Hue
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A city of central Vietnam near the South China Sea northwest of Da Nang. An ancient Annamese city probably dating from the third century A.D., it was nearly destroyed during heavy fighting in the Vietnam War but has since been rebuilt. Population: 287,000.
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City (pop., 2004 est.: 277,100), central Vietnam. The seat of the Chinese military authority in the kingdom of Nam Viet about 200 , it passed to the Chams about 200. In 1306 it was ceded to Dai Viet (Vietnam). It is the site of the imperial citadel, from which the Nguyen family reigned from the mid-16th to the mid-20th century. It was occupied by the Japanese (194045). It became the seat of a committee of noncommunist Vietnamese in April 1947 but lost this role in 1949 when the newly declared state of Vietnam chose Saigon ( Ho Chi Minh City) as its capital. Hue was largely destroyed during the 1968 Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War; it has since been rebuilt.
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The subjective perception of color, e.g., red, yellow, green, blue, purple, or some combination thereof. White, black and gray colors possess no hue.
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Hue (hwā), city (1989 pop. 260,489), former capital of the historic region of Annam, Vietnam, in a rich farming area on the Hue River near the South China Sea. Probably founded in the 3d cent. A.D., Hue was occupied in turn by the Chams and the Annamese. After the 16th cent. it was the seat of a dynasty that extended its power over S Annam, modern Cochin China, and parts of Cambodia and Laos. The first king of Vietnam, Nguyen Anh, was crowned there in 1802, and shortly thereafter Hue became the capital of the new kingdom, emerging as an artistic and literary center. The French occupied the city in 1883. During World War II the Japanese mined iron ore in the area. In the Vietnam War, Hue was the scene of the longest and heaviest fighting of the Tet offensive (Jan.-Feb., 1968); some 4,000 civilians were killed and most of the city, including the palaces and tombs of the former Annamese kings, was destroyed. Much of the city has been rebuilt. Hue has an important airport and is the seat of the Univ. of Hue.
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The type of color that is attributed to a certain visual experience. Colors are combinations of reflected or transmitted light. Reflected light is made up of the three primary colors: red, yellow, and blue. Transmitted light is made up of cyan, magenta, and yellow. The hue is the single primary or compound secondary color. Example: Orange is made of reflected yellow and red; yellow-orange is made up of an overage of yellow plus reflected red; and white is made up of the three transmitted primary colors cyan, yellow, and magenta. See Chroma, Intensity, Color (Colorants).
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For the city in Vietnam, see Huế. For other uses, see Hue (disambiguation).
Hue is one of the main properties of a color, defined technically (in the CIECAM02 model), as "the degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from stimuli that are described as red, green, blue, and yellow,"[1] (the unique hues). The other main correlatives of color appearance are colorfulness, chroma, saturation, lightness, and brightness.
Usually, colors with the same hue are distinguished with adjectives referring to their lightness and/or chroma, such as with "light blue", "pastel blue", "vivid blue". Exceptions include brown, which is a dark orange,[2] and pink, a light red with reduced chroma.
In painting color theory, a hue refers to a pure color—one without tint or shade (added white or black pigment, respectively).[3] A hue is an element of the color wheel. Hues are first processed in the brain in areas in the extended V4 called globs.[4][5]
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Computing hue
In opponent color spaces in which two of the axes are perceptually orthogonal to lightness, such as the CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*) (CIELAB) and 1976 (L*, u*, v*) (CIELUV) color spaces, hue may be computed together with chroma by converting these coordinates from rectangular form to polar form. Hue is the angular component of the polar representation, while chroma is the radial component.
Specifically, in CIELAB:[6]
while, analogously, in CIELUV:[6]
Where, atan2 is a two-argument inverse tangent.
Computing hue from RGB
Preucil[7] describes a color hexagon, similar to a trilinear plot described by Evans, Hanson, and Brewer,[8] which may be used to compute hue from RGB. To place red at 0°, green at 120°, and blue at 240°.
Note: This is equation assumes the form atan2(x,y), many programs and spreadsheets use atan2(y,x).
