holly

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(hŏl'ē) pronunciation
n., pl., -lies.
    1. Any of numerous trees or shrubs of the genus Ilex, usually having bright red berries and glossy evergreen leaves with spiny margins.
    2. Branches of these plants, traditionally used for Christmas decoration.
  1. Any of various similar or related plants.

[Middle English holin, holi, from Old English holen.]



American holly (Ilex opaca).
(click to enlarge)
American holly (Ilex opaca). (credit: © Noble Proctor — The National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers)
Any of approximately 400 species of red- or black-berried ornamental shrubs and trees that make up the genus Ilex (family Aquifoliaceae), including the popular Christmas hollies. English holly (I. aquifolium) bears shiny, spiny, dark, evergreen leaves; American holly (I. opaca) has oblong, prickly leaves; both have usually red fruits. There are spineless and yellow-fruited forms of both species.

For more information on holly, visit Britannica.com.

The American species of holly (Ilex opaca) has evergreen leaves. It grows naturally in the eastern and southeastern United States close to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, in the Mississippi Valley, and westward to Oklahoma and Missouri. It is best known for its bright red berries. The heartwood takes a high polish and is used for cabinet work and musical instruments; because it resembles ivory, it is sometimes used for keys for pianos and organs.

The English holly (I. aquifolium) is cultivated extensively in the extreme northwestern United States, but is not hardy in the northeastern states. Its spiny leaves are glossier than those of the American holly and have wavier margins.


Without doubt the most popular plant for Christmas decorations, the holly has several associated traditions, most of which are positive. It is sometimes stated, however, that it is unlucky to bring holly into the house at times other than Christmas, and Vickery reports some households which will not allow the plant indoors at any time. Nevertheless, in Worcestershire and Herefordshire, a small piece of holly which had adorned a church at Christmas time was regarded as very lucky to hang up in your house, even though the domestic decorations had to be burnt as usual (N&Q 5s: 11 (1879), 206). The two types—prickly and smooth—have been the focus for a minor domestic battle of the sexes—if the prickly holly was brought in first, the man would rule, but if smooth holly preceded it, the wife would be master (N&Q 11s:6 (1912), 486, also 11s:4 (1911), 526).

Holly trees were believed to be generally protective against witches and other evils, and were thus planted near churches and houses, as noticed by John Aubrey (1686: 189). In particular they were a good place to shelter in a storm because they were never struck by lightning. It is still considered unlucky by many to cut down a holly bush or tree, a belief which dates back at least to the 15th century. A good crop of berries on the holly is still said to betoken a hard winter on the way. Because of its connection with Christmas, ‘green holly’ has long been the emblem of mirth and jollity for poets and playwrights (see N&Q 12s:5 (1919), 319; 12s:6 (1920), 21-2, 52 for examples). A practical use for holly, so far recorded only in the 19th and 20th centuries, is for curing chilblains by thrashing them with the spiked leaves or, in some cases, rubbing them with powdered holly berries or their ashes. Holly could also be used in love divination.

Bibliography
The full bibliography list is available here.

  • Opie and Tatem, 1989: 199-201
  • Vickery, 1995: 179-82
  • Henderson, 1879: 99-100
holly, common name for members of the Aquifoliaceae, a family of widely distributed trees and shrubs, most numerous in Central and South America. The evergreen English holly (Ilex aquifolium), the common holly of Europe, cultivated also in North America, is closely associated with Christmas tradition. The American holly (I. opaca), native to the E United States, is very similar; both are so popular for their decorative spiny leaves and red berries that they are becoming scarce. The hard white wood of both species is used for cabinetmaking and related purposes; it is close grained and polishes easily. Maté, Yerba maté, or Paraguay tea (I. paraguariensis) is very important commercially in S South America as the source of a popular tealike beverage. Guayusa (I. guayusa) is similarly important in Ecuador. Teas and medicinal preparations are also made from some other members of the family, e.g., yaupon and winterberry, or feverbush, both of E North America. Wild or mountain holly (Nemopanthus mucronata) is a deciduous shrub of E North America. Many species of this family are cultivated as ornamentals. Holly is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Celastrales, family Aquifoliaceae.


