heresy

Dictionary: her·e·sy (hĕr'ĭ-sē) pronunciation

n., pl. -sies.

1. An opinion or a doctrine at variance with established religious beliefs, especially dissension from or denial of Roman Catholic dogma by a professed believer or baptized church member.
2. Adherence to such dissenting opinion or doctrine.
1. A controversial or unorthodox opinion or doctrine, as in politics, philosophy, or science.
2. Adherence to such controversial or unorthodox opinion.

[Middle English heresie, from Old French, from Late Latin haeresis, from Late Greek hairesis, from Greek, a choosing, faction, from haireisthai, to choose, middle voice of hairein, to take.]

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Antonyms: heresy

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Definition: unorthodoxy
Antonyms: orthodoxy

Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: heresy

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Doctrine rejected as false by religious authorities. In Christianity, the orthodox theology of the church is thought to be based on divine revelation, and heretics are viewed as perversely rejecting the guidance of the church. Numerous Christian heresies appeared from the 2nd century onwards. Early heresies included Arianism, the Monophysite heresy, Pelagianism, and Donatism. Some heresies, such as Montanism, expressed faith in a new prophet who added to the body of Christian revelation. Some types of Gnosticism were heretical branches of Christianity. The major means of combating heretics in the early church was excommunication. In the 12th – 13th century, the Inquisition was established to combat heresy, and heretics who refused to recant were often executed. In the 16th century the Protestant Reformation brought an end to the doctrinal unity of Western Christendom, and the concept of heresy became less important in the various Christian churches, though it continues to exist. The concept of heresy also exists in Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.

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Encyclopedia of Judaism: Heresy

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A belief contrary to authoritative religious teaching. Although neither the Bible nor the Talmud presents a systematic formulation of dogmas which followers of the Torah must believe, certain beliefs are integral to Judaism. These include, for example, belief in God, Revelation, and Reward and Punishment.

It was not until Maimonides (12th cent.) drew up 13 Principles of Faith that Judaism had a clearly formulated list of dogmas. Denial of any of these principles, according to Maimonides, meant that the heretic had forfeited his portion in the World to Come (Afterlife). Simeon ben Tsemaḥ Duran (1361-1444), while generally agreeing with Maimonides' formulation, argued that a person did not lose his portion in the World to Come if he denied any of the principles erroneously. If he were taught incorrectly, or came to incorrect conclusions based on his own faulty reasoning, he was not a true heretic. Various writers after Maimonides offered different formulations of basic Jewish beliefs. Most of them viewed the lists of principles as effective teaching devices or as important (but not the only) statements of Jewish faith. Isaac Abravanel and David Ibn Zimra, writing in the generation of the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, argued that each and every detail of the Torah must be maintained. The denial of any point, however small, was heresy. Ibn Zimra stated in a responsum (Vol. 1, no. 344): "My mind does not agree to designate any essential principle of our perfect Torah, because it is all essential."

The Mishnah (Sanh. 10.y:1) does classify certain heresies which cause a man to lose his portion in the World to Come. These include denial that Resurrection of the dead is taught by the Torah; denial that the Torah is from heaven; holding beliefs which make one an Epikoros. Maimonides (Yad, Teshuvah 3:8) defines an epikoros as a person who denies that God communicates with humans through prophecy; who denies the prophecy of Moses; or who denies God's knowledge of the affairs of humans. The Talmud (Sanh. 99b) defines an epikoros as one who scorns rabbinic sages or who scorns others in the presence of rabbinic sages. The Shulḥan Arukh (YD 243:6) rules that it is a great sin to humiliate or hate rabbinic scholars. One who holds the sages in contempt has no portion in the World to Come. Denigration of sages leads to the mocking of rabbinic authority---and of the halakhah which depends on rabbinic authority.

Maimonides (Yad, Teshuvah 3) defines other terms which refer to individuals who hold incorrect beliefs. A Min ("sectary") is one who denies the existence of God; or believes in more than one God; or that God is corporeal; or that God is not alone eternal; or worships stars or other objects as mediators between himself and God (cf. Sanh. 38b-39a). A mumar is one who consistently and intentionally does not observe a Torah commandment, acting as though it does not exist. A broader category of mumar includes one who abandons the Jewish religion under duress, stating that it is better to join the stronger group than to remain part of the oppressed Jewish people. A kofer is one who denies the Torah, resurrection of the dead, and the future coming of the Messiah.

