Human ecology

Human ecology is an academic discipline that deals with the relationship between humans, human societies, and their natural, social and created environments.

Establishing the field of human ecology

In the USA, human ecology was established as a sociological field in the 1920s, although geographers used the term much earlier. Amos H. Hawley published Human Ecology—A Theory of Community Structure in 1950. He dedicated the book to one of the pioneers in the field who had begun writing the work with Hawley, R. D. McKenzie. McKenzie used the term in his paper entitled "The Ecological Approach to the Study of the Human Community," which is Chapter III of the 1925 book, The City, by Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess. Hawley contributed other works to the development of the field. In 1961, an important reader, Studies in Human Ecology, was published (edited by George A. Theodorson).

In the 1970s William R. Catton and Riley E. Dunlap built on earlier works by Chicago School's Robert E. Park and Hawley. One main idea of Catton and Dunlap was to go away from the Durkheimian paradigm of explaining social facts only with social facts. Instead, they included physical and biological facts as independent variables influencing social structure and other social phenomena. This change of paradigm can be described as a change from a classical sociological view of human exemptionalism to a new view (named new ecological paradigm by Catton and Dunlap). Humans are no longer seen as an exceptional species that uses culture to adapt to new environments and environmental change, influenced more by social than by biological variables, but rather as one species out of many that interacts with a bounded natural environment.

In contrast to the Chicago School of Human Ecology developed by Park, Burgess, and Mckenzie during the 1920s, contemporary research in social ecology goes beyond the biological and economic foundations of human ecology to provide a broader, cross-disciplinary perspective on the ways in which human-environment relations are jointly influenced by physical environmental, political, legal, psychological, cultural, and societal forces.

A line of conflict between this new paradigm and the classical sociological approach is the de-valuating of society and culture. Human ecology views human communities and human populations as part of the ecosystem of earth. In this view, sociology would be only a sub-discipline of ecology -- the special ecology of the species Homo sapiens sapiens. Of course, this is seen as an affront by most sociologists.

Human ecology is variously a sub-discipline of geography, anthropology, psychology, sociology, or ecology. The inclusion or exclusion of human ecology in sociology proper varies between countries and schools of sociological thinking. Environmental sociology is a field of sociology which encompasses the interactions between humans and nature/natural environment, but is rooted in the methodological and theoretical canon of sociology. Sometimes human ecology is seen as part of environmental sociology, sometimes it is seen as something completely separate. Influences can also be seen on occasion between human ecology and the field of political ecology.

Quotes on human ecology

Human Ecology is an interdisciplinary applied field that uses a holistic approach to help people solve problems and enhance human potential within their near environments - their clothing, family, home, and community. Human Ecologists promote the well-being of individuals, families, and communities through education, prevention, and empowerment.

– University of Alberta, Dept. of Human Ecology

Human ecology explores not only the influence of humans on their environment but also the influence of the environment on human behaviour, and their adaptive strategies as they come to understand those influences better. [...] For us, human ecology is a methodology as much as an area of research. It is a way of thinking about the world, and a context in which we define our questions and ways to answer those questions [...]

– "What is Human Ecology?", Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University

"In the absence of any precedent let us tentatively define human ecology as a study of the spatial and temporal relations of human beings as affected by the selective, distributive, and accommodative forces of the environment." R.D. McKenzie (1925)

See also

	Environment portal
	Ecology portal
	Earth sciences portal
	Sustainable development portal

References

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (August 2008)

• Arler, Finn (ed.) (2002). Humanøkologi: Miljø, teknologi og samfund, Aalborg University Press
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (ISBN 0-674-22457-4)
• Buttel, Frederick H. (1986). "Sociology and the Environment: The Winding Road toward Human Ecology," International Social Science Journal 38: 337-356.
• Ehrlich, Paul R; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Holdren, John P. (1973). Human Ecology: Problems and Solutions. San Francisco: Freeman.
• Glaeser, Bernhard. (1996). "Humanökologie: Der sozialwissenschaftliche Ansatz," in Naturwissenschaften, 83: 145-152.
• Gross, Matthias. (2004). "Human Geography and Ecological Sociology: The Unfolding of a Human Ecology, 1890 to 1930 – and Beyond," Social Science History 28 (4): 575-605.
• Last, John. M. (1998). Human Ecology and Public Health, McGraw-Hill.

External links

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Human Ecology Publications

• Human Ecology Review, the journal of SHE
• Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal
• Human Ecology Review ISSN 1074-4827

Historical Perspective & Library Resources

• Home Economics Archive: Tradition, Research, History (HEARTH)
  An e-book collection of over 1,000 classic books on home economics spanning 1850 to 1950, created by Cornell University's Mann Library, affiliated with Cornell's College of Human Ecology.

Colleges and Academic Departments of Human Ecology

• Australian National University: Human Ecology Studies, Acton, ACT, Australia.
• Cameron University: Department of Psychology & Human Ecology, Lawton, Oklahoma, U.S.
• Cinvestav: Maestría en Ecología Humana
• College of the Atlantic: Human Ecology, Bar Harbor, Maine, U.S.
• Cornell University: College of Human Ecology, Ithaca, New York, U.S.
• East Carolina University: College of Human Ecology, Greenville, North Carolina, U.S.
• Kansas State University: College of Human Ecology, Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.
• Kyung Hee University: College of Human Ecology, Seoul, Korea.
• Louisiana State University: School of Human Ecology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.
• Louisiana Tech University: Human Ecology, Ruston, Louisiana, U.S.
• Ohio State University: College of Education and Human Ecology, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
• Rutgers University: Department of Human Ecology, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.
• University of Alberta: Degree Programs in Human Ecology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
• University of Gothenburg (Göteborgs universitet): Human Ecology Studies, Gothenburg, Sweden.
• University of the Philippines, Los Baños: College of Human Ecology, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
• University of Strathclyde: Masters in Human Ecology, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
• University of Western Ontario: Human Ecology, Food and Nutrition; Brescia University College, London, Ontario, Canada.
• Vrije Universiteit Brussel (University of Brussels - VUB): Department of Human Ecology, Brussels, Belgium.
• Youngstown State University: Department of Human Ecology, Bitonte College of Health and Human Services, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S.
• Lund University: Human Ecology Division
• Morgan U. : Department of Human Ecology
• School of Social Ecology at University of California, Irvine
• Seoul National University : College of Human Ecology
• Tennessee Tech : School of Human Ecology
• Texas A&M : Agriculture, Nutrition and Human Ecology
• University of Alberta: Human Ecology Degree programs
• University of Manitoba: Faculty of Human Ecology
• University of Maryland Eastern Shore: Department of Human Ecology
• University of Tennessee: Department of Human Ecology
• University of Texas at Austin: Department of Human Ecology
• University of Wisconsin–Madison: School of Human Ecology
• Universität Klagenfurt : Institute of Social Ecology
• Virginia State : Department of Human Ecology
• Aalborg Universitet, Denmark: Diploma education in Human Ecology
• Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea: College of Human Ecology

Human Ecology Research and Applications Centers

• Centre for Human Ecology, Scotland
• HumanEcologyForum.org, Human Ecology Global Collaboration and Communication Network
• Institute of Human Ecology, China
• U. College London : Human Ecology Research Group

Human Ecology Societies and Associations

• Society for Human Ecology (SHE)

Human Ecology Resources

• Long link list at SHE
• "What is Human Ecology?" at University of Oxford
• "A Human Ecologist's View

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