This name is probably a corruption of the word holy since this plant has been used from time immemorial as a protection against evil influence. It was hung around or planted near houses as a protection against lightning. Its common use at Christmas apparently originated in an ancient Roman festival in which holly was dedicated to the god Saturn. While the Romans were holding this feast—which occurred about the time of the winter solstice—they decked the outsides of their houses with holly. At the same time the Christians were quietly celebrating the birth of Christ, and to avoid detection they outwardly followed the custom of their heathen neighbors and decked their houses with holly as well. In this way holly came to be connected with Christmas customs. The plant was also regarded as a symbol of the Resurrection.

The use of mistletoe along with holly probably came from the notion that in winter the fairies took shelter under its leaves and that they protected all who sheltered the plant. The origin of kissing under the mistletoe is considered to have come from Saxon ancestors of the British, who regarded this plant as dedicated to Freya, the goddess of love.

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pronunciation

IN BRIEF: n. - Any tree or shrub of the genus Ilex having red berries and shiny evergreen leaves with prickly edges.

Tutor's tip: Note: Something "holey: contains holes. "Holly" is a plant with bright red berries. To be "holy" is to be religious. "Wholly" means altogether.

LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!

as in: the shrub or Christmas holly
sign description: The thumb and index finger of both hands begin together, then separate, making the shape of a holly leaf.




The symbol of Christmas cheer decorating the fireplace hearth, holly represents memories of friends, family, and the nurturing feelings associated with childhood and the holiday season.


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Pop group

One of the more notable groups to emerge from the British Invasion of the early 1960s was named for an archetypical American pop singer. The Hollies—named in honor of Buddy Holly—got their start in Manchester, England, and it was in their native country that they were most successful. Indeed, according to Irwin Stambler in the Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock & Soul, "the group never achieved the reputation in the U.S. it maintained in England and most other countries in the western world, but their music … certainly affected trends in America."

The Hollies were founded by two childhood friends in Lancashire, England. Allan Clarke was a singer/guitarist who teamed up with an aspiring singer/songwriter named Graham Nash. As students in the 1950s they worked together in a singing act as the Two Teens and gained acclaim as the youngest performers to appear at the respected Manchester Cabaret Club. Clarke and Nash entered the engineering field together, performing part-time in an act called the Guy-tones, which later expanded into a quartet, the Four Tones. By the early 1960s the two had brought in bass guitarist Don Rathbone and drummer Eric Haydock to perform as the Deltas. A re-formation in 1963 led to the group that was then called the Hollies.

Only one thing was missing from the new group, how-ever. "Nash and Clarke felt they needed an exceptional lead guitarist to provide the basis for a top-flight group," wrote Stambler. They found one in Tony Hicks, one of the most respected guitarists in Manchester. Hicks was reluctant to commit to a full-time band as he was gainfully employed as an electrical apprentice at the time. But he was convinced by Nash and Clarke to take a leave of absence from his job and travel to London with the group to make a test recording. The well-received test made Hicks a member of the Hollies.

Almost before the group was established, changes began appearing in the band. Rathbone left and was replaced by Bobby Elliott, formerly of the group Shane Fenton and the Fentones. Over the years, other departures and replacements would result in a virtually all-new Hollies. But the original band proved a success in England’s clubs, rivaling the early Beatles in popularity.

