Pelham was now thought of as ‘prime’ minister, the government was really a triumvirate of Pelham, Newcastle, and Hardwicke. Newcastle shaped foreign policy, but Pelham controlled the purse strings. Pelham pursued a policy of including as many political factions in government as possible, leading to an era of undoubted calm.
Pelham's common sense and restrained style was important in preventing excessive reprisals against the Highlanders following the Jacobite rising of 1745, in restraining Newcastle's policy of subsidy payments to allied countries during the War of the Austrian Succession, and in damping down the popular clamour that followed the bill to naturalize Jews in 1753. It was not part of his political philosophy nor his personal inclination to encourage change.
Pelham's death in 1754 surprised his colleagues and marked a decided change of pace in British politics. George II's declaration upon hearing of it, ‘Now I shall have no more peace, ’ would have seemed to Henry Pelham a high compliment.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Henry Pelham |
Pelham, Henry (pĕl'əm), 1696-1754, British statesman; brother of Thomas Pelham-Holles, duke of Newcastle. He entered Parliament in 1717 and served Sir Robert Walpole as secretary for war (1724-30) and paymaster-general (1730-43). In 1743 he became head of a Whig ministry that was to last until 1754. His administration concluded the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), ending the War of the Austrian Succession; it also reorganized and reduced the national debt and reformed (1752) the calendar.
Bibliography
See W. Coxe, Memoirs of the Administration of the Right Honourable Henry Pelham (1829, repr. 1971).
| Wikipedia: Henry Pelham |
For other persons named Henry Pelham, see Henry Pelham (disambiguation).
| The Right Honourable Henry Pelham |
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| In office 27 August 1743 – 6 March 1754 |
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| Monarch | George II |
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| Preceded by | The Earl of Wilmington |
| Succeeded by | The Duke of Newcastle |
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| In office 12 December 1743 – 6 March 1754 |
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| Monarch | George II |
| Preceded by | Samuel Sandys |
| Succeeded by | William Lee |
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| Born | 25 September 1694 Laughton, Sussex |
| Died | 6 March 1754 (aged 59) London |
| Political party | Whig |
| Alma mater | Hart Hall, Oxford |
Henry Pelham (25 September 1694 – 6 March 1754) was a British Whig statesman, who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 27 August 1743 until his death in 1754. He was the younger brother of the politician the Duke of Newcastle who succeeded him as Prime Minister.
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Career
For the first year of his premiership, real power was held by the Secretary of State for the Northern Department, Lord Carteret, who headed the Carteret Ministry (Pelham was First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons). Thereafter, he shared power with his brother, the Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. This period was relatively uneventful in terms of domestic affairs (Great Britain fought in several wars, however). Upon his death, his brother took full control of the ministry.
Early life
Pelham, Newcastle's younger brother, was a younger son of the 1st Baron Pelham of Laughton and his wife, the former Lady Grace Holles, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Clare. He was educated at Westminster and at Hart Hall, Oxford. Hertford College Oxford, the present-day incarnation of Hart Hall, still honours him in the title of its most prestigious drinking club, the Sir Henry Pelham Gentlemen's Sporting Society. As a volunteer he served in Dormer's regiment at the Battle of Preston in 1715, spent some time on the Continent, and in 1717 entered Parliament for Seaford in Sussex which he represented until 1722.
Government
Through strong family influence and the recommendation of Robert Walpole he was chosen in 1721 a Lord of the Treasury. The following year he was returned for Sussex county. In 1724 he entered the ministry as Secretary at War, but this office he exchanged in 1730 for the more lucrative one of Paymaster of the Forces. He made himself conspicuous by his support of Walpole on the question of the excise. He, Newcastle and the Prime Minister would often meet at Houghton Hall in Norfolk where they would draw up much of the country's policy. These meetings became known as the Norfolk Congress. With Walpole, he served as a founding governor of the popular charity the Foundling Hospital when it opened its doors in 1739.
Prime Minister
In 1742 a union of parties resulted in the formation of an administration in which Pelham became Prime Minister the following year, with the additional offices of First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons. The following year Carteret was forced out of the ministry and Pelham was regarded as the leading figure, but rank and influence made his brother very powerful in the Cabinet, and, in spite of a genuine attachment, there were occasional disputes between them, which led to difficulties.
Being strongly in favour of peace, Pelham carried on the War of the Austrian Succession with languor and indifferent success, but the country, wearied of the interminable struggle, was disposed to acquiesce in his foreign policy almost without a murmur. King George II, thwarted in his own favourite schemes, made overtures in 1746 to Lord Bath, but his purpose was upset by the resignation of the two Pelhams (Henry and Newcastle), who, at the King's request, resumed office.
In 1749, the Consolidation Act was passed, reorganising the Royal Navy. On 20 March 1751, the British calendar was reorganised as well (New Year's Day became 1 January); Britain would adopt the Gregorian calendar one year later. Two of Pelham's final acts were the Jew Act of 1753, which allowed Jews to become naturalized by application to Parliament, and the Marriage Act of 1753, which enumerated the minimum age of consent for marriage. Upon his death, his brother (the aforementioned Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne) took over government.
Achievements
His very defects were among the chief elements of Pelham's success, for one with a strong personality, moderate self-respect, or high conceptions of statesmanship could not have restrained the discordant elements of the cabinet for any length of time. Moreover, he possessed tact and a thorough acquaintance with the forms of the House of Commons. Whatever quarrels or insubordination might exist within the cabinet, they never broke out into open revolt. Nor can a high degree of praise be denied to his financial policy, especially his plans for the reduction of the national debt and the simplification and consolidation of its different branches.
Personal life
Pelham had married Lady Catherine Manners, daughter of the 2nd Duke of Rutland, in 1726, and one of his daughters married Henry Clinton, who by this marriage subsequently became the 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne.
Pelham's personal papers were inherited by his son-in-law and now form part of the Newcastle (Clumber) Collection held at the department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham
Titles from birth to death
- Mr. Henry Pelham (1694-1706)
- The Hon. Henry Pelham (1706-1717)
- The Hon. Henry Pelham, MP (1717-1725)
- The Rt. Hon. Henry Pelham, MP (1725-1754)
References
- Some material has been adapted from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
External links
- More about Henry Pelham on the Downing Street website.
- Biography of Henry Pelham, with links to online catalogues, on the website of Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham
| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by The Earl of Radnor |
Treasurer of the Chamber 1720 – 1722 |
Succeeded by Charles Stanhope |
| Preceded by Thomas Trevor |
Secretary at War 1724 – 1730 |
Succeeded by Sir William Strickland |
| Preceded by The Lord Wilmington |
Paymaster of the Forces 1730 – 1743 |
Succeeded by Thomas Winnington |
| Preceded by The Earl of Wilmington |
Prime Minister of Great Britain 27 August 1743 – 6 March 1754 |
Succeeded by The Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne |
| Preceded by Samuel Sandys |
Chancellor of the Exchequer 1743 – 1754 |
Succeeded by William Lee |
| Leader of the House of Commons 1743 – 1754 |
Succeeded by Thomas Robinson |
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| Parliament of Great Britain | ||
| Preceded by George Naylor William Ashburnham |
Member of Parliament for Seaford with George Naylor 1717 – 1722 |
Succeeded by Sir William Gage, Bt Sir Philip Yorke |
| Preceded by Spencer Compton James Butler |
Member of Parliament for Sussex with Spencer Compton 1722–1728 James Butler 1728–1741 Earl of Middlesex 1742–1747 John Butler 1747–1754 1722 – 1754 |
Succeeded by John Butler Thomas Pelham |
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