Holy Roman Emperors

(including dates of reign)


Otto I, 936-73
Otto II, 973-83
Otto III, 983-1002
Henry II, 1002-24


Conrad II, 1024-39
Henry III, 1039-56
Henry IV, 1056-1105
Henry V, 1105-25
Lothair II, duke of Saxony, 1125-37


Conrad III, 1138-52
Frederick I, 1152-90
Henry VI, 1190-97
Philip of Swabia, 1198-1208
antiking: Otto IV (Guelph), 1198-1208
Otto IV, 1208-15 (king, 1208-12; emperor, 1209-15)
Frederick II, 1212-50 (king, 1212-20; emperor, 1220-50)
Conrad IV, 1237-54
antiking: Henry Raspe, 1246-47
antiking: William, count of Holland, 1247-56


Richard, earl of Cornwall, and Alfonso X of Castile, rivals


Rudolf I (Hapsburg), 1273-91
Adolf of Nassau, 1292-98
Albert I (Hapsburg), 1298-1308
Henry VII (Luxemburg), 1308-13
Louis IV (Wittelsbach), 1314-46
Charles IV (Luxemburg), 1346-78
Wenceslaus (Luxemburg), 1378-1400
Rupert (Wittelsbach), 1400-1410
Sigismund (Luxemburg), 1410-37


Albert II, 1438-39
Frederick III, 1440-93
Maximilian I, 1493-1519
Charles V, 1519-58
Ferdinand I, 1558-64
Maximilian II, 1564-76
Rudolf II, 1576-1612
Matthias, 1612-19
Ferdinand II, 1619-37
Ferdinand III, 1637-57
Leopold I, 1658-1705
Joseph I, 1705-11
Charles VI, 1711-40


