international
American Heritage Dictionary:
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in·ter·na·tion·al
(ĭn'tər-năsh'ə-nəl, -năsh'nəl) 
adj. (Abbr. int. or intl.)
Any of several socialist organizations of international scope formed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
internationality in'ter·na'tion·al'i·ty (-shə-năl'ĭ-tē) n.
internationally in'ter·na'tion·al·ly adv.
adj. (Abbr. int. or intl.)
- Of, relating to, or involving two or more nations: an international commission; international affairs.
- Extending across or transcending national boundaries: international fame.
Any of several socialist organizations of international scope formed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
internationality in'ter·na'tion·al'i·ty (-shə-năl'ĭ-tē) n.
internationally in'ter·na'tion·al·ly adv.
Columbia Encyclopedia:
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international
International, any of a succession of international socialist and Communist organizations of the 19th and 20th cent.
The First International
The First International was founded in London in 1864 as the International Workingmen's Association. Karl Marx was a key figure in inspiring its creation and was later chosen as its leader. Its goal was to unite all workers for the purpose of achieving political power along the lines set down by Marx and Friedrich Engels in the Communist Manifesto (1848). Marx viewed the International as a vehicle for revolution, but it played only a minor role in the revolutionary Commune of Paris (1871). Power struggles within the organization greatly weakened it, and the clash between Marx and the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin led to its complete disintegration (1876).
The Second International
By 1889, socialist parties had been founded in numerous European nations and the need for another International was felt. The Second, or Socialist, International, was founded in that year at a Paris congress, and it later set up permanent headquarters in Belgium, with Emile Vandervelde as its president. This International was predominantly political in character, and the German and Russian Social Democratic parties were its most important elements. Its early leaders included Engels, August Bebel, Karl Kautsky, and Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov.
Despite the ideological schisms that plagued socialism during this period, the Second International did much to advance labor legislation and strengthen the democratic socialist movement. It failed, however, in what was perhaps its primary concern-the prevention of war. On the outbreak (1914) of World War I nearly all the socialist parties supported their individual governments, and the Second International collapsed.
The Third International (Comintern)
After the victory of Communism in the Russian Revolution (1917), a Third, or Communist, International was created (1919). Under the leadership of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, this Communist International, or Comintern, hoped to foster world revolution. The Comintern was not generally acceptable to socialist labor groups, however, and was dissolved in 1943.
After World War II, the Comintern was replaced (1947) by the Communist Information Bureau, or Cominform, which aided the seizure of power by the Communists in Czechoslovakia. Because of world political pressures the Cominform lost its influence and power after 1948 and became a vehicle for Soviet propaganda. It was disbanded in 1956.
The Socialist International
After World War I, the Second International was revived (1919) by moderate socialists, and a Vienna, or Two-and-a-Half, International was formed (1921) from splinter leftist groups that spurned both the Second International and the Comintern. In 1923 the Second and Vienna internationals merged to form the Labor and Socialist International, which lasted until the beginning of World War II. After the war this International was continued under the name of the Socialist International, and it exists today. Among its tenets are support for internationally integrated economic systems and civil rights and opposition to left-wing and right-wing totalitarianism and all forms of exploitation and enslavement.
Bibliography
See J. Joll, The Second International, 1889-1914 (1955); M. M. Drachkovitch, ed., The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864-1943 (1966); J. Braunthal, History of the International (2 vol., 1967). See also bibliographies under communism and socialism.
Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: History:
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International
An international organization of workers founded by Karl Marx in the 1860s. Weakened by disputes, it was dissolved in 1876, but it was succeeded by three later Internationals, which sought to spread communism throughout the world. The most effective of these was the Third International, formed by the Soviet Union in 1919 and dissolved in 1943 by Joseph Stalin.
Word Tutor:
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international
IN BRIEF: adj. - Between or among countries; Pertaining to the relations between countries; Affecting or participated in buy different countries; Having members in several countries.
I have made an international reputation for myself by thinking once or twice a week.
— George Bernard Shaw
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Sign Language Videos:
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international
sign description: The sign for WORLD is made with I-handshapes.
Random House Word Menu:
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categories related to 'international'
- World Relations and Conditions - international: (adj) that which involves two or more sovereign states
Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary:
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international
See crossword solutions for the clue International.
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
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International
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Look up international in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
For other uses, see International (disambiguation).
International mostly means something (a company, language or organization) that involves more than one country. The term international as a word means involvement of, interaction between or encompassing more than one nation, or generally beyond national boundaries. For example, international law, which is applied by more than one country over the world, and international language which is a language spoken by residents of more than one country.
In American English, "International" is also commonly used as a euphemism for "foreign" or even "foreigner."[1][2]
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Origin of the word
The term international was coined by the utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham in his Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation, which was printed for publication in 1780 and published in 1789. Bentham wrote: "The word international, it must be acknowledged, is a new one; though