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The hip joint is an example of a ‘ball and socket’ (multiaxial) type of joint, with the top (head) of the long bone of the leg (femur) being the ‘ball’ and the socket being a depression in the bone of the pelvis known as the acetabulum. This arrangement permits movements in three planes — forwards and backwards (extension/flexion) ; inwards and outwards (adduction/abduction) ; and inward twist and outward twist (internal and external rotation). Combination of these movements also gives rise to ‘circumduction’, a circular movement of the whole leg which describes a ‘cone’ with the foot at the base and the hip at the apex. The joint is spanned by powerful muscles, which are required not only for postural control and movement but also to confer stability at the hip. The large muscles constituting the buttocks (gluteal muscles) are particularly important for maintenance of hip stability and for promoting a normal gait. The hip is one of the most strong, secure, and stable joints in the body. This stability is due to the depth of the acetabulum; the powerful muscles surrounding the joint; and a strong, fibrous capsule reinforced by ligaments. Such securing of the joint is understandable when one considers the considerable strains placed on the hip during everyday activities such as walking, running, and particularly jumping. The hip is a large, weight-bearing joint which, because of the continued stresses placed on it throughout life, can develop osteoarthritis in later years. The cause of osteoarthritis is still poorly understood, but it may be the consequence of thinning of the cartilage covering the bones (acetabulum and head of femur), followed by bone overgrowth. This condition can be debilitating and can lead to severe pain and stiffness of the hip. One of the success stories of modern medicine is the surgical treatment of this condition by a hip joint replacement (arthroplasty). The technique, perfected by the British orthopaedic surgeon Sir John Charnley, involves an operation to remove the diseased joint and insert an artificial one made of metal and tough polyethylene. In this operation both the head of the femur and the acetabulum are replaced (total hip arthroplasty). Hip joint replacement can also be performed for other types of hip joint disease or malformations, and has been used after severe injury. These are sometimes sporting injuries, and there are recorded cases of individuals being able to return to sporting activities after successful operation.

X-ray of adult hip joint. Reproduced, with permission, from Cunningham's textbook of anatomy, (12th edn), OUP.

— William R. Ferrell

See also joints; osteoporosis; skeleton.

adjective

Marked by comprehension, cognizance, and perception: alive, awake, aware, cognizant, sensible, sentient, wise¹. Idioms: on to. See knowledge/ignorance.

Hip fractures are one of the most devastating and costly problems commonly faced by the older population. More than 300,000 people sixty-five years of age and older are hospitalized each year for hip fractures in the United States, and about one-quarter of these people will not survive more than a year because of the fracture or its complications. Of those who do survive, most experience major reductions in their levels of function and ability to walk, and a sizable minority (15 to 25%) will be living in long-term care institutions at the end of one year. Looked at longitudinally, by their ninth decade one of three women and one of six men will have suffered a hip fracture.

Hip fractures usually result from two interacting processes: a fall or other dramatic event resulting in direct impact to the greater trochanter (upper part) of the femur (thigh bone); and an underlying weakness in the bone—usually from osteoporosis. Each of these processes has underlying risk factors that had been reasonably well studied. For example, the leading risk factors for falls in older adults include muscle weakness, gait and balanced disorders, decreased overall functional status, vision impairment, cognitive impairment, and medication side effects. Also important are the presence of hazards in the environment, such as icy pavements or objects on the floor. Risk factors for osteoporosis include having a firstdegree relative with osteoporosis, smoking, physical inactivity, alcohol abuse, low level of calcium in the diet, low sunlight exposure, early menopause, certain drugs (e.g., hyperparathyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, myleoma, chronic liver disease, malabsorption syndrome).

Most attempts to prevent hip fractures have focused on reducing the two underlying causes and their risk factors. Controlled clinical trials of measures to reduce falls have shown promising effects from multifactorial risk assessments combined with targeted interventions such as exercise programs and environmental inspection and modification. Exercise programs have been particularly well studied, and the greatest fall-reducing benefits have come from programs that include programs that include strengthening exercise (e.g., progressive weight training) and balance training(e.g., Tai Chi exercises). Taken together, these interventions have been shown to reduce fall rates significantly, in the range of from 10 to 30 percent.

