Ife

Ife bronze casting of a King, dated around 12th Century.

Ife (Yoruba: Ifè, also Ilé-Ifẹ̀) is an ancient Yoruba city in south-western Nigeria. Evidence of urbanization at the site has been discovered to date back to roughly 500 AD. It is located in present day Osun State, with a population of 501,952.

About

Today a mid-sized city, Ife is home to the Obafemi Awolowo University and Natural History Museum of Nigeria. Ife people are of the Yoruba ethnic group, one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. Ife has a local television station called NTA Ife, and is home to various businesses. Ife is also the trade center for a farming region. Yams, cassava, grain, cacao, and tobacco are grown. Cotton is grown and used to weave cloth. Hotels in Ilé-Ife include Hotel Diganga Ife-Ibadan road, Mayfair Hotel, Obafemi Awolowo University Guest House etc. Ilé-Ife has a stadium with a capacity of 9,000 and a second division professional league football team. The meaning of the word "ife" in the Yoruba language is 'sprawl' or 'expansion'; 'Ile-Ife' means 'The House of Expansion' (the city is regarded as the origin of Yorubà culture, industry and of people of Yoruba descent.)

History

According to Yoruba people, Ife is where the founding deities Oduduwa and Obatala began the creation of the world, as directed by the paramount deity Olodumare. Obàtálá created the first humans out of clay, while Odùduwà became the first divine king of the Yoruba. The Oòni (King) of Ife claims direct descent from the god Oduduwa, and is counted first among Yoruba kings. To this day many of the surviving traditional religious groups of the city celebrate the creation of the world during the Itapa festival. According to anthropologist, its habitation can be traced as far back as 350 BCE.^[1]

Mythic origin of Ife

The Yoruba claim to have originated from Ife.^[2] According to Yoruba mythology, Olorun, the supreme god, ordered his son, Oduduwa, to climb down from the heavens on a chain with three things.^[2] Oduduwa scattered a handful of dirt over the ocean creating Ile Ife, then put a cockerel on the land which dug a hole.^[3] Oduduwa planted a palm nut in the hole and from there sprang a great tree with sixteen branches representing the families of the early Yoruba states.^[3]

Migratory origin of Ife

Another hi origin story from the Yoruba is that they were the product of intermarriage between a small band of invaders from the savanna and the indigenous inhabitants of the forest.^[3] According to this version, Oduduwa was the son of Lamurudu, a prince from the east (possibly Mecca).^[3] The Yoruba chafed under Islam, and Oduduwa and the natives left the land.^[3] After wandering for some time, they found and settled the state of Ife.^[3] Oduduwa then had a son call Okanbi, Okanbi then had seven descendants who founded the Yoruba states of Owu, Sabe, Popo, Benin, Ila orangun, Ketu and Oyo.^[3]

The best of the history of Ile-Ife as told and confirmed has been proofed that Lamurudu left the East arround the 7th century, and wondered around Africa for a long time before settling at a place around present day Edo.The Lamurudus were accepted into the soceity as a highly respected family.Eventually they were accorded the royal status but not the King or ruler as they demanded.As a result the head of Lamurudu family named Oduduwa left with anger to settle at a place where they will be recognized and accorded the status the Lamurudu family has been seeking.Eventually they reached Ile-Ife which the "oracle" has foretold to Oduduwa before they left for their long journey with fanfare. The people of Ile Ife has also been foretold the arrival of their future King,hence, when Oduduwa and his entourage reached Ile-Ife, the acceptance was mutual unlike the previous city that scorned them.Oduduwa had six sons and one grandson who went ahead to find their own empires namely Ila Oragun,Owu,Ketu,Sabe,Popo,Oyo and Benin.Oranmiyan the last born to Oduduwa was the founder of Oyo Empire who was also overseer to the Edo empire after oduduwa refused to the plead from Edo people for his governance.When Oranmiyan decided to go back to Ile Ife, he had a child named Eweka with an indigenous woman who became the first legitimate ruler of Edo kingdom which became Benin out of a name given to them by Oranmiyan. Oranmiyan later on went ahead to found the OYO empire that stretched from western bank of river Niger to the Estern bank of river Volta.