In rabbinic literature, a person guilty of heresy is frequently referred to as kofer ba-ikkar, a denier of a basic principle. The term is often used generically to designate an individual whose beliefs or actions reflect disregard for the Divine origin of the Torah and for the halakhah. It is incorrectly used to denigrate someone whose opinion differs from that of the defining group---even though that person's opinion has ample support in tradition. For example, in some fundamentalist Jewish circles, the term epikoros is used for a student of secular wisdom---even though he accepts the 13 Principles of Maimonides and the other basic Jewish beliefs.

The Religion Book: Heresy

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When religions, especially in the case of historical Christianity, have established doctrines or dogmas that they insist must be accepted as true, people who don't accept them are declared heretical or heretics. They are guilty of heresy, or disagreeing with the accepted norm.

In the past, the Roman Catholic Church, for instance, established a whole department to "inquire" into questions of heresy. The Inquisition employed extreme measures to root out possible heretics (See Galilei, Galileo). The Puritans of New England used the same methods during the Salem witch trials.

The word has since come to be used outside of religion. Even Republicans and Democrats have been known to accuse those within their ranks as heretics.

Sources: Webster’s Third New International Dictionary and Seven Language Dictionary. 3 vols. Chicago: William Benton, 1966.

British History: heresy

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Heresy is the holding of religious views regarded or defined as unacceptable by the church. The first notable British heretics were Pelagius and Celestius in the early 5th cent., who argued, against Augustine, that man's own efforts could steer him towards salvation. Condemned by Pope Innocent I, Pelagianism continued to find support in Britain and St Germanus was sent over in 429 specifically to deal with it. Heresy was hardly a problem in the Anglo-Saxon church and only a handful of cases can be identified. Concern over heresy dates from Wyclif's challenge to the doctrine of transubstantiation and his attacks upon the wealth of the church. Though Henry IV's act De heretico comburendo passed in 1401 it was only after Oldcastle's lollard rebellion in 1414 that systematic persecution of heresy began. There was a marked revival of lollardy in the early 16th cent., which merged with the Lutheran heresy. Henry VIII repealed De heretico comburendo in 1533 but retained the right to burn heretics. Edward VI then repealed all statutes against heresy, though it remained an offence at common law. Mary at once revived the previous statutes and Elizabeth abolished them again in 1558. In Scotland the laws against heresy were repealed by the Reformation Parliament in 1560.

Though persecution of laymen for heresy ceased, the careers of clerics and academics (in holy orders) could still be jeopardized by charges of heresy, and the offence of blasphemy remained dangerous. James Nayler, a quaker, was whipped, branded, and had his tongue bored for blasphemy in 1656/7, and Thomas Aikenhead, a mere youth, was executed in Edinburgh in 1697. William Whiston, Newton's successor at Cambridge, was deprived of his chair in 1710 for Arianism. Later prosecutions included the publishers of Paine's The Age of Reason (1797, 1812, 1819), and the publisher of Shelley's Queen Mab (1821). Existing legislation against blasphemy protects Christianity only and there has been pressure to extend it to cover Islam and other religions.

Philosophy Dictionary: heresy

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Defined by the medieval church as ‘an opinion chosen by human perception, founded on the scriptures, contrary to the teaching of the Church, publicly avowed and obstinately defended’. It became a problem only when unorthodox opinion began to weaken the authority of the church itself, when responses included the Albigensian crusade of 1208, and the foundation of the Inquisition in 1231.

Columbia Encyclopedia: heresy

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heresy, in religion, especially in Christianity, beliefs or views held by a member of a church that contradict its orthodoxy, or core doctrines. It is distinguished from apostasy, which is a complete abandonment of faith that makes the apostate a deserter, or former member. Heresy is also distinguished from schism, which is a splitting of or from the church brought about by disputes over hierarchy or discipline, rather than over matters of doctrine. The heretic considers himself or herself not only a church member but, in a doctrinal controversy, the true believer; indeed, some persons originally labeled heretical were rehabilitated after once abhorred views become accepted.

The battle for doctrinal control of Christianity began with the declarations of St. Paul in the New Testament. In the religion's first three centuries, numerous sects, many arising from Gnosticism, were in conflict. The first Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325), which addressed the challenge of Arianism, was among convocations at which a Christian orthodoxy was established.