Controlled trials addressing the second major underlying process behind hip fractures, osteoporosis, have similarly shown positive results in strengthening bone and, in some studies, in reducing fracture rates through treatment with a variety of medications such as estrogen, calcium, vitamin D, and bisphosphonates. However, these interventions also provide only a partial protective effect in fracture reduction, again in the range of from 10 to 30 percent. Clearly, reducing the risk of falls and osteoporosis has only been part of the solution to preventing hip fractures, and new effective approaches are still needed.

One such promising approach is the use of special hip protectors made from cushioning material or high-impact plastic to dissipate the shock. Such protectors have been the subject of several studies. In 1993, J. B. Lauritzen found a 53 percent lower rate of hip fractures in nursing homes where hip protectors were used. Even more impressive was that none of the people who experienced a hip fracture had actually been wearing a hip protector at the time of fracture. In 2000, a major confirmatory controlled trial from Finland appeared that studied elderly subjects living both in nursing homes and in the community. In this study there was a 54 percent lower rate of hip fracture in intervention group subjects as compared to the control group. The authors also compared fracture rates among fallers in the intervention group who were wearing and not wearing their hip protectors and found an 84 percent lower rate of hip fracture per fall among protector wearers. Another study of hip protectors showed that hip protectors improve self-confidence in frail individuals and may lead to improved mobility and function. Based on these studies, hip protectors should be strongly considered by individuals at increased risk for hip fracture (i.e., persons with osteoporosis and fall risk factors such as impaired gait or balance, weakness, and previous falls).

Treatment approaches for hip fractures usually involve surgery for internal fixation of the fracture or replacement of all or part of the hip joint. The choice of procedure depends on the type of fracture (e.g., sub-capital, femoral neck, intertrochanteric, subtrochanteric) and surgical risks of the patient. Early mobilization and active rehabilitation is crucial to minimize complications and maximize the chance of a good functional outcome. However, because many older individuals suffering hip fractures are frail to begin with, and have a relatively high surgical risk, there remains a high rate of surgical complications, lengthy and difficult rehabilitation periods, and long-term functional impairments. Prevention is clearly preferable to treatment, and as described above, many preventive avenues are available.

(SEE ALSO: Aging of Population; Geriatrics; Gerontology; Osteoporosis)

Bibliography

Eastell, R. (1998). "Treatment of Post-menopausal Osteoporosis." New England Journal of Medicine 338:736–746.

Gillespie, L. D.; Gillespie, W. I.; Cumming, R.; Lamb, S. E.; and Rowe, B. H. (1998). "Interventions to Reduce the Incidence of Falling in the Elderly." The Cochrane Library (3):1–34.

Lauritzen, J. B.; Petersen, M. M.; and Lund, B. (1993). "Effect of External Hip Protectors on Hip Fractures." Lancet 341:11–13.

Magaziner, J.; Hawkes, W.; Heber, J. R.; Zimmerman, S. I.; Fax, K. M.; Dolan, M. et al. (2000). "Recovery from Hip Fractures in Eight Areas of Function." Journal Gerontology Medical Sciences 55A:M498–M507.

Province, M. A.; Hadley, E. C.; Hornbrook, M. C.; Lipsitz, L. A.; Miller, J. P.; Mulrow, C. D. et al. (1995). "The Effects of Exercise on Falls in Elderly Patients: A Pre-planned Meta-Analysis of the FICSIT Trials." JAMA 273:1341–1347.

Ray, W. A.; Taylor, J. A.; Meador, K. G.; Thapa, P. B.; Brown, A. K.; Kajihara, H. K. et al. (1997). "A Randomized Trial of a Consultation Service to Reduce Falls in Nursing Homes." JAMA 278:557–562.

Rubenstein, L. Z.; Josephson, K. R.; and Robbins, A. S. (1994). "Falls in the Nursing Home." Annals of Internal Medicine 121:442–451.

Rubenstein, L. Z.; Josephson, K. R.; Trueblood, P. R.; Loy, S.; Harker, J. O.; Pietruszka, F. M.; and Robbins, A. S. (2000). "Effects of a Group Exercise Program on Strength, Mobility, and Falls among Fall-Prone Elderly Men." Journal Gerontology Medical Sciences 55A:M317–M321.