The band’s first album, Stay with the Hollies, was released in 1964. In those early days they recorded few original songs, instead covering R&B standards like "Memphis," "Lucille," and "Candy Man." Soon after their first release the band became a major success in England, and their second LP, In the Hollies Style, showcased several Nash-Clark-Hicks compositions along with the R&B covers. The LPs sold well in England, though the band would subsequently be known more for its singles than for its albums. The group’s first number-one United Kingdom single, "I’m Alive," came out of their third album, Hollies. In developing their distinctive three-part harmonies, the Hollies gained commercial success that would translate to American audiences when the band’s singles began appearing in early 1966. At the height of the British Invasion, the Hollies were welcomed by American audiences on the strength of Clarke’s vocals on such rollicking tunes as "Stop Stop Stop," "Look through Any Window," "Bus Stop," and "Carrie Ann." "Here the Hollies were providing something of a satisfying option for pop-oriented listeners [who] found the increasingly experimental outings of groups like the Beatles and Kinks too difficult to follow," wrote Richie Unterberger of All Music Guide.

By 1967 the Hollies’ success as a "bubblegum" group was established. The band’s pop stardom was becoming a thorn in the side of founding member Graham Nash, who wished to open the band up to more experimentation. "The real drama lies in the LPs, which chart the widening rift between Alan Clarke and Tony Hicks’ crass commercialism and Nash’s growing independence," noted a contributor to the website Wilson & Alroy’s Record Reviews. Nash decided to leave the Hollies in 1968 to explore his artistic options. He went on to great fame as part of the seminal folk-rock combo Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.

The post-Nash Hollies were characterized by slightly more mature numbers including "He Ain’t Heavy, He’s My Brother." The band tried to jump on the folk band-wagon by recording an album of what Unterberger called "Hollieized [Bob] Dylan songs," which fared poorly in the United States but sold briskly in England. By 1969 the group had peaked commercially and artistically, according to Unterberger: "They’d managed a remarkably long run at the top considering that they hadn’t changed their formula much since the mid-’60s, adding enough sophistication to the lyrics and arrangements to avoid sounding markedly dated." The group—now consisting of Clarke, Hicks, Elliott, Nash replacement Terry Sylvester, and Bernie Calvert (who took the place of Eric Haydock)—made a comeback of sorts in 1972 with the hit "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress," a nod to the growing influence of the country-flavored rock stylings popularized by Creedence Clearwater Revival. But the uptick for the Hollies proved only temporary, with their declining fortunes worsened by lead singer Hicks’s resignation from the group in November of 1972. He was replaced by Sweden’s Mikael Rikfors. Hicks returned in 1973 to provide the vocals for the group’s final original hit, "The Air That I Breathe," which rose to number six on the American pop charts in 1974.

After releasing several albums of live performances, greatest hits, cover songs, and new compositions throughout the 1970s, the Hollies temporarily disbanded in 1981. But in the wake of the disco era, a dance mix of Hollies tunes became popular, so the band re-formed to cut the album What Goes Around. A 1983 single from that collection, a cover of "Stop! In the Name of Love," would reach into the American top 40. The thirtieth anniversary of the Hollies was marked by the release of a three-disc CD box set. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly found that this comprehensive collection was valuable primarily for the restored versions of the band’s best-known songs, which he said "have never sounded better." The rest—the R&B covers, remakes, and new releases—"should please only collectors and diehards."

With the retirement of Clarke, the group known as the Hollies was no more, though, according to Wilson & Alroy’s Record Reviews, Hicks "continues to lead a band under the Hollies name." In January of 2001, in a radio interview that appears on the official Hollies web-site, Hicks said that a new generation had tuned into the sounds of the 1960s and 1970s. But he added that the current Hollies incarnation transcends nostalgia. "You can’t bring yourself back to where you were," he noted. "You have to go beyond that. The reaction is clear that we’ve done that. It is a rebirth. It’s fabulous and we’re really enjoying it."

