(b. Fredericksburg, Virginia, 11 Nov. 1900; d. 21 July 1994) US; Member of the US House of Representatives 1940 – 59, US Senator 1959 – 77 Scott was educated at Randolph-Macon College and at the University of Virginia where he studied law. After a period in private practice, he became in 1926 an assistant district attorney, a post he held until his election to the House of Representatives in 1941. Service in Congress was interrupted by a spell in the navy but in 1947 he returned to the House and in 1948 became chairman of the Republican National Committee, partly as a reward for help in getting Thomas Dewey the nomination.

Elected to the Senate in 1958, Scott served on the Judiciary and Foreign Relations Committee. In 1969 Scott was made Republican whip and, when Everett Dirksen died later that year, Scott was elected to succeed him as Republican Senate leader.

Scott was generally seen as being on the liberal wing of the Republican Party. For example, he was a reliable supporter of civil rights measures regardless of the partisan advantage to be gained increasingly from opposing such initiatives. Above all else he was a loyal party man who supported Republicans in the White House almost regardless of the impact of their policies on the congressional party. He took a long time to withdraw support from Richard Nixon over Watergate; but in 1974 Scott was one of the Republican leaders who had to tell the embattled President that he could no longer survive impeachment.

Scott retired from the Senate in 1976 and returned to private practice in Washington, DC.

(1865–1945)

British architect. He was articled to Charles Edward Davis (1827–1902), City Architect of Bath. In 1889 he moved to Douglas, IoMan, and in 1893 established his own practice, specializing in domestic architecture that used vernacular motifs, influenced partly by American work, notably in the Shingle style, and partly by Voysey. In 1895 he began to publish articles on house-design in The Studio which brought him to public notice, and his work caught the attention of Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse (reigned 1892–1918, who employed Scott to decorate and furnish the main rooms of his house at Darmstadt (1897). In 1901 he won the highest award in the House of an Art-Lover competition organized by Koch, and published in Meister der Innenkunst (Master of Interior Design—1902)—Mackintosh was awarded a special prize in the same competition. More commissions followed, including Blackwell, Bowness, Westmd. (1898–9), the White Lodge, Wantage, Berks. (1898–9), and the White House, Helensburgh, Scotland (1899–1900). He built several model dwellings at Letchworth Garden City, Herts., Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, and Gidea Park, Essex, and his work was published and praised by Muthesius in 1904. Other designs include Bill House, Selsey-on-Sea, Sussex (1907), Undershaw, Guildford, Surrey (1908–9), and Home Close, Sibford Ferris, Oxon. (1910). Probably his best house, with garden and furnishings, was Waldbühl, Uzwil, Switzerland (1908–14).

Scott was essentially an Arts-and-Crafts architect, drawing on the domestic vernacular architecture of England, and his best works were probably those produced between 1901 and 1911, when he seems to have been influenced by Lutyens. His planning was ingenious, with spaces freely flowing into each other, and he designed fitted furniture to reduce clutter. This, with his tendency to simplify the exterior treatment of his buildings, gained him a spurious reputation as a proto-Modernist, but this is nonsense, as is clear from his Houses and Gardens (1906 and 1933) in which his ideas are cogently expressed. From 1919 he worked in partnership with Arthur Edgar Beresford (1880–1952), with whom he collaborated on the second edition of Houses and Gardens that specifically denounces the International Modernism Pevsner and others claim he ‘pioneered’.

Bibliography

• Architectural Review, cxxxviii/826 (Dec. 1965), 456–8
• Creese (1992)
• Dinsmoor &Muthesius (1985)
• DW, xxiv (1937), 140–53
• Haigh (1995)
• Jervis (1984)
• A. (of Darmstadt) Koch (1902)
• Kornwolf (1972)
• Me. Miller (1992, 2002)
• Miller & Gray (1992)
• H.Muthesius (1979)
• H.Muthesius (ed.) (1910)
• Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
• M. H. B. Scott (1906, 1910)
• Slater (1995)

The full bibliography for this book is available to download as a pdf file.
Download the bibliography for A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (PDF: 1.2MB)

1853–1934, U.S. army officer, b. Danville, Ky., grad. West Point, 1876. He was assigned (1876) to military service in the West and took part in the Sioux, Nez Percé, and Cheyenne campaigns. In the Sioux territory he learned the sign language and therefore headed many scouting parties and was called upon to settle misunderstandings between whites and Native Americans. After serving (1898–1902) as adjutant general of Cuba, he was sent (1903) to the Philippines where he was governor of the Sulu Archipelago. He was (1906–10) superintendent of West Point and (1913–14) head of a Texas border patrol before serving (1914–17) as army chief of staff. After service on a Russian mission, he saw action in France in World War I and retired in 1919. Later he was a member of the Board of Indian Commissioners. He wrote an autobiography, Some Memories of a Soldier (1928), and various monographs on the Plains Indians.

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