Equivalently, one may solve:
Preucil used a polar plot, which he termed a color circle.[7] Using R, G, and B, one may compute hue angle using the following scheme: determine which of the six possible orderings of R, G, and B prevail, then apply the formula given in the table below.
| Ordering | Hue Region | Formula |
|---|---|---|
 |
Red-Yellow |  |
 |
Yellow-Green |  |
 |
Green-Cyan |  |
 |
Cyan-Blue |  |
 |
Blue-Magenta |  |
 |
Magenta-Red |  |
Note that in each case the formula contains the fraction 
, where H is the highest of R, G, and B; L is the lowest, and M is the mid one between the other two. This is referred to as the Preucil Hue Error, and was used in the computation of mask strength in photomechanical color reproduction.[9]
Hue angles computed for the Preucil circle agree with the hue angle computed for the Preucil Hexagon at integer multiples of 30 degrees (red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta, and the colors mid-way between contiguous pairs) and differ by approximately 1.2 degrees at odd integer multiples of 15 degrees (based on the circle formula), the maximum divergence between the two.
The process of converting an RGB color into an HSL color space or HSV color space is usually based on a 6-piece piecewise mapping, treating the HSV cone as a hexacone, or the HSL double cone as a double hexacone.[10] The formulae used are those in the table above.
Specialized hues
The hues exhibited by caramel colorings and beers are fairly limited in range. The Linner hue index is used to quantify the hue of such products.
Hue as a qualification in the names of artist's colors
Manufacturers of pigments use the word hue e.g. 'Cadmium Yellow (hue)' to indicate that the original pigmentation ingredient, often toxic, has been replaced by safer (or cheaper) alternatives whilst retaining the hue of the original. Replacements are often used for chromium, cadmium and alizarin.
Hue vs. dominant wavelength
Dominant wavelength (or sometimes equivalent wavelength) is a physical analog to the perceptual attribute hue. On a chromaticity diagram, a line is drawn from a white point through the coordinates of the color in question, until it intersects the spectral locus. The wavelength at which the line intersects the spectrum locus is identified as the color's dominant wavelength if the point is on the same side of the white point as the spectral locus, and as the color's complementary wavelength if the point is on the opposite side.[11]
Hue difference: 
or 
?
There are two main ways in which hue difference is quantified. The first is the simple difference between the two hue angles. The symbol for this expression of hue difference is 
in CIELAB and 
in CIELUV. The other is computed as the residual total color difference after Lightness and Chroma differences have been accounted for; its symbol is 
in CIELAB and 
in CIELUV.
See also
- Lightness (color)
- Colorfulness
- Chromaticity
- Munsell color system
- Bezold-Brücke shift
References
- ^ Mark Fairchild, "Color Appearance Models: CIECAM02 and Beyond." Tutorial slides for IS&T/SID 12th Color Imaging Conference.
- ^ C J Bartleson, "Brown". Color Research and Application, 1 : 4, p 181-191 (1976).
- ^ "The Color Wheel and Color Theory". Creative Curio. 2008-05-16. http://creativecurio.com/2008/05/the-color-wheel-and-color-theory/. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
- ^ Conway, BR; Moeller, S; Tsao, DY. (2007). "Specialized color modules in macaque extrastriate cortex". Neuron 56 (3): 560–73. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.008. PMID 17988638.
- ^ Conway, BR; Tsao, DY (2009). "Color-tuned neurons are spatially clustered according to color preference within alert macaque posterior inferior temporal cortex". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (42): 18034–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810943106. PMC 2764907. PMID 19805195. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2764907.
- ^ a b Colorimetry, second edition: CIE Publication 15.2. Vienna: Bureau Central of the CIE, 1986.
- ^ a b Frank Preucil, "Color Hue and Ink Transfer … Their Relation to Perfect Reproduction, TAGA Proceedings, p 102-110 (1953).
- ^ Ralph Merrill Evans, W T Hanson, and W Lyle Brewer, Principles of Color Photography. New York: Wiley, 1953
- ^ Miles Southworth, Color Separation Techniques, second edition. Livonia, New York: Graphic Arts Publishing, 1979
- ^ Max K. Agoston (2004). Computer Graphics and Geometric Modelling v. 1: Implementation and Algorithms. Springer. pp. 301–304. ISBN 1-85233-818-0. http://books.google.com/?id=fGX8yC-4vXUC&pg=PA301&lpg=PA301&dq=hsv++hue+rgb#PPA304,M1.
- ^ Deane B Judd and Günter Wyszecki, Color in Business, Science, and Industry. New York: Wiley, 1976.
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