Initiative and referendum may refer to:
- Referendum (plural referendums, also referenda) - A direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal (which may be either the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a statute, the recall of an elected official or a specific government policy.) Referenda may be either mandatory or advisory and are also referred to as ballot questions, ballot measures, or plebiscites
- Initiative (also popular or citizen's initiative) - specific type of referenda in which the proposal (including a recall proposal) is placed on the ballot as a result of a petition signed by a certain minimum number of members of the electorate (or of registered voters)
- Initiatives and referenda in the United States - These processes in the United States, which began in the Progressive Era
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