Selected discography
Stay with the Hollies, Parlophone, 1964.
In the Hollies Style, Parlophone, 1964.
Hollies, Parlophone, 1965.
Would You Believe, Parlophone, 1965.
For Certain Because, Parlophone, 1966.
Evolution, Parlophone, 1967.
Butterfly, Parlophone, 1967.
The Hollies Sing Dylan, Parlophone, 1969.
Hollies Sing Hollies, Parlophone, 1969.
Confessions of the Mind, Parlophone, 1970.
The Hollies’ Greatest, Parlophone, 1970.
Romany, Polydor, 1972.
Hollies, Polydor, 1974.
Another Night, Polydor, 1975.
Hollies Live Hits, Polydor, 1977.
A Crazy Steal, Polydor, 1978.
53117704, Polydor, 1979.
What Goes Around, WEA, 1983.
30th Anniversary Collection 1965-1993, EMI/ERG, 1993.

Sources
Books
Hardy, Phil, and Dave Laing, editors, Encyclopedia of Rock, Schirmer Books, 1988.
Stambler, Irwin, Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock& Soul, St. Martin’s Press, 1977.

Periodicals
Entertainment Weekly, July 23, 1993, p. 58.

Online
"The Hollies," All Music Guide, http://allmusic.com (September 4, 2002).
"The Hollies," MSN Music, http://music.msn.com/Artist/7artist=108367 (June 20, 2002).
"The Hollies," Wilson & Alroy’s Record Reviews, http://www.warr.org/hollies.html (June 20, 2002).
The Hollies Official Website, http://www.hollies.co.uk (July 10, 2002).
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Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier
For a list of words related to holly, see:

  See crossword solutions for the clue Holly.
Ilex
Ilex paraguariensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Angiosperms
Class: Eudicots
Order: Aquifoliales
Family: Aquifoliaceae
DC. ex A.Rich.
Genus: Ilex
L.
Species

About 600, see text

European Holly (Ilex aquifolium) leaves and fruit

Ilex (play /ˈlɛks/), or holly,[1] is a genus of 400 to 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. The species are evergreen and deciduous trees, shrubs, and climbers from tropics to temperate zones worldwide.

Contents

Description

Ilex is a genus belonging to the family Aquifoliaceae, native of Afro-Eurasia, Australia and the Americas, established by Carl Linnaeus. It has over 300 species in the subtropical regions of both hemispheres. The genus includes species of trees, shrubs, and climbers, with evergreen or deciduous foliage and inconspicuous flowers. The genus was more extended in the tertiary and many species have adapted to laurel forest habitat. Ilex is adapted from sea level to more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) with high mountain species. Ilex are dioecious and have smooth, glabrous, or pubescent branchlets. The plants are generally slow-growing but over time can reach more than 10 m (33 ft). The genus name aquifolium is derived from the Latin (acer = "acute" & folium = "leaf"). Many are evergreen tree with some species growing to 25 m (82 ft) tall. Type species is the Mediterranean Ilex aquifolium described by Linnaeus.[2]

Plants in this genus have simple, alternate glossy leaves, typically with a spiny toothed, or serrated leaf margin.

Ilex genus members also have small flowers. The flower is from greenish to white, with four petals. Male and female commonly flower on different plants, although there are exceptions. The pollination is done by bees and other insects.

The small fruits of Ilex, although often referred to as berries, are technically drupes[3]. They range in color from red to brown to black, and rarely green or yellow. The "bones" contain up to ten seeds each. Some species produce fruits parthenogenetically, such as the cultivar 'Nellie R. Stevens'. The fruits ripen in winter and offer a pleasant color contrast with that of the plants' foliage. They are generally slightly toxic and can cause vomiting and diarrhea when ingested by humans. However, they are a very important food source for birds and other wildlife, and in winter the Ilex is an important source of food and shelter.

Ecology

North American Ilex mucronata formerly named Nemopanthus mucronata.
Hollies (here, Ilex aquifolium) are dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing stamen and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen.

The phylogeography of this group provides examples of various speciation mechanisms at work. In this scenario ancestors of this group became isolated from the remaining Ilex when the Earth mass broke away from Gondwana and Laurasia about 82 million years ago, resulting in a physical separation of the groups and beginning a process of change to adapt to new conditions. This mechanism is called allopatric speciation. Over time survivor species of the holly genus adapted to different ecological niches. This led to reproductive isolation, an example of ecological speciation. In the Pliocene, around five million years ago, the formation of the new orogeny[clarification needed] diversified the landscape and provided new opportunities for speciation within the genus.