Excommunication was the usual method of dealing with heretical individuals or small groups. The medieval church undertook military action (as against the Albigenses, in 1208) and extensive legal and punitive campaigns (such as the Inquisition) in striving to suppress large-scale heresy. The Protestant Reformation created new churches that at first campaigned against heresy from their own doctrinal bases; over time, however, the Roman Catholic church has remained the only Christian body that has continued with any frequency, on the basis of canon law, to prosecute heretics.

Etymology

The word "heresy" comes from the Greek αἵρεσις, hairesis (from αἱρέομαι, haireomai, "choose"), which means either a choice of beliefs or a faction of believers, or a school of thought. It was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents in the early Christian Church. He described his own position as orthodox (from ortho- "straight" + doxa "belief") and his position eventually evolved into the position of the early Christian Church.^{[citation needed]}

Used in this way, the term "heresy" has no purely objective meaning: the category exists only from the point of view of speakers within a group that has previously agreed about what counts as "orthodox". Any nonconformist view within any field may be perceived as "heretical" by others within that field who are convinced that their view is "orthodox"; in the sciences this extension is made tongue-in-cheek.

Heretics usually do not define their own beliefs as heretical. Heresy is a value judgment and the expression of a view from within an established belief system. For instance, Roman Catholics held Protestantism as a heresy while some non-Catholics considered Catholicism the "Great Apostasy."

For a heresy to exist there must be an authoritative system of dogma designated as orthodox, such as those proposed by Catholicism. The term orthodox is used in Eastern Orthodoxy, some Protestant churches, in Islam, some Jewish denominations, and to a lesser extent in other religions. Variance from orthodox Marxism-Leninism is described as "right" or "left deviationism." The Cult of Scientology uses the term "squirreling" to refer to unauthorized alterations of its teachings or methods.

Religious heresy

Christianity

Main article: Christian heresy

In Christianity, heresy is a "theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the Roman Catholic or Orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of any church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox. By extension, heresy is an opinion or doctrine in philosophy, politics, science, art, etc., at variance with those generally accepted as authoritative."^[1]

The use of the term "heresy" in the context of Christianity is less common today, with some notable exceptions: see for example Rudolf Bultmann and the "character" of debates over ordination of women and gay priests. Popular imagination relegates "heresy" to the Middle Ages,^{[citation needed]} when the Church's power in Europe was at its height, but the case of the scholar and humanist Giordano Bruno was not the last execution for heresy. Heresy remained an officially punishable offense in Roman Catholic nations until the late 18th century. In Spain, heretics were prosecuted and punished during the Counter-Enlightenment movement of the restoration of the monarchy there after the Napoleonic Era.

Orthodox Judaism

Main article: Heresy in Orthodox Judaism

Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews which depart from the traditional Jewish principles of faith to be heretical. In addition, mainstream Orthodox Judaism holds that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics.^[2] As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism to be heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.

The law "You shall not cut yourselves" (Deuteronomy 14:1) is interpreted by the Rabbis: "You shall not form divisions, but shall form one bond." (Source: Talmud Yevamot 13a, Midrash Sifre on Deuteronomy 96)

Besides the term "min" for "heretic," the Talmud uses the words "Hitsonim" (outsiders), "apikoros" (Epicurean),and "kofer ba-Torah" (R. H. 17a), or "kofeir ba-'ikar^[3]" (he who denies the fundamentals of faith; Pes. xxiv. 168b). Similar statuses may apply to some of those branded "poresh mi-darke tsibbur" (he who deviates from the customs of the community; Tosef., Sanh. xiii. 5; R. H. 17a). Some authorities opine that all of these are consigned to Gehinnom for all eternity (Tosef., Sanh. l.c.; comp. ib. xii. 9, apparently belonging to xiii. 5: "He who casts off the yoke [of the Law], and he who severs the Abrahamic covenant; he who interprets the Torah against the halakic tradition, and he who pronounces in full the Ineffable Name—all these have no share in the world to come,") or possibly have no afterlife at all.^[4]

The Mishnah says the following have no share in the world to come: "He who denies that the Torah is divinely revealed, and the apiḳoros." R. Akiba says, "also he who reads heretical books". This is explained in the Talmud (Sanh. 100b) to mean "sifre Ẓeduḳim" (Sadducean writings); but this is an alteration by the censor of "sifre ha-Minim" (books of the Gnostics or Heretics). The Biblical version, "That ye seek not after your own heart" (Num. xv. 39), is explained (Sifre, Num. 115; Ber. 12b) as "Ye shall not turn to heretic views ["minut"] which lead your heart away from God" (see Maimonides, "Yad," 'Akkum, ii. 3).