Wolinsky, F. D., and Fitzgerald, J. F. (1994). "The Risk of Hip Fracture among Non-institutionalized Older Adults." Journal Gerontology Social Sciences 49:S165– S175.

— LAURENCE RUBENSTEIN

1. The external angle at the junction of two sloping roofs or sides of a roof.
2. The rafter at the angle where two sloping roofs or sides of roofs meet.
3. The joint of a bridge truss where the top chord meets the inclined end post.

hips, 1 (flush panel type)

Region either side of the pelvis where the femur articulates with the coxal bones.

The closed and ripened firm or fleshy fruit of a rose, containing the seeds and often brightly colored.

1. the region of the body around the articulation of the femur and the pelvis.
2. loosely, the hip joint.

• h. bone — os coxae, which comprises the ilium, ischium and pubis.
• h. dislocation — manifested by inability to bear full weight on the limb, excessive mobility of the limb, crepitus at the joint, and in some cases shortening of the limb.
• h. dysplasia (HD) — is manifested (1) radiographically by a shallow acetabulum, a small, misshapen femoral head and sometimes osteophyes, and (2) clinically, by a lax joint, weak rump muscles with or without lameness. In dogs inheritance has a degree of influence on the occurrence of the disease. See also degenerative joint disease.
• h. flexion posture — posterior presentation of a fetus in the birth canal with the hocks flexed.
• h. joint — the ball-and-socket joint formed between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis.
• h. laxity — subluxation of the coxofemoral articulation, a feature of hip dysplasia (above).
• h. sling — a metal clamplike device used to lift a downer cow. Comprises two loops which fit over both iliac tuberosities (coxal tubers) and which are clamped together so that the cow is closely held. The sling is lifted with a block and tackle or by a frontend loader or hoist on a tractor.
• total h. replacement — replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with prostheses that are cemented into the bone; called also total hip arthroplasty.

• Limbs and Extremities - hip: region on each side of lower part of trunk, formed by pelvis and upper femur
• Performance, Airplay, and the Recording Industry - hip: (adj) knowledgeable about current trends in pop culture, esp. music; (n) up-to-date, latest sounds
• Intelligent, Informed, Clever, or Articulate
• Special, Bright, Skillful, or Unusual

For other uses of the term, see hip (disambiguation).

Hip (anatomy)
Bones of the hip
Latin	coxa
Gray's	subject #92 333
MeSH	Hip

In vertebrate anatomy, hip (or "coxa"^[1] in medical terminology) refer to either an anatomical region or a joint.

The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the femur, or "thigh bone".^[2] In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region.

The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. The hip joints are the most important part in retaining balance. The pelvic inclination angle, which is the single most important element of human body posture, is adjusted at the hips.

Contents 1 Anatomy 1.1 Region 1.2 Articulation 1.3 Articular angles 1.4 Femoral neck angle 1.5 Capsule 1.6 Ligaments 1.7 Blood supply 1.8 Muscles and movements 2 Sexual dimorphism and cultural significance 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links

Anatomy

Region

The five or so tubercles and the lower lateral borders of the sacrum, and the ischial tuberosity ("sitting bone").^[3]

• Proximally the femur is largely covered by muscles and, as a consequence, the greater trochanter is often the only palpable bony structure. Distally on the femur some more palpable bony structures are the condyles.^[4]

Articulation

Radiograph of a healthy human hip joint

The hip joint is a synovial joint formed by the articulation of the rounded head of the femur and the cup-like acetabulum of the pelvis. It forms the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton of the trunk and pelvis. Both joint surfaces are covered with a strong but lubricated layer called articular hyaline cartilage. The cuplike acetabulum forms at the union of three pelvic bones  — the ilium, pubis, and ischium.^[5] The Y-shaped growth plate that separates them, the triradiate cartilage, is fused definitively at ages 14–16.^[6] It is a special type of spheroidal or ball and socket joint where the roughly spherical femoral head is largely contained within the acetabulum and has an average radius of curvature of 2.5 cm.^[7] The acetabulum grasps almost half the femoral ball, a grip augmented by a ring-shaped fibrocartilaginous lip, the acetabular labrum, which extends the joint beyond the equator.^[5] The head of the femur is attached to the shaft by a thin neck region that is often prone to fracture in the elderly, which is mainly due to the degenerative effects of osteoporosis.