Charles VII (Wittelsbach-Hapsburg), 1742-45
Francis I (Lorraine), 1745-65


Joseph II, 1765-90
Leopold II, 1790-92
Francis II, 1792-1806

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Holy Roman Emperors

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holy roman emperors
Before their imperial coronations, monarchs were styled ‘king of the Romans’ (Romanorum Rex); thereafter they were styled ‘Holy Roman Emperor’ (Romanorum Imperator)
House of Luxemburg
Henry VII (crowned 1312)	1308–13
House of Wittelsbach
Ludwig IV of Bavaria (crowned 1328)	1314–47
[Frederick of Austria]	[1314–30]
House of Luxemburg
Charles IV (grandson of Henry VII; crowned 1355)	1347–78
[Günther of Schwarzburg (abdicated)]	[1349]
Wenceslas (Wenceslas IV of Bohemia; son of Charles IV; co-regent 1376; deposed 1400)	1378–1400
House of Wittelsbach
Ruprecht of the Palatinate	1400–10
House of Luxemburg
Sigmund or Sigismund (son of Charles IV; crowned 1433)	1410–37
[Jobst of Moravia (nephew of Charles IV)]	[1410–11]
House of Habsburg
Albrecht II (great-great-grandson of Albrecht I of Austria, 1298–1308)	1438–9
Friedrich III (second cousin; crowned 1452)	1440–93
Maximilian I (son; co-regent from 1486; crowned 1508)	1493–1519
Charles V (grandson; crowned 1530; abdicated 1558)	1519–58
Ferdinand I (brother)	1558–64
Maximilian II (son)	1564–76
Rudolf II (son)	1576–1612
Matthias (brother)	1612–19
Ferdinand II (grandson of Ferdinand I)	1619–37
dukes of lorraine
House of Châtenois
Thiébaut II	1303–12
Ferry IV (son)	1312–29
Rudolf (son)	1329–46
John I (son)	1346–90
Charles II (son)	1390–1431
House of Anjou
René I (married Isabelle, daughter of Charles II; ‘René the Good’)	1431–53
John II (son)	1453–70
Nicolas (son)	1470–3
House of Vaudémont
René II (grandson of René I)	1473–1508
Anthony (son)	1508–44
Francis I (son)	1544–5
Charles III (son; ‘Charles the Great’)	1545–1608
Henry II (son)	1608–24
dukes of brunswick and lüneburg
Old Line of Brunswick
Magnus II (‘Magnus the Younger’)	1369–73
Friedrich (son)	1373–1400
[union of Brunswick and Lüneburg]	[1400]
Middle Line of Lüneburg
Heinrich (brother; joint ruler of Lüneburg from 1388; joint ruler of Brunswick from 1400; ruler of Lüneburg after partition in 1409)	1388–1416
Wilhelm I (son; ruler of Brunswick after 1428; ‘Wilhelm the Victorious’)	1416–28
Bernhardt I (son of Magnus II; ruler of Brunswick 1409–28)	1428–34
Friedrich (son; abdicated 1441 and 1458; ‘Friedrich the Pious’)	1434–41, 1446–58
Otto I (brother; ‘Otto the Lame’)	1434–46
Bernhardt II (son of Friedrich)	1458–64
Otto II (brother)	1464–71
Heinrich (son; abdicated 1522; ‘Heinrich the Middle’)	1471–1522
Otto III (son; ruler of Harburg, 1527–49)	1522–7
Ernst I (brother; ‘Ernst the Confessor’)	1522–46
Franz (brother; ruler of Gifhorn, 1539–49)	1536–9
Franz Otto (son of Ernst I)	1546–59
Heinrich (brother; ruler of Dannenberg after partition in 1569)	1559–98
Middle Line of Brunswick
Bernhardt I (son of Magnus II; joint ruler of Lüneburg from 1388 and of Brunswick from 1400; ruler of Brunswick from 1409 and Lüneburg from 1428)	1388–1428
Wilhelm (nephew; ruler of Lüneburg 1416–28; ruler of Calenberg from 1432; ‘Wilhelm the Victorious’)	1428–82
Heinrich (brother; ruler of Wolfenbüttel; ‘Heinrich the Pacific’)	1432–73
Friedrich (son of Wilhelm I; ruler of Calenberg from 1483; deposed 1484)	1482–4
Wilhelm II (brother; ruler of Göttingen from 1483; abdicated; ‘Wilhelm the Younger’)	1482–95
Line of Calenberg-Göttingen
Erik I (son of Wilhelm II; ruler of Calenberg-Göttingen after partition in 1495; ‘Erik the Elder’)	1495–1540
Erik II (son; ‘Erik the Younger’)	1540–84
[union with Wolfenbüttel]	[1585]
Line of Wolfenbüttel
Heinrich I (son of Wilhelm II; ruler of Wolfenbüttel from 1495)	1495–1514
Heinrich II (son; ‘Heinrich the Younger’)	1514–68
Julius (son; ruler of Calenberg from 1585)	1568–89
Heinrich Julius (son)	1589–1613
Friedrich Ulrich (son)	1613–34
New Line of Lüneburg
Wilhelm (son of Ernst I; ruler of Lüneburg Celle from 1569; ‘Wilhelm the Younger’)	1559–92
Ernst II (son)	1592–1611
Kristian (brother)	1611–33
landgraves of hesse
Heinrich I (‘Heinrich the Child’)	1264–1308
Heinrich the Younger (son; co-regent)	1284–98
Johann (brother; Lower Hesse)	1308–11
Otto (brother; Upper Hesse)	1308–28
Heinrich II (son; ‘Heinrich the Iron’)	1328–76