In summarizing the Talmudic statements concerning heretics in Sanh. 90-103, Maimonides ("Yad," Teshubah, iii. 6-8) says:

"The following have no share in the world to come, but are cut off, and perish, and receive their punishment for all time for their great sin: the minim, the apiḳoresim, they that deny the belief in the Torah, they that deny the belief in resurrection of the dead and in the coming of the Redeemer, the apostates, they that lead many to sin, they that turn away from the ways of the [Jewish] community... Five are called 'minim': (1) he who says there is no God and the world has no guide; (2) he who says the world has more than one guide; (3) he who ascribes to the Lord of the Universe a body and a figure; (4) he who says that God was not alone and Creator of all things at the world's beginning; (5) he who worships some star or constellation as an intermediating power between himself and the Lord of the World.

"The following three classes are called 'apiḳoresim': (1) he who says there was no prophecy nor was there any wisdom that came from God and which was attained by the heart of man; (2) he who denies the prophetic power of Moses our master; (3) he who says that God has no knowledge concerning the doings of men.

"The following three are called 'koferim ba-Torah': (1) he who says the Torah is not from God: he is a kofer even if he says a single verse or letter thereof was said by Moses of his own accord; (2) he who denies the traditional interpretation of the Torah and opposes those authorities who declare it to be tradition, as did Zadok and Boethus; and (3) he who says, as do the Nazarenes and the Mohammedans, that the Lord has given a new dispensation instead of the old, and that he has abolished the Law, though it was originally divine."

It is noteworthy, however, that Abraham ben David, in his critical notes, objects to Maimonides characterizing as heretics all those who attribute corporeality to God; and he insinuates that the Kabbalists (of his time) were not heretics. Similarly, Biblical critics who doubt or deny the Mosaic origin of every portion of the Pentateuch, would protest against this Maimonidean (or Talmudic; see Sanh. 99a) conception of heresy (some ascribe a similar view to Ibn Ezra based on his commentary to Deut. i. 2).

Heresy in Islam

Many in the two main bodies of Islam -- Sunnis and the Shi'as -- have regarded the other as heretical. Groups like the Ismailis, the Hurufiya, the Alawis, the Bektashi and even the Sufis have also been regarded as heretical by some^[who?]. Although Sufism is often accepted as valid by Shi'a and many Sunnis, the relatively recent movement of Wahhabism view it as heretical.

Both the Ahmadiyya and the Nation of Islam are regarded by many Muslim Ulema as being apostate, but in the case of the Ahmadiyya movement, attitudes towards designating the sect apostatical, heretical or Islamic differ depending on region or Islamic schools of thought. In Pakistan, where most Ahmadis live, the state considers the group to be apostatical; whereas in the neighbouring state of Iran, the same group is considered to fall within the bounds of Islamic belief. Another example concerning the Ahmadiyya movement is the Al-Azhar Islamic University in Egypt, which accepts a certain Ahmadi belief concerning the nature of prophethood in Islam, considered by other schools as being heretical, to fall within Islamic jurisdiction.

Faiths like Druz and Bahá'í although now separate religions, have their roots in Islam and were considered by some Muslims to be heresies when they first appeared since they emerged as alternative currents in Islamic culture, and were founded by people who were considered to be Muslims, much as Christianty is viewed by some to be a Jewish heresy, or Islam a Christian heresy.

Bid'ah in religious matters

In Islam, bid‘ah (Arabic: بدعة) or innovation in religion is forbidden. As the Islamic prophet Muhammad stated in a hadith:

“Whoever innovates something in this matter of ours [i.e., Islam] that is not a part of it, will have it rejected.” (Sahih al-Bukhari Vol 3, Book 49, 861 ^[5]; Sahih Muslim Book 18, 4266 ^[6]) In addition, the Qur'an (which Muslims believe is the word of Allah) states:

" ..This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed My favor upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion."^[7] (Qur'an 5; 3)

The late Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen wrote: "And there is no such thing in Islaam as bid’ah hasanah (good innovation)." ^[8]

Muslims do not all agree on what constitutes bid`ah - or a new way of worshipping Allah - or whether innovation includes details of clothing, eating, drinking, speech, etc., or only more narrow religious matters. When a religious innovation is committed, it is generally felt that the innovator is assuming that the Sunnah is not good enough, that he must resort to something "better." There are some innovations that imply unbelief or shirk, and there are some that are rejected (even when committed in all sincerity) without casting doubt upon that person's status as a Muslim believer.