Transverse and sagittal angles of acetabular inlet plane.

The acetabulum is oriented inferiorly, laterally and anteriorly, while the femoral neck is directed superiorly, medially, and anteriorly.

Articular angles

• The transverse angle of the acetabular inlet (also called Sharp's angle and is generally the angle referred to by acetabular angle without further specification)^[8] can be determined by measuring the angle between a line passing from the superior to the inferior acetabular rim and the horizontal plane; an angle which normally measures 51° at birth and 40° in adults, and which affects the acetabular lateral coverage of the femoral head and several other parameters.^[9]
• The sagittal angle of the acetabular inlet is an angle between a line passing from the anterior to the posterior acetabular rim and the sagittal plane. It measures 7° at birth and increases to 17° in adults.^[9]
• Wiberg's centre-edge angle (CE angle) is an angle between a vertical line and a line from the centre of the femoral head to the most lateral part of the acetabulum,^[10] as seen on an anteroposterior radiograph.^[11]
• The vertical-centre-anterior margin angle (VCA) is an angle formed from a vertical line (V) and a line from the centre of the femoral head (C) and the anterior (A) edge of the dense shadow of the subchondral bone slightly posterior to the anterior edge of the acetabulum, with the radiograph being taken from the false angle, that is, a lateral view rotated 25 degrees towards becoming frontal.^[11]
• The articular cartilage angle (AC angle, also called Hilgenreiner angle) is an angle formed parallel to the weight bearing dome, that is, the acetabular sourcil, and the horizontal plane,^[10] or a line connecting the corner of the triangular cartilage and the lateral acetabular rim.^[12]

Femoral neck angle

The angle between the longitudinal axes of the femoral neck and shaft, called the caput-collum-diaphyseal angle or CCD angle, normally measures approximately 150° in newborn and 126° in adults (coxa norma).^{[13][dubious – discuss]} An abnormally small angle is known as coxa vara and an abnormally large angle as coxa valga. Because changes in shape of the femur naturally affects the knee, coxa valga is often combined with genu varum (bow-leggedness), while coxa vara leads to genu valgum (knock-knees). ^[14]

Changes in trabecular patterns due to altered CCD angle. Coxa valga leads to more compression trabeculae, coxa vara to more tension trabeculae.^[13]

Changes in CCD angle is the result of changes in the stress patterns applied to the hip joint. Such changes, caused for example by a dislocation, changes the trabecular patterns inside the bones. Two continuous trabecular systems emerging on auricular surface of the sacroiliac joint meander and criss-cross each other down through the hip bone, the femoral head, neck, and shaft.

• In the hip bone, one system arises on the upper part of auricular surface to converge onto the posterior surface of the greater sciatic notch, from where its trabeculae are reflected to the inferior part of the acetabulum. The other system emerges on the lower part of the auricular surface, converges at the level of the superior gluteal line, and is reflected laterally onto the upper part of the acetabulum.
• In the femur, the first system lines up with a system arising from the lateral part of the femoral shaft to stretch to the inferior portion of the femoral neck and head. The other system lines up with a system in the femur stretching from the medial part of the femoral shaft to the superior part of the femoral head.^[15]

On the lateral side of the hip joint the fascia lata is strengthened to form the iliotibial tract which functions as a tension band and reduces the bending loads on the proximal part of the femur.^[13]

Capsule

Main article: Capsule of hip joint

The capsule attaches to the hip bone outside the acetabular lip which thus projects into the capsular space. On the femoral side, the distance between the head's cartilaginous rim and the capsular attachment at the base of the neck is constant, which leaves a wider extracapsular part of the neck at the back than at the front.^{[16] [17]} The strong but loose fibrous capsule of the hip joint permits the hip joint to have the second largest range of movement (second only to the shoulder) and yet support the weight of the body, arms and head.

The capsule has two sets of fibers: longitudinal and circular.

• The circular fibers form a collar around the femoral neck called the zona orbicularis.
• The longitudinal retinacular fibers travel along the neck and carry blood vessels.

Ligaments

Extracapsular ligaments. Anterior (left) and posterior (right) aspects of right hip.