The fossil record indicates that the Ilex lineage was already cosmopolitan long before the end of the Cretaceous. Based on the molecular clock the common ancestor of most of the extant species probably appeared during the Eocene, about 50 million years ago, suggesting that older representatives of the genus belong to now extinct branches.[4] The laurel forest habitat, where most of the species of the genus Ilex are present then and now, covered great areas of the Earth, during the Paleogene, when the genus Ilex was more prosperous. This type of forest extended during the Neogene, more than 20 million years ago. Most of the last remaining temperate evergreen forests are believed to have disappeared about 10,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene. Many of the then existing species with strictest ecological requirements became extinct because they could not cross the barriers imposed by the geography, but others found refuge as a species relict in coastal enclaves, archipelagos, and coastal mountains sufficiently far from the extreme cold and aridity and protected by the oceanic influence.

The genus includes about 400 to 600 species, divided into three subgenera:

  • Ilex subg. Byronia, with the type species Ilex polypyrena
  • Ilex subg. Prinos, with 12 species
  • Ilex subg. Ilex, with the rest of the over 400 species

The genus is distributed throughout the world's different climates. Most species make their home in the tropics and subtropics, with a wide distribution in temperate zones of Asia, Europe, Africa, North America and South America, but also in remote areas like Australia and the Pacific Islands. The greatest diversity of species is found in the Americas and in Southeast Asia.

Ilex mucronata was formerly the type species of Nemopanthus, is native to eastern North America.[5] Nemopanthus was treated as a own monotypic genus with eight species [6] of the family Aquifoliaceae, now transferred to Ilex on molecular data;[7] it is closely related to Ilex amelanchier.[8] In Europe the genus is represented by a single species, the classically named Holly Ilex aquifolium. In continental Africa this former and (Ilex mitis). Ilex canariensis in the Macaronesia and Ilex aquifolium arose from a common ancestor in the area of laurisilva in the Mediterranean area. The early isolated Australia have (Ilex arnhemensis). In China grow 204 species, of which 149 species are endemic. Which stands out for its economic importance among the Spanish-speaking countries is Ilex paraguariensis or Yerba mate. Having evolved numerous species that are endemic to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare. Often the tropical species are especially threatened by the habitat destruction and overexploitation. At least two species of Ilex have become extincts recently, and many others are barely surviving. [9] The fruits are toxic to humans, though their poisonous properties are overstated and fatalities are almost unknown. [10] [11] They are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the autumn and early winter the fruits are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the fruits soften, and become milder in taste. During winter storms, birds often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from predators (by the spiny leaves), and food. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the larva of the Double-striped Pug moth (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata). Other Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on holly include Bucculatrix ilecella, which feeds exclusively on hollies, and The Engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia).

Etymology

Originally the name of "ilex" was that of the European species (Ilex aquifolium), many representatives of the genus Ilex were also called by the common name “holly” because of the obvious resemblance. In Roman times, the Roman people in Latin language originally designated as Ilex the evergreen oak, named today scientifically (Quercus ilex). The leaves of the holly actually recall those of the oak.

The origin of the word "holly" is considered a reduced form of Old English hole(ġ)n,[12]Middle English Holin, later Hollen.[13] [14] The French word for holly, houx, derives from the Old Low Franconian *hulis (Middle Dutch huls).[15] Both are related to Old High German hulis, huls,[16] as do Low German/Low Franconian terms like Hülse or hulst. These Germanic words appear to be related to words for holly in Celtic languages, such as Welsh celyn, Breton kelen(n) and Irish cuileann. [17] The botanical name ilex was the original Latin name for the Holm Oak (Quercus ilex), which has similar foliage to common holly, and is occasionally confused with it. [18] Several romance languages use the Latin word acrifolium (turned into aquifolium in modern time), so Italian agrifoglio, Occitan grefuèlh, etc. [19]

Miscellaneous

A 'Highclere' holly variety

The berries of various species are slightly toxic to humans, although its poisonous properties have been exaggerated and poisoning deaths are almost unknown. Berries attract birds that eat them after the frosts have reduced toxicity.