Some categories of believers and unbelievers in Islam are:

Mu'min: A muslim believer.
Fajir: A muslim who is wicked or an evil doer, a sinner (by action).
Fasiq: A muslim who openly violates Islamic law.
Munafiq: A hypocrite, one who does not believe in Islam, but declares as a muslim (mainly used in non religious context).
Kafir: An unbeliever, an apostate from Islam, a person who hides, denies, or covers the truth.
Murtad: Apostate , A previous muslim who no longer accepts Islam.
Ahl al-Kitâb: "People of the Book", members of the monotheistic religions whose holy books share the Qur'an's origins, i.e. Jews and Christians

Contemporary heresy

Today, heresy can be without a religious context as the holding of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Religion is not a necessary component of the term's definition. The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, jokingly treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma.

The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because by definition heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" or a "Republican heresy", are metaphors which invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream, and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.

On September 28, 2007, Gaston Hebert, the diocese administrator (per the July 11 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith) stated that 6 Arkansas nuns were excommunicated for heresy (the first in the diocese's 165-year history). They refused to recant the doctrines of the Community of the Lady of All Nations (Army of Mary). The 6 nuns are members of the Good Shepherd Monastery of Our Lady of Charity and Refuge in Hot Springs. Sister Mary Theresa Dionne, 82, one of 6, said they will still live at the convent property, which they own. The sect believe that its 86-year-old founder, Marie Paule Giguere, is the reincarnation of the Virgin Mary.^[9]

Selected quotations

James G. March on the relation between madness, heresy, and genius: "... we sometimes find that such heresies have been the foundation for bold and necessary change, but heresy is usually just new ideas that are foolish or dangerous and appropriately rejected or ignored. So while it may be true that great geniuses are usually heretics, heretics are rarely great geniuses."^[10]

Isaac Asimov distinguished between two types of scientific heretic: "Endoheretics are appropriately credentialed scientists. If the person is outside the scientific community or at least outside of his specialty, he is an exoheretic. If a person is an endoheretic, he will be considered as eccentric and incompetent, whereas if the person is an exoheretic, he will be regarded as a crackpot, charlatan, or fraud."

References

^ Oxford English Dictionary
^ The Limits of Orthodox Theology: Maimonides' Thirteen Principles Reappraised, by Marc B. Shapiro, ISBN 1874774900
^ See Maimonides, and his differentiation between different statuses in Hilchos Teshuvah
^ See Maimonides, and his differentiation between different statuses in Hilchos Teshuvah
^ Sahih al-Bukhari
^ Sahih Muslim
^ Qur'an (Online Quran Project)
^ Al-Nuttaqoon
^ CNN, Six Arkansas nuns excommunicated for heresy
^ Coutou, Diane. Ideas as Art. Harvard Business Review 84 (2006): 83-89.

External links

Look up heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Some quotes and information in this article came from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
De Fide, a non-profit association which uses Canon Law to defend the Faith and Church from Heresy, through lawsuits in Ecclesiastical Court.
[1] Heresy-On video
(French) Cathars of the middle age, Philosophy and History.
What Is Heresy? by Wilbert R. Gawrisch (Lutheran)
[2] Inquisitions and Protestant persecutions site.
[3] A Celebration of Heresy Conference: Critical Thinking for Islamic Reform.

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Translations: Heresy

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - kætteri

Nederlands (Dutch)
ketterij

Français (French)
n. - hérésie

Deutsch (German)
n. - Ketzerei

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (θρησκ., μτφ.) αίρεση

Italiano (Italian)
eresia

Português (Portuguese)
n. - heresia (f)

Русский (Russian)
ересь

Español (Spanish)
n. - herejía

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - kätteri

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
异端, 异教

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 異端, 異教

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 이단, 이교, 이설

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 異教, 異端, 異説

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) بدعه, هرطقه‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮כפירה, דעה הנוגדת את המקובל‬

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