House of Mecklenburg
| House of
Mecklenburg Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz |
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| Country: | Mecklenburg | ||
| Parent House: | N/A | ||
| Titles: | Duke, Grand Duke | ||
| Founder: | Heinrich Borwin I | ||
| Final Ruler: | Friedrich Franz IV | ||
| Current Head: | Extinct[citation needed] | ||
| Founding Year: | 1150 | ||
| Dissolution: | 1918 | ||
| Ethnicity: | German | ||
| Cadet Branches: | N/A | ||
The Grand Ducal House of Mecklenburg, the more common name for the House of Nikloting, was a North German dynasty of West Slavic origin that ruled until 1918.
Origins
Niklot was a lord of the Wendish tribe of Obotrites. When the Holy Roman Empire expanded eastwards, notably to the coast of Baltic in 13th century, a portion of Obotrite lords allied with German leaders, and strengthened their own position in consequence. The mightiest of them were those who became first Lords of Mecklenburg (name derives from their main castle, Mikla Burg, big fortress). The main branch of the house was elevated in 1347 to ducal rank. They gradually became outwardly more German, preserving their ruling position.
Claims to Swedish throne
The Dukes of Mecklenburg pursued from 14th century a claim to inheritance in Sweden: The Duke of Mecklenburg was a descendant and the heir of two women whom legends tied to Scandinavian royal houses.
- Duke Henry II of Mecklenburg's paternal great-grandmother, a Scandinavian noblewoman named Christina, who was the wife of Henry Borwin II of Mecklenburg (d 1226), was a daughter of King Sverker II of Sweden by his first wife. Christina was the mother of John I of Mecklenburg, whose son was Henry I of Mecklenburg.
- Duke Henry II of Mecklenburg's maternal grandmother, a lady named Marianna, who was the first wife of Duke Barnim I of Pomerania (d 1278), lord of Wolgast, was a sister of King Erik XI of Sweden. Marianna had given birth to an only surviving child, daughter named Anastasia of Pomerania, who then became the wife of Henry I of Mecklenburg (d 1302) and mother of Henry II.
The Sverker dynasty had long been extinct, having lost the throne ultimately to Eric XI. The male dynasty of Eric X was also now extinct, and issue of his other daughters had been sidestepped by Birger Jarl, the husband of his daughter (the only who yet in 1250 lived), Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden. Birger took care to secure the kingship to his own sons.
Claim became reality for a brief reign: Henry II's son Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg (1318-79) married a kinswoman, a Scandinavian heiress Euphemia of Sweden and Norway (born 1317 and died 1370). The couple's second son duke Albert III deposed his uncle from the Swedish throne, and ascended as King.
The Regent-Queen Margaret chose Eric of Pomerania as her heir. Eric descended from the elder brother of Albert III. Monarchs of the Kalmar union were all cognatic descendants of the House of Mecklenburg.
The agnatic House of Mecklenburg, descended from Euphemia's youngest son Magnus I, Duke of Mecklenburg, continued to keep their claim to the throne, and occasionally stirred the situation in Scandinavia.
Claims to Norway
This country, the Hereditary Kingdom of Norway, has been the only medieval Scandinavian realm whose kingship was hereditary, not elective. Already when Olav IV of Norway was little and his mother Margaret was regent, the Dukes of Mecklenburg advanced their claims.
The right is based on their descent from Euphemia of Sweden, granddaughter of Haakon V of Norway.
When Olav IV died in 1387, Norway was without a monarch, under the government of the regentess Margaret. She soon chose a heir, Eric of Pomerania, whose mother Maria of Mecklenburg had been Eufemia's eldest granddaughter. Maria's uncle, Margaret's old opponent was left without.
When Eric's nephew king Christopher died (before the death of the deposed Eric III of Norway), after some hiatus another magnate, Christian VIII of Oldenburg, of a female descent from Eufemia and the Mecklenburg (Eufemia's daughter's great-grandson), was in 1450 chosen as king of Norway, this time surpassing his cousin and male-line rival, Duke Henry the Fat of Mecklenburg.
The Dukes of Mecklenburg continued to regard themselves as rightful heirs of Norway, however they were unable to gain the kingdom from the Oldenburgs.