Herman the Learned (nephew; co-regent from 1367)	1376–1413
Ludwig II (son; ‘Ludwig the Peaceful’)	1413–58
Heinrich III (son; Upper Hesse; ‘Heinrich the Rich’)	1458–83
Wilhelm III (son; Upper Hesse; ‘Wilhelm the Younger’)	1483–1500
Ludwig III (son of Ludwig II; Lower Hesse; ‘Ludwig the Frank’)	1458–71
Wilhelm I (son; Lower Hesse; abdicated; ‘Wilhelm the Elder’)	1471–93
Wilhelm II (brother; Lower Hesse from 1493, Upper from 1500; ‘Wilhelm the Middle’)	1493–1509
Philipp (son; Philip of Hesse)	1509–67
Wilhelm IV (son; Hesse-Cassel; ‘Wilhelm the Wise’)	1567–92
Moritz the Learned (son; Hesse-Cassel; abdicated)	1592–1627
electors of brandenburg
House of Hohenzollern
Friedrich I	1415–40
Friedrich the Fat (son; margrave only, Old Mark and Prignitz)	1440–63
Friedrich II (brother; Middle and New Marks; ‘the Iron Margrave’)	1440–70
Albrecht Achilles (brother)	1470–86
Johann Cicero (son)	1486–99
Joachim I, Nestor (son)	1499–1535
Johann (son; margrave only; New Mark)	1535–71
Joachim II, Hector (brother; Old Mark and Prignitz, Middle Mark)	1535–71
Johann Georg (son)	1571–98
Joachim Friedrich (son)	1598–1608
Johann Sigmund (son; duke of Prussia, 1618)	1608–20
Georg Wilhelm (son)	1620–40
electors and dukes of saxony
House of Wettin
Electors of Saxony
Friedrich I (Frederick IV of Meissen; ‘Friedrich the Warlike’)	1423–28
Friedrich II (‘Friedrich the Gentle’)	1428–64
Electors of Saxony (Ernestine Line)
Ernst (son)	1464–86
Friedrich III (son; ‘Friedrich the Wise’)	1484–1525
Johann the Constant (brother)	1525–32
Johann Friedrich I, the Magnanimous(son; deprived of the electorate by Charles V in 1547)	1532–47
Dukes of Saxony (Albertine Line)
Albrecht (son of Friedrich II: ‘Albrecht the Bold’)	1464–1500
Georg der Bärtige (son)	1500–39
Heinrich the Pious (brother)	1539–41
Electors of Saxony
Moritz (Maurice of Saxony; son; elector from 1547)	1541–53
Augustus (brother)	1553–86
Christian I (son)	1586–91
Christian II (son)	1591–1611
Johann Georg I (brother)	1611–56
dukes of bavaria
House of Wittelsbach
Ludwig IV (king of the Romans 1314; resigned Palatinate 1329; ruler of Lower Bavaria from 1341; ‘Ludwig the Bavarian’)	1294–1347
Line of Upper Bavaria
Ludwig VI (son; joint ruler of Upper Bavaria after partition in 1349; abdicated 1351; ‘Ludwig the Roman’)	1347–51
Otto V (brother; joint ruler of Upper Bavaria after partition in 1349; abdicated 1351; joint ruler of Lower Bavaria-Landshut, 1376–9)	1347–51
Ludwig V (brother; joint ruler of Upper Bavaria after partition in 1649; ‘Ludwig the Brandenburger’)	1347–61
Meinhard (son)	1361–3
[union with Lower Bavaria-Landshut]	[1363]
Line of Lower Bavaria-Straubing
Wilhelm I (son of Ludwig IV; joint ruler of Lower Bavaria after partition in 1349; joint ruler of Lower Bavaria-Straubing after union in 1353; deposed 1358)	1347–58
Albrecht I (brother; joint ruler of Lower Bavaria after partition in 1349; joint ruler of Lower Bavaria-Straubing after union in 1353)	1347–1404
Albrecht II (son; co-regent)	1387–97
Johann/Hans III (brother; co-regent from 1397; John III)	1404–35
Line of Lower Bavaria-Landshut
Stefan II (son of Ludwig IV; joint ruler of Lower Bavaria after partition in 1349; ruler of Lower Bavaria-Landshut from 1353; ruler of Upper Bavaria from 1363)	1347–75
Friedrich (son; joint ruler of Lower Bavaria-Landshut from 1376; ruler of Lower Bavaria-Landshut after partition in 1392)	1375–93
Heinrich XVI (son; ruler of Upper Bavaria-Ingolstadt from 1447; ‘Heinrich the Rich’)	1393–1450
Ludwig IX (son; ‘Ludwig the Rich’)	1450–79
Georg (son; ‘Georg the Rich’)	1479–1503
[union with Upper Bavaria-Munich]	[1504]
Line of Upper Bavaria-Ingolstadt
Stefan III (son of Stefan II; joint ruler of Upper Bavaria from 1376; ruler of Bavaria-Ingolstadt from 1392; ‘Stefan the Magnificent’)	1375–1413
Ludwig VII (son; deposed 1443; ‘Ludwig the Bearded’)	1413–43
Ludwig VIII (son; ‘Ludwig the Younger’)	1443–5
[union with Lower Bavaria-Landshut]	[1447]
Line of Upper Bavaria-Munich
Johann/Hans II (son of Stefan II; joint ruler of Upper Bavaria from 1376; ruler of Upper Bavaria-Munich from 1392)	1375–97
Wilhelm III (son)	1397–1435
Ernst (brother)	1397–1438
Albrecht III (son; ‘Albrecht the Pious’)	1438–60
Johann/Hans IV (son)	1460–3
Sigismund (brother; abdicated)	1460–67