Several holly species are used to make caffeine-rich herbal teas. The South American Yerba Mate (I. paraguariensis) is boiled for the popular revigorating drinks Mate, and Chimarrão, and steeped in water for the cold Tereré. Guayusa (I. guayusa) is used both as a stimulant and as an admixture to the entheogenic tea ayahuasca; its leaves have the highest known caffeine content of any plant. In North and Central America, Yaupon (I. vomitoria), was used by southeastern Native Americans as a ceremonial stimulant and emetic known as "the black drink".[20] As the name suggests, the tea's purgative properties were one of its main uses, most often ritually. Gallberry (Appalachian Tea, I. glabra) is a milder substitute for Yaupon and does not have caffeine. In China, the young leaf buds of I. kudingcha are processed in a method similar to green tea to make a tisane called kǔdīng chá (苦丁茶, roughly "bitter spikeleaf tea").

Traditional Christmas card with generic "holly". Circa 1880s

Holly is commonly referenced at Christmas time. In many western cultures, holly is a traditional Christmas decoration, used especially in wreaths. Many of the hollies are widely used as ornamental plants in gardens and parks. Several hybrids and numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, among them the very popular "Highclere hollies", Ilex × altaclerensis (I. aquifolium × I. perado) and the "blue hollies", Ilex × meserveae (I. aquifolium × I. rugosa).[21] Hollies are often used for hedges; the spiny leaves make them difficult to penetrate, and they take well to pruning and shaping.[22] In heraldry, holly is used to symbolise truth.

Between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries, before the introduction of turnips, holly was cultivated for use as winter fodder for cattle and sheep.[23] Less spiny varieties of holly were preferred, and in practice the leaves growing near the top of the tree have far fewer spines making them more suitable for fodder.

Holly was also once among the traditional woods for Great Highland bagpipes before tastes turned to imported dense tropical woods such as cocuswood, ebony, and African blackwood.[24]

The Norwegian municipality of Stord has a yellow twig of Holly in its Coat-of-arms.

Selected species

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book 1995:606–607
  2. ^ "Index Nominum Genericorum". 2009-02-05. http://botany.si.edu/ing/. 
  3. ^ "Kew Plants and Fungi". 2012-04-11. http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Ilex-aquifolium.htm. 
  4. ^ Loizeau, P.-A.; Barriera G., Manen J.-F. & Broennimann O. (2005). "Towards an understanding of Ilex L. (Aquifoliaceae) on a World-wide scale". In Friis I., Balslev H.,. Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional, and global dimensions : proceedings of an international symposium held at the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 May, 2003. Biologiske skrifter. 55. Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab. pp. 507–517. ISBN 978-87-7304-304-2. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1QwCQFbPsa4C&pg=PA516&lpg=PA516&dq=evolutionary+history+ilex+genus&source=bl&ots=oLwD9cqGtY&sig=d0LR5m0vdOXKsvjlaDDB2O0QxK4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8TeBT8yhGeie0QWBqLyEBw&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=evolutionary%20history%20ilex%20genus&f=false. Retrieved 9 April 2012. 
  5. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Ilex mucronata
  6. ^ Species PPP-index
  7. ^ Powell, M., Savolainen, V., Cuénod, P., Manen, J. F., & Andrews, S. (2000). The mountain holly (Nemopanthus mucronatus: Aquifoliaceae) revisited with molecular data. Kew Bulletin 55: 341-347.
  8. ^ Alexandra M. Gottlieb, Gustavo C. Giberti & Lidia Poggio (2005). "Molecular analyses of the genus Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) in southern South America, evidence from AFLP and ITS sequence data". American Journal of Botany 92 (2): 352–369. JSTOR 4123880. PMID 21652411. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/352. 
  9. ^ International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) (2007): 2007IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Ilex]
  10. ^ Leikin, Jerrold Blair; Frank P. Paloucek (2002). Poisoning & Toxicology Handbook, Third Edition. Hudson, Ohio USA: Lexi-Comp Inc.. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-930598-77-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=iXVqAAAAMAAJ. 
  11. ^ Turner, Nancy J.; P. von Aderkas (2009). The North American Guide to Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms. Timberpress. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-88192-929-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=bmGY5APFfFQC&pg=RA1-PA210. 
  12. ^ Middle English Holin, later Hollen. Skeat, Walter William (1887). Principles of English etymology, Volume 1. London, U.K.: Clarendon Press. p. 371. http://books.google.com/books?id=VyEFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA497. 
  13. ^ T. F. Hoad, English Etymology, Oxford University Press, 1993 (ISBN 0-19-283098-8), p. 218b.
  14. ^ Skeat, Walter William (2005). A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Cosimo, Inc.. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-59605-092-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=ls_XijT33IUC&pg=PA244. 
  15. ^ etymology of "houx" (French)
  16. ^ Pick, Edward (1869). An etymological dictionary of the French language. Murray. p. 106. http://books.google.com/books?id=OH8CAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA106. 
  17. ^ Skeat, Walter William (1882). An etymological dictionary of the English language. Clarendon Press. p. 269. http://books.google.com/books?id=A4M_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA269. 
  18. ^ Abbe, Elfriede Martha (1965). The plants of Virgil's Georgics. Cornell University Press. p. 88. http://books.google.com/books?id=njo-AAAAIAAJ. 
  19. ^ Nettleship, Henry (1889). Contributions to Latin lexicography. Clarendon Press. p. 27. http://books.google.com/books?id=TFfRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA27. 
  20. ^ Cherokee: Gvnega adatasti (ᎬᏁᎦ ᎠᏓᏔᏍᏘ), Asi (ᎠᏏ).
  21. ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  22. ^ Northumbria Police: Security starts at the Garden Gate
  23. ^ Spray, M. (1981). Holly as a Fodder in England. Agricultural History Review 29 (2): 97. Available online (pdf file). British Agricultural History Society.
  24. ^ Joshua Dickson (9 October 2009). The Highland bagpipe: music, history, tradition. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-7546-6669-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=JOfk2YpundEC&pg=PA50. Retrieved 29 April 2011. 
  25. ^ Little Jr., Elbert L.; Roger G. Skolmen (1989) (PDF). Kāwaʻu, Hawaiian holly. United States Forest Service. http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Ilex_anomala.pdf. 
  26. ^ Ulloa Ulloa & Jørgensen (1993), eFloras.org (2007a, b), IUCN (2007), RBGE (2007), USDA (2007a, b)

External links

  • Media related to Ilex at Wikimedia Commons
  • The Wiktionary entry for ilex
  • Quotations related to Holly at Wikiquote

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - kristtjørn

Nederlands (Dutch)
hulst, steeneik

Français (French)
n. - houx

Deutsch (German)
n. - Stechpalme

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (φυτολ.) αρκουδοπούρναρο, λιόπρινο, ου

Italiano (Italian)
agrifoglio

Português (Portuguese)
n. - azevinho (m) (Bot.)

Русский (Russian)
падуб, остролист

Español (Spanish)
n. - acebo

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - järnek, kristtorn

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
冬青树

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 冬青樹

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 서양호랑가시나무

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 柊, セイヨウヒイラギ

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) البهشيه أو الايلكس, نبات ذو ورق صقيل شائك الأطراف وزهر صغير ضارب إلى البياض‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮צינית (שיח ירוק-עד)‬


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Hollie (family name)
Hulsman (family name)