Intracapsular ligament. Left hip joint from within pelvis with acetabular floor removed (left); right hip joint with capsule removed, anterior aspect (right).

The hip joint is reinforced by five ligaments, of which four are extracapsular and one intracapsular.

The extracapsular ligaments are the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments attached to the bones of the pelvis (the ilium, ischium, and pubis respectively). All three strengthen the capsule and prevent an excessive range of movement in the joint. Of these, the Y-shaped and twisted iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the human body. ^[17] In the upright position, it prevents the trunk from falling backward without the need for muscular activity. In the sitting position, it becomes relaxed, thus permitting the pelvis to tilt backward into its sitting position. The iliofemoral ligament prevents excessive adduction and internal rotation of the hip. The ischiofemoral ligament prevents medial (internal) rotation while the pubofemoral ligament restricts abduction and internal rotation of the hip joint. ^[18] The zona orbicularis, which lies like a collar around the most narrow part of the femoral neck, is covered by the other ligaments which partly radiate into it. The zona orbicularis acts like a buttonhole on the femoral head and assists in maintaining the contact in the joint. ^[17]

The intracapsular ligament, the ligamentum teres, is attached to a depression in the acetabulum (the acetabular notch) and a depression on the femoral head (the fovea of the head). It is only stretched when the hip is dislocated, and may then prevent further displacement. ^[17] It is not that important as a ligament but can often be vitally important as a conduit of a small artery to the head of the femur. This arterial branch is not present in everyone but can become the only blood supply to the bone in the head of the femur when the neck of the femur is fractured or disrupted by injury in childhood.^[19]

Blood supply

The hip joint is supplied with blood from the medial circumflex femoral and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, which are both usually branches of the deep artery of the thigh (profunda femoris), but there are numerous variations and one or both may also arise directly from the femoral artery. There is also a small contribution from a small artery in the ligament of the head of the femur which is a branch of the posterior division of the obturator artery, which becomes important to avoid avascular necrosis of the head of the femur when the blood supply from the medial and lateral circumflex arteries are disrupted (e.g. through fracture of the neck of the femur along their course).^[19]

The hip has two anatomically important anastomoses, the cruciate and the trochanteric anastomoses, the latter of which provides most of the blood to the head of the femur. These anastomoses exist between the femoral artery or profunda femoris and the gluteal vessels.^[20]

Muscles and movements

Main article: Muscles of the hip

The hip muscles act on three mutually perpendicular main axes, all of which pass through the center of the femoral head, resulting in three degrees of freedom and three pair of principal directions: Flexion and extension around a transverse axis (left-right); lateral rotation and medial rotation around a longitudinal axis (along the thigh); and abduction and adduction around a sagittal axis (forward-backward); ^[21] and a combination of these movements (i.e. circumduction, a compound movement in which the leg describes the surface of an irregular cone).^[18] It should be noted that some of the hip muscles also act on either the vertebral joints or the knee joint, that with their extensive areas of origin and/or insertion, different part of individual muscles participate in very different movements, and that the range of movement varies with the position of the hip joint. ^[22] Additionally, the inferior and superior gemelli may be termed triceps coxae together with the obturator internus, and their function simply is to assist the latter muscle.^[23]

The movements of the hip joint is thus performed by a series of muscles which are here presented in order of importance^[22] with the range of motion from the neutral zero-degree position^[21] indicated:

• Lateral or external rotation (30° with the hip extended, 50° with the hip flexed): gluteus maximus; quadratus femoris; obturator internus; dorsal fibers of gluteus medius and minimus; iliopsoas (including psoas major from the vertebral column); obturator externus; adductor magnus, longus, brevis, and minimus; piriformis; and sartorius. The iliofemoral ligament inhibits lateral rotation and extension, this is why the hip can rotate laterally to a greater degree when it is flexed.
• Medial or internal rotation (40°): anterior fibers of gluteus medius and minimus; tensor fascia latae; the part of adductor magnus inserted into the adductor tubercle; and, with the leg abducted also the pectineus.
• Extension or retroversion (20°): gluteus maximus (if put out of action, active standing from a sitting position is not possible, but standing and walking on a flat surface is); dorsal fibers of gluteus medius and minimus; adductor magnus; and piriformis. Additionally, the following thigh muscles extend the hip: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and long head of biceps femoris. Maximal extension is inhibited by the iliofemoral ligament.
• Flexion or anteversion (140°): the hip flexors: iliopsoas (with psoas major from vertebral column); tensor fascia latae, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and gracilis. Thigh muscles acting as hip flexors: rectus femoris and sartorius. Maximal flexion is inhibited by the thigh coming in contact with the chest.
• Abduction (50° with hip extended, 80° with hip flexed): gluteus medius; tensor fascia latae; gluteus maximus with its attachment at the fascia lata; gluteus minimus; piriformis; and obturator internus. Maximal abduction is inhibited by the neck of the femur coming into contact with the lateral pelvis. When the hips are flexed, this delays the impingement until a greater angle.
• Adduction (30° with hip extended, 20° with hip flexed): adductor magnus with adductor minimus; adductor longus, adductor brevis, gluteus maximus with its attachment at the gluteal tuberosity; gracilis (extends to the tibia); pectineus, quadratus femoris; and obturator externus. Of the thigh muscles, semitendinosus is especially involved in hip adduction. Maximal adduction is impeded by the thighs coming into contact with one another. This can be avoided by abducting the opposite leg, or having the legs alternately flexed/extended at the hip so they travel in different planes and do not intersect.

Sexual dimorphism and cultural significance

Dancers often stand with hands on hips.

In humans, unlike other animals, the hip bones are substantially different in the two sexes. The hips of human females widen during puberty.^[24] The femora are also more widely spaced in females, so as to widen the opening in the hip bone and thus facilitate childbirth. Finally, the ilium and its muscle attachment are shaped so as to situate the buttocks away from the birth canal, where contraction of the buttocks could otherwise damage the baby.

The female hips have long been associated with both fertility and general expression of sexuality. Since broad hips facilitate child birth and also serve as an anatomical cue of sexual maturity, they have been seen as an attractive trait for women for thousands of years. Many of the classical poses women take when sculpted, painted or photographed, such as the Odalisque, serve to emphasize the prominence of their hips. Similarly, women's fashion through the ages has often drawn attention to the girth of the wearer's hips.

See also

• Belly dancer
• Body shape
• Femoral Acetabular Impingement
• Haunch
• Hip dysplasia (human)
• Hip examination
• Hip replacement
• Obstetrical Dilemma
• Sexual dimorphism
• Snapping hip syndrome
• Waist-hip ratio

Notes

1. ^ Latin coxa was used by Celsus in the sense "hip", but by Pliny the Elder in the sense "hip bone" (Diab, p 77)
2. ^ MediLexicon
3. ^ Field (2001), p 80
4. ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 381
5. ^ ^{a b} Faller (2004), pp 174-175
6. ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 365
7. ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 378
8. ^ Figure 2 in: Saikia KC, Bhuyan SK, Rongphar R (July 2008). "Anthropometric study of the hip joint in northeastern region population with computed tomography scan". Indian J Orthop 42 (3): 260–6. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.39572. PMC 2739474. PMID 19753150. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2739474. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), Page 379
10. ^ ^{a b} Page 131 in: Whitehouse, Richard (2006). Imaging of the hip & bony pelvis: techniques and applications. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-20640-X. 
11. ^ ^{a b} [1] Chosa, E.; Tajima, N. (2003). "Anterior acetabular head index of the hip on false-profile views. New index of anterior acetabular cover". The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 85 (6): 826–829. PMID 12931799.  edit
12. ^ Figure 2 in: Windhagen, H.; Thorey, F.; Kronewid, H.; Pressel, T.; Herold, D.; Stukenborg-Colsman, C. (2005). "The effect of functional splinting on mild dysplastic hips after walking onset". BMC Pediatrics 5: 17. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-5-17. PMC 1166563. PMID 15958160. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1166563.  edit
13. ^ ^{a b c} Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 367
14. ^ Platzer (2004), p 196
15. ^ Palastanga (2006), p 353
16. ^ Because the neck is wider in front than at the back.
17. ^ ^{a b c d} Platzer (2004), p 198
18. ^ ^{a b} Platzer (2004), p 200
19. ^ ^{a b} Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), pp 383, 440
20. ^ Clemente (2006), p 227
21. ^ ^{a b} Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 386
22. ^ ^{a b} Platzer (2004), pp 244-246
23. ^ Platzer (2004), p 238
24. ^ "Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology". The Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/modules/reproductiveHealth/anatomy.html. Retrieved June 2009. 