Wikipedia on Answers.com:

Holy Roman Emperor

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Emperor of the Romans
Former Monarchy
Imperial

Quaternion Eagle

Francis II
First monarch	Otto I (with numbering from Charlemagne)
Last monarch	Francis II
Style	His Imperial Majesty
Appointer	Papal appointment
Monarchy started	25 December 800
Monarchy ended	6 August 1806
Current pretender	Position abolished

For the racehorse, see Holy Roman Emperor (horse).

Coat of arms of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 to 1576. The Emperors used the double-headed eagle as a symbol of their authority.

The Holy Roman Emperor (German: Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser, or "Roman-German Emperor") is a term used by historians to denote a medieval ruler who had also received the title of "Emperor of the Romans" from the Pope. After the 16th century, this elected monarch governed the Holy Roman Empire (later called Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation), a Central European union of territories of the Medieval and Early Modern period.

Title

Further information: Emperor

The title of Emperor (Imperator) carried with it an important role as protector of the Catholic Church. As the papacy's power grew during the Middle Ages, Popes and emperors came into conflict over church administration. The best-known and bitterest conflict was that known as the Investiture Controversy, fought during the 11th century between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII.

After Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor by the Pope, his successors maintained the title until the death of Berengar I of Italy in 924. No pope appointed an emperor again until the coronation of Otto the Great in 962. Otto is considered the first Holy Roman Emperor, although Charlemagne is also accounted by some to be the first. Under Otto and his successors, much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia became the Holy Roman Empire. The various German princes elected one of their peers as King of the Germans, after which he would be crowned as emperor by the Pope. After Charles V's coronation, all succeeding emperors were legally emperors-elect due to the lack of papal coronation, but for all practical purposes they were simply called emperors.

The term "sacrum" (i.e. "holy") in connection with the medieval Roman Empire was first used in 1157 under Frederick I Barbarossa,^[1] Even though Charlemagne was the first to receive papal coronation as Emperor of the Romans, Otto I is considered the first Holy Roman Emperor in historiography. Charles V was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope. The final Holy Roman Emperor-elect, Francis II, abdicated in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars that saw the Empire's final dissolution.

The standard designation of the Holy Roman Emperor was "August Emperor of the Romans" (Romanorum Imperator Augustus). When Charlemagne was crowned in 800, his was styled as "most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman Empire," thus constituting the elements of "Holy" and "Roman" in the imperial title. The word Holy had never been used as part of that title in official documents.^[2]

The word Roman was a reflection of the translatio imperii (transfer of rule) principle that regarded the (Germanic) Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480.

Succession

Successions to the kingship were controlled by a variety of complicated factors. Elections meant the kingship of Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of France, although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. Some scholars suggest that the task of the elections was really to solve conflicts only when the dynastic rule was unclear, yet the process meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on side, which were known as Wahlkapitulationen (election capitulations).

The Electoral council was set at seven princes (three archbishops and four secular princes) by the Golden Bull of 1356. It remained so until 1648, when the settlement of the Thirty Years' War required the addition of a new elector to maintain the precarious balance between Protestant and Catholic factions in the Empire. Another elector was added in 1690, and the whole college was reshuffled in 1803, a mere three years before the dissolution of the Empire.

After 1438, the Kings remained in the house of Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine, with the brief exception of Charles VII, who was a Wittelsbach. Maximilian I (Emperor 1508-1519) and his successors no longer travelled to Rome to be crowned as Emperor by the Pope. Therefore, they could not technically claim the title Emperor of the Romans, but were mere "Emperors-elect of the Romans", as Maximilian named himself in 1508 with papal approval. This title was in fact used (Erwählter Römischer Kaiser), but it was somewhat forgotten that the word "erwählt" (elect) was a restriction. Of all his successors, only Charles V, the immediate one, received a papal coronation. Before that date in 1530, he was called Emperor-elect too.

List of emperors

Emperors before Otto the Great

Traditional historiography claimed a continuity between the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. This is rejected by some modern historians, who date the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire to 962^[3]. The rulers who were crowned as Emperors in the west before 962 were as follows:

Carolingian dynasty

Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor
Charles I (Charlemagne)	2 April 742 - 28 January 814	25 December 800	28 January 814	-
Louis I	778 - 20 June 840	5 October 816	20 June 840	son of Emperor Charles I
Lothair I	795 - 29 September 855	5 April 823	29 September 855	son of Emperor Louis I
Louis II	825 - 12 August 875	1st Easter 850 2nd 18 May 872	12 August 875	son of Emperor Lothair I
Charles II	13 June 823 - 6 October 877	29 December 875	6 October 877	son of Emperor Louis I
Charles III	13 June 839 - 13 January 888	12 February 881	13 January 888	grandson of Emperor Louis I

Guideschi dynasty

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Coin
	Guy	855 - 12 December 894	May 891	12 December 894	great-great grandson of Emperor Charles I	-
	Lambert	880 - 15 October 898	30 April 892	15 October 898	son of Emperor Guy	-

Carolingian dynasty

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Coin
	Arnulph	850 - 8 December 899	22 February 896	8 December 899	nephew of Charles III and great-grandson of Emperor Louis I	-

Bosonid dynasty

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Coin
	Louis III	880 - 28 June 928	22 February 901	21 July 905	grandson of Emperor Louis II	-

Unruoching dynasty

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Coin
	Berengar	845 - 7 April 924	December 915	7 April 924	grandson of Emperor Louis I	-

There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.

Holy Roman Emperors

Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty

#	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor
1	Otto I	23 November 912 - 7 May 973	-	2 February 962	7 May 973	perhaps great-great-great grandson of Emperor Louis I^{[citation needed]}
2	Otto II	955 - 7 December 983	961	25 December 967	7 December 983	son of Emperor Otto I
3	Otto III	980 - 23 January 1002	June 983	21 May 996	23 January 1002	son of Emperor Otto II
4	Henry II ^[4]	6 May 973 - 13 July 1024	7 June 1002	14 February 1014	13 July 1024	second-cousin of Emperor Otto III and great-great-great grandson of Emperor Louis I^{[citation needed]}

Salian (Frankish) dynasty

#	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor
5	Conrad II ^[5]	990 - 4 June 1039	1024	26 March 1027	4 June 1039	great-great-grandson of Emperor Otto I
6	Henry III	29 October 1017 - 5 October 1056	1028	25 December 1046	5 October 1056	son of Emperor Conrad II
7	Henry IV	11 November 1050 - 7 August 1106	1053	31 March 1084	December 1105	son of Emperor Henry III
8	Henry V ^[6]	8 November 1086 - 23 May 1125	6 January 1099	13 April 1111	23 May 1125	son of Emperor Henry IV

Supplinburger dynasty

#	Image	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Seal
9		Lothair III ^[7]	9 June 1075 - 4 December 1137	1125	4 June 1133	4 December 1137	perhaps 9th generation descendant of Emperor Otto I or 11th generation descendant of Emperor Charles II

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

#	Image	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Arms
10		Frederick I	1122 - 10 June 1190	4 March 1152	18 June 1155	10 June 1190	great-grandson of Emperor Henry IV
11		Henry VI	November 1165 - 28 September 1197	?April 1169	14 April 1191	28 September 1197	son of Emperor Frederick I

Welf dynasty

#	Image	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Arms
12		Otto IV	1175 or 1176 - 19 May 1218	9 June 1198	4 October 1209	1215	great-grandson of Emperor Lothair III

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

#	Image	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Arms
13		Frederick II	26 December 1194 - 13 December 1250	1196 1215 re-election	22 November 1220	13 December 1250	son of Emperor Henry VI

House of Luxembourg

#	Image	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Arms
14		Henry VII	1275/1279 - 24 August 1313	1308	29 June 1312	24 August 1313	13th generation descendant of Emperor Louis III

House of Wittelsbach

#	Image	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Arms
15		Louis IV	1 April 1282 - 11 October 1347	October 1314	17 January 1328	11 October 1347	6th generation descendant of Emperor Lothair III and 7th generation descendant of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

House of Luxembourg

#	Image	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Arms
16		Charles IV	14 May 1316 - 29 November 1378	11 July 1346/ 17 June 1349 re-election	5 April 1355	29 November 1378	grandson of Emperor Henry VII
17		Sigismund	14 February 1368 - 9 December 1437	10 September 1410/ 21 July 1411 re-election	31 May 1433	9 December 1437	son of Emperor Charles IV

House of Habsburg

#	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from an Emperor
18	Frederick III	21 September 1415 - 19 August 1493	1440	19 March 1452	19 August 1493	10th generation descendant of Emperor Lothair III
19	Maximilian I	22 March 1459 - 12 January 1519	16 February 1486	- ^[8]	12 January 1519	son of Emperor Frederick III
20	Charles V	24 February 1500 - 21 September 1558	28 June 1519	February 1530	16 January 1556	grandson of Emperor Maximilian I
21	Ferdinand I	10 March 1503 - 25 July 1564	1531	- ^[8]	25 July 1564	grandson of Emperor Maximilian I
22	Maximilian II	31 July 1527 - 12 October 1576	November 1562	- ^[8]	12 October 1576	son of Emperor Ferdinand I
23	Rudolph II ^[9]	18 July 1552 - 20 January 1612	1575	30 June 1575	20 January 1612	son of Emperor Maximilian II
24	Matthias	24 February 1557 - 20 March 1619	1612	23 January 1612	20 March 1619	son of Emperor Maximilian II
25	Ferdinand II	9 July 1578 - 15 February 1637	1618	10 March 1619	15 February 1637	grandson of Emperor Ferdinand I
26	Ferdinand III	13 July 1608 - 2 April 1657	1636	18 November 1637	2 April 1657	son of Emperor Ferdinand II
27	Leopold I	9 June 1640 - 5 May 1705	July 1658	6 March 1657	5 May 1705	son of Emperor Ferdinand III
28	Joseph I	26 July 1678 - 17 April 1711	6 January 1690	1 May 1705	17 April 1711	son of Emperor Leopold I
29	Charles VI	1 October 1685 - 20 October 1740	12 October 1711	22 December 1711	20 October 1740	son of Emperor Leopold I

House of Wittelsbach

#	Image	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from Emperor	Arms
30		Charles VII ^[8]	6 August 1697 - 20 January 1745	24 January 1742	12 February 1742	20 January 1745	great-great grandson of Emperor Ferdinand II and 12th generation descendant of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

#	Name	Life	Election	Coronation	Ceased to be Emperor	Descent from an Emperor
31	Francis I	8 December 1708 - 18 August 1765	13 September 1745	- ^[8]	18 August 1765	great grandson of Emperor Ferdinand III
32	Joseph II	13 March 1741 - 20 February 1790	after 18 August 1765	19 August 1765	20 February 1790	son of Emperor Francis I
33	Leopold II	5 May 1747 - 1 March 1792	after 20 February 1790	- ^[8]	1 March 1792	son of Emperor Francis I
34	Francis II	12 February 1768 - 2 March 1835	after 1 March 1792	4 March 1792	6 August 1806	son of Emperor Leopold II

Coronation

Emperor	Coronation date	Officiant	Location
Charles I	25 December 800	Pope Leo III	Rome
Louis I	Jul/Aug 816	Pope Stephen V	Reims
Lothair I	5 April 823	Pope Paschal I	Rome
Louis II	April 850	Pope Leo IV	Rome
Charles II	29 December 875	Pope John VIII	Rome
Charles III	12 February 881
Guy III of Spoleto	May 891	Pope Stephen V
Lambert II of Spoleto	30 April 892	Pope Formosus	Ravenna
Arnulf of Carinthia	22 February 896	Rome
Louis III	15 or 22 February 901	Pope Benedict IV	Rome
Berengar	December 915	Pope John X	Rome
Otto I	2 February, 962	Pope John XII
Otto II	25 December, 967	Pope John XIII
Otto III	21 May, 996	Pope Gregory V
Henry II	14 February 1014	Pope Benedict VIII
Conrad II	26 March 1027	Pope John XIX
Henry III	25 December 1046	Pope Clement II
Henry IV	31 March 1084	Antipope Clement III
Henry V	13 April 1111	Pope Paschal II
Henry V	23 March 1117	Antipope Gregory VIII
Lothair III	4 June 1133	Pope Innocent II	Basilica of St. John Lateran
Frederick I	18 June 1155	Pope Adrian IV
Henry VI	14 April 1191	Pope Celestine III
Otto IV	4 October 1209	Pope Innocent III
Frederick II	22 November 1220	Pope Honorius III
Henry VII	29 June 1312	Cardinals
Louis IV	17 January 1328	Sciarra Colonna
Charles IV	5 April 1355	Cardinal
Sigismund	31 May 1433	Pope Eugenius IV
Frederick III	19 March 1452	Pope Nicholas V
Charles V	February 1530	Pope Clement VII	Bologna, Italy

References

^ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977-1999, vol. 4, columns 2025-2028.
^ Bryce, James (1968). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan. pp. 530.
^ germanmilitaryhistory.com
^ enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.
^ enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor
^ Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). The Origins of Modern Germany. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393301532. http://books.google.com/books?id=RY6VmGuAaCkC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=supplinburg+dynasty&source=web&ots=RsLwH_MnGU&sig=EFPN-WhCOTcfJD4WsWDk39dsGl4.
^ enumerated as successor of Lothair II, who was King of Lotharingia 855–869 but not Emperor
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Emperor-Elect.
^ enumerated as successor of Rudolph I who was German King 1273–1291.

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v d e Holy Roman Emperors

Carolingian Empire	Charles I (Charlemagne) Louis I Lothair I Louis II Charles II Charles III Guy Lambert Arnulf Louis III Berengar

Holy Roman Empire	Otto I Otto II Otto III Henry II Conrad II Henry III Henry IV Henry V Lothair II Frederick I Henry VI Otto IV Frederick II Henry VII Louis IV Charles IV Sigismund Frederick III Maximilian I Charles V Ferdinand I Maximilian II Rudolph II Matthias Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Leopold I Joseph I Charles VI Charles VII Francis I Joseph II Leopold II Francis II

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Roman Emperors by Epoch

List of Roman Emperors · Concise list · Roman Empire · Family tree

Principate	Crisis of the 3rd century	Dominate	Division	Successors

Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC – 68 AD) Four Emperors (68–69) Flavian dynasty (69–96) Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96–192) Five Emperors (192–193) Severan dynasty (193–235)	Barracks Emperors (235–284) Illyrian Emperors (268–284) Gallic Emperors (260–274) Britannic Emperors (286–297)	Tetrarchies (293–313) Constantinian dynasty (305–363) Valentinian dynasty (364–392) Theodosian dynasty (378–455)	Western Roman Emperors (395–476) Eastern Roman/Byzantine Emperors (395–1453)	Barbarian kings of Italy Latin Emperors Holy Roman Emperors Ottoman Sultans

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History: Holy Roman Emperors

Top

*House*	*Monarch*	*Reign*
Carolingian
	Charles (Charlemagne)	800–814
	Louis I (the Pious)	814–840
	Lothair I	840–855
	Louis II	855–875
	Charles II (the Bald)	875–877
	Charles III (the Fat)	881–887
	Arnulf of Carinthia	887–899
	Louis III (the Child)	900–911
Franconia
	Conrad I	911–918
Saxony
	Henry I (the Fowler)	919–936
	Otto I (the Great)	936–973
	Otto II	973–983
	Otto III	983–1002
	St. Henry II	1002–1024
Salian
	Conrad II	1024–1039
	Henry III	1039–1056
	Henry IV	1056–1105
	[Rudolf of Swabia	1077–1080]
	[Herman of Salm	1081–1088]
	Conrad	1087–1098
	Henry V	1105–1125
Suplinburg
	Lothair II of Saxony	1125–1137
Hohenstaufen
	Conrad III	1138–1152
	Henry	1147–1150
	Fredrick I (Barbarosa)	1152–1190
	Henry VI	1190–1197
	Philip of Swabia	1198–1208
Welf
	Otto IV	1198–1218
Hohenstaufen
	Fredrick II	1212–1250
	Henry	1220–1235
	[Henry Raspe of Thuringia	1246–1247]
	[William of Holland	1247–1256]
	Conrad IV	1250–1254
	[Richard of Cornwall	1257–1272]
Habsburg
	Rudolf I	1273–1291
Nassau
	Adolf	1292–1298
Habsburg
	Albert I of Austria	1298–1308
Luxemburg
	Henry VII	1308–1313
Wittelsbach
	Louis IV of Bavaria	1314–1347
	[Frederick of Austria	1314–1330]
Luxemburg
	Charles IV	1346–1378
	[Günther of Schwarzburg	1349]
	Wenceslas	1378–1400
Wittelsbach
	Rupert of the Palatinate	1400–1410
Luxemburg
	Sigismund	1410–1437
	[Jobst of Moravia	1410–1411]
Habsburg
	Albert II of Austria	1438–1439
	Frederick III	1440–1493
	Maximilian I	1493–1558
	Charles V	1519–1558
	Ferdinand I	1558–1564
	Maximilian II	1564–1576
	Rudolf II	1576–1612
	Matthias	1612–1619
	Ferdinand II	1619–1637
	Ferdinand III	1637–1657
	Leopold I	1658–1705
	Joseph I	1705–1711
	Charles VI	1711–1740
Wittelsbach
	Charles VII of Bavaria	1742–1745
Habsburg-Lorraine
	Francis I of Lorraine	1745–1765
	Joseph II	1765–1790
	Leopold II	1790–1792
	Francis II	1792–1806

Bartlett, R. The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization, and Cultural Change, 950-1350. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Scott, H., ed. The European Nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1995.

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	Book: Holy Roman Emperors
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Holy Roman Emperors

Holy Roman Emperors

Holy Roman Emperors

Holy Roman Emperor

Title

Succession

List of emperors

Emperors before Otto the Great

Carolingian dynasty

Guideschi dynasty

Carolingian dynasty

Bosonid dynasty

Unruoching dynasty

Holy Roman Emperors

Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty

Salian (Frankish) dynasty

Supplinburger dynasty

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

Welf dynasty

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

House of Luxembourg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Luxembourg

House of Habsburg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Coronation

See also

References

History: Holy Roman Emperors