Ife Kingdom

Between 700 and 900 A.D., Ife began to develop as a major artistic center. Important people were often depicted with large heads because they thought the Ase was held in the head. The Ase is the inner power and energy of a person. Their rulers are also often depicted with their mouths covered so that the power of their speech would not be too great. They did not idealize individual people, but individualized the office of king.

The city was a settlement of substantial size between the 9th and 12th centuries, with houses featuring potsherd pavement. Ilé-Ifè is known worldwide for its ancient and naturalistic bronze, stone and terracotta sculptures, which reached their peak of artistic expression between 1200 and 1400 A.D. After this period, production declined as political and economic power shifted to the nearby kingdom of Benin which like the Yoruba kingdom of Oyo, developed into a major empire.

Oduduwa begot 32 Children, when they became an age, he set them forth to establish their own dynasty. Their movements are directive towards the trail of river bands along the way. Out of the 32 children, the most noted was Olofin, who trail the river along with his female and male entourage towards the south, ariving and settling at places he named OTA, then other of his entourage settled at Ijanikin, then southward to Ojo, and last stop was Idumota where the capital city known as Eko was established. The Children of Olofin are the Awori. The mythical of their settlement was due to Oduduwa providing Olofin with a navigation device made of a small round mud plate; and instruct Olofin to continually place the plate on the river as they travel along the river trail, and to establish settlements at the point where the plate sunk. Oduduwa continues his journey southward, thefore the places where the plate sunk are OTA, IJANIKIN, ETEGBIN, EGAN, ISHERI, OJO, and IDUMOTA each of the establishment have a supervisory leader, who must travel along the settlements to report to Olofin of the condition and well being of the settlement, in order to report to his father Oduduwa when the time comes. When the chief supervisor by the name of Oso "Arobi-Ologbo" Egan, who already established a city in his own name took a supervisory tour, upon arriving at Ojo, which was the next to the last of their settlement, it was there Oso "Arobi Ologbo" Egan was informed that the navigating plate has sunk, [and it has past 17 days as per instruction from Oduduwa that if the plate did not surface from the water, they should proceed no further]. Therefore this was how the Awori got their name until this day "Awo" meaning Plate, "ri" meaning Sunk, combination of the word translate to "The Plate has Sunk" The mystical realm of Awori ethnic are still relevant till this day as they are spiritually blessed among all the children of Oduduwa. ["Oso" translated to a decorated, or a honored fellow] "Aro-bi-Ologbo" "A vigillantly allerted pesona" such as a Cat that awaits a mouse. "Egan" translate to the following "New" "Unused" "Unripe" or could also be tranlated to "Envy persona"

Bronze and terracotta art created by this civilization are one of the earliest and most significant instances of realism in art, dating back to before the European Renaissance.^[4]

See also

• Niara Sudarkasa

Notes

References

• Akinjogbin, I. A. (Hg.): The Cradle of a Race: Ife from the Beginning to 1980, Lagos 1992 (The book also has chapters on the present religious situation in the town).
• Bascom, William: The Yoruba of Southwestern Nigeria, New York 1969 (The book mainly deals with Ile-Ife).
• Lange, Dierk: "The dying and the rising God in the New Year Festival of Ife", in: Lange, Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa, Dettelbach 2004, pp. 343-376.
• Willett, Frank: Ife in the History of West African Sculpture, London 1967 (The book also deals with some oral traditions of Ile-Ife).

External links

• Lange, Dierk: "Preservation of Canaanite creation culture in Ife", in: H.-P. Hahn and G. Spittler (eds.), Between Resistance and Expansion, Münster 2004, 125-158.
• Wyndham, John: Myths of Ífè

Coordinates: 7°28′N 4°34′E / 7.467°N 4.567°E / 7.467; 4.567

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