References

• Clemente, Carmine D. (2006). Clemente's Anatomy Dissector. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-6339-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=oEMvo2exmJgC&pg=RA2-PA227. 
• Diab, Mohammad (1999). Lexicon of Orthopaedic Etymology. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 90-5702-597-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=fstFQVnw8-wC&pg=PA200#PPA77,M1. 
• Faller, Adolf; Schuenke, Michael; Schuenke, Gabriele (2004). The Human Body: An Introduction to Structure and Function. Thieme. ISBN 3-13-129271-7. 
• Field, Derek (2001). Anatomy: palpation and surface markings (3rd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 0-7506-4618-7. 
• "Hip Region". MediLexicon. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=77165. 
• Palastanga, Nigel; Field, Derek; Soames, Roger (2006). Anatomy and human movement: structure and function (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 0-7506-8814-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=rRtPExr9Hz8C&pg=PA353. 
• Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 3-13-533305-1. 
• Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme. 2006. ISBN 1-58890-419-9. 

External links

Look up hip in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hip

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hip joint

• Hip Preservation Awareness, information and support for hip impingement, hip dysplasia, and related issues in young adults (12-adult)
• Hip anatomy video
• High-performance hips

v t e Joints and ligaments of lower limbs (TA A03.6, GA 3.333) Coxal/hip femoral (iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral) · head of femur · transverse acetabular  · acetabular labrum · capsule · zona orbicularis Knee-joint Tibiofemoral Capsule · Anterior meniscofemoral ligament · Posterior meniscofemoral ligament extracapsular: popliteal (oblique, arcuate) · collateral (medial/tibial, fibular/lateral) intracapsular: cruciate (anterior, posterior) · menisci (medial, lateral) · transverse Patellofemoral Patellar ligament · Infrapatellar fat pad Tibiofibular Superior tibiofibular anterior of the head of the fibula · posterior of the head of the fibula Inferior tibiofibular Anterior tibiofibular · Posterior tibiofibular · Interosseous membrane of leg Joints of foot Talocrural/ankle medial: medial of talocrural joint/deltoid (anterior tibiotalar, posterior tibiotalar, tibiocalcaneal, tibionavicular) lateral: lateral collateral of ankle joint (anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular) Subtalar/talocalcaneal anterior/posterior · lateral/medial · interosseous Transverse tarsal Talocalcaneonavicular dorsal talonavicular · plantar calcaneonavicular/spring · bifurcated (calcaneonavicular) Calcaneocuboid dorsal calcaneocuboid · long plantar · plantar calcaneocuboid · bifurcated (calcaneocuboid) Distal intertarsal Cuneonavicular plantar · dorsal Cuboideonavicular plantar · dorsal Intercuneiform plantar · dorsal · interosseous Other Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc plantar · dorsal Intermetatarsal/metatarsal plantar · dorsal · interosseous · superficial transverse · deep transverse Metatarsophalangeal plantar · collateral Interphalangeal plantar · collateral Arches Longitudinal · Transverse M: JNT anat(h/c, u, t, l)/phys noco(arth/defr/back/soft)/cong, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M01C, M4)

v t e Human regional anatomy (TA A01.1) Head Forehead · Ear · Jaw · Face (Cheek, Eye, Nose, Mouth, Chin) · Occiput · Scalp · Temple Neck Throat · Adam's apple Trunk Chest (Breast) · Abdomen (Navel) · Back · Pelvis (Sex organs) Limbs Upper limb Shoulder · Axilla · Arm Elbow · Forearm Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little) Lower limb/ (see also leg) Hip · Buttocks · Thigh Knee · Calf · Crus Ankle · Heel · Foot · Toe (Hallux · Long  • Third  • Fourth  • Fifth) · Sole General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

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Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - hofte

idioms:

• hip flask    lommelærke

2.
n. - hyben

3.
adj. - moderne, in, jazzbegejstret

idioms:

• hip hop    hip hop

4.
int. - hip (hip hurra)

Nederlands (Dutch)
heup, (roze)bottel, graatspar (bouwkunde), met graatsparren bouwen, op de hoogte, hip (modieus) ondoordacht handelen

Français (French)
1.
n. - (Anat) hanche, (Archit) croupe

idioms:

• hip flask    flasque

2.
n. - (Bot) gratte-cul, cynorhodon

3.
adj. - dans le vent, à la page

idioms:

• hip hop    hip-hop

4.
int. - hip hip hip hourra (excl)

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Hüfte

idioms:

• hip flask    Taschenflasche, Flachmann

2.
n. - Hagebutte

3.
adj. - der neusten Mode folgend, informiert

idioms:

• hip hop    Hip-hop (Pop-Musik-Richtung der US Schwarzen und Hispanos)

4.
int. - hipp!

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - ισχίον, γοφός, μέση
adj. - ψυλλιασμένος, υποψιασμένος, "μέσα στα πράγματα"
int. - ζήτω!

idioms:

• fire from the hip    αντιδρώ αστραπιαία
• hip flask    φλασκί (κωλότσεπης)
• hip hop    στιλ νεανικής μουσικής και νοοτροπίας

Italiano (Italian)
frutto della rosa canina, anca

idioms:

• hip flask    fiaschetta da tasca
• hip hop    hip hop
• shoot/fire from the hip    reagire velocemente

Português (Portuguese)
n. - quadril (m) (Anat.)
adj. - do quadril
int. - hip!

idioms:

• hip flask    frasco (m) achatado
• hip hop    subcultura (f) popular de adolescentes
• shoot/fire from the hip    falar sem pensar

Русский (Russian)
бедро, бок, ребро крыши, меланхолия, вывихнуть бедро, хромать, расстраивать, эй!, характерный для хиппи

idioms:

• hip flask    походная фляжка
• hip hop    вид субкультуры, характерной для негритянской молодежи
• shoot/fire from the hip    стрелять с бедра

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - cadera, perímetro de caderas

idioms:

• hip flask    petaca, botella de bolsillo

2.
n. - escaramujo

3.
adj. - moderno, actualizado

idioms:

• hip hop    música hip-hop

4.
int. - viva!

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - höft, takrygg, nypon
adj. - inne, orienterad, kunnig, initierad
int. - hipp hipp hurra!

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
1. 臀部, 屁股, 髋关节, 髋部

idioms:

• hip flask    可放在身后裤袋里的酒瓶
• hip hop    一种配合坚强敲打有节律地唱诵有韵二行诗的音乐

2. 通晓的, 赶时髦的, 熟悉内情的, 嬉皮的

3. 野蔷薇的果实

4. 加油!好!

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
1.
n. - 野薔薇的果實

2.
int. - 加油!好!

3.
adj. - 通曉的, 趕時髦的, 熟悉內情的, 嬉皮的

4.
n. - 臀部, 屁股, 髖關節, 髖部

idioms:

• hip flask    可放在身後褲袋裡的酒瓶
• hip hop    一種配合堅強敲打有節律地唱誦有韻二行詩的音樂

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 엉덩이, 기절, 추녀마루, 고관절

2.
n. - 장미의 열매, 들장미의 열매

3.
adj. - (최신 유행에) 정통한, 히피의, 멋진

4.
int. - 응원 등에서 선창하는 소리, 만세

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 腰, バラの実, 尻

idioms:

• hip flask    ヒップフラスク
• hip hop    ヒップホップ音楽, ラップミュージック
• shoot/fire from the hip    せっかちにしゃべる

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) ثمر الورد البري, ورك, مفصل الورك, السنام زاويه تنشأ من التقاء سطحي سقف منحدرين (صفه) ذو علاقه أو متعلق بثمر الورد البري أو الورك أو مفصله ألخ (نداء) مع الموضه, عليم بما يجري‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮ירך, מפרק הירך, מתניים, ראש גג משופע‬
adj. - ‮מעודכן בנעשה, מודרני, מודע ל-, אופנתי‬
n. - ‮פרי הוורד‬
int. - ‮היפ היפ הוריי! - קריאת עידוד‬

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