Modern states in Mecklenburg
In c 1711, a treaty was made between Dukes of Mecklenburg and the Elector of Brandenburg, through which the elector was recognized as the next heir of Mecklenburg after the male lines of the genealogical house of Mecklenburg. Whereby the electors, later kings of Prussia, regarded themselves as having become members of the House of Mecklenburg and started to use its titles, e.g Duke of Mecklenburg, among their own titulary.
The legality of that treaty concession has been and is under discussion, because not each of the then agnates of the House participated in the deed, and at least one of them was then underage.
In 17th and 18th centuries, the duchy was divided several times between agnates of the ducal house. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Gustrow, Mecklenburg-Grabow and Mecklenburg-Strelitz were typical partition principalities. Until the late 18th century, most parts had returned to the senior branch (Schwerin), after which the patrimony was divided in two states until the very end of monarchy in Germany:
These were elevated to grand duchies by recognition of the Congress of Vienna. In 1918, less than a year before the elimination of monarchy, the main line of Strelitz went extinct and the then Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin stepped in as regent, but succession unclarities (there was a junior Strelitz branch yet living in Russia) were not solved until the small monarchies both were dissolved to republics.
Slavic heritage
The house of Mecklenburg was originally a tribal chieftain dynasty of Slavic Obotrites, such as Niklot and Pribislav, who gradually became Germanized. In the beginning of 20th century, its Slavic roots were remembered for example by king Nicholas I of Montenegro who chose Duchess Jutta of Mecklenburg as the wife of his heir-apparent, Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro, stating the Slavic ethnicity of the Mecklenburg as sufficient.
House of Mecklenburg today
Orders of Succession Former Monarchies |
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See also
Monarchies Presidencies |
After the loss of the monarchy, the native grand ducal line of Mecklenburg-Schwerin survived incontestably for almost a century, but has recently gone extinct with the death of Frederick Francis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1910-2001), the eldest son and heir of the last reigning Grand Duke.
The ruling family of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, collaterals of this Schwerin branch, faced its practical extinction already much earlier, either in 1918 or in 1934: Grand Duke Adolf Frederick VI committed suicide on 23 February 1918, just before the end of the monarchy. The only other surviving agnate of Strelitz, his cousin Duke Charles Michael (d 1934), being in Russian service, had in 1914 renounced his rights to succession of Strelitz (though possibly not of Schwerin). Their only living male-line relative was Count George Alexandrovich Carlow (d 1962), morganatic son of Charles Michael's elder brother. Thus, there were no dynastic male heirs of the Strelitz line. In the unclear and possibly heirless situation, Grand Duke Friedrich Franz IV of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (possibly the rightful heir, though the case was yet under adjudication) was in 1918 appointed as the regent of the small grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and the depositions of German monarchs soon ended both these grand duchies.
After the sonless deaths of his great-uncle duke Adolf Frederick of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d 1969) and his only brother duke Christian Ludwig of Mecklenburg (d 1996), the childless hereditary grand duke Frederick Francis V confirmed the Count of Carlow's (d 1962) male-line descendants as dynasts of Mecklenburg with rights to succession in Mecklenburg states.
The count of Carlow himself had been adopted by his uncle, Duke Charles Michael of Mecklenburg, and thus already became known as Duke Georg of Mecklenburg (the title recognized also by Cyril Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia, the first Head of the Russian Imperial House in exile). Carlow's grandson is Duke Georg Borwin of Mecklenburg, a claimant to the two grand duchies since Fredrick Francis V's death.
Their dynastic status is under dispute, depending on the validity of the act of Frederick Francis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d 2001) to recognize this family as dynasts of Mecklenburg. Mecklenburg would have passed to the Margraves of Brandenburg (the Head of the House of Hohenzollern) and that claim is represented by Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia and the Prussian line of succession now potentially doubles as the Mecklenburg line of succession.
Carlow line of succession
- Pretender: Duke Georg Borwin of Mecklenburg (born 1956)
- Duke Alexander of Mecklenburg (born 1991)
- Duke Michael of Mecklenburg (born 1994)
- Duke Karl Gregor of Mecklenburg (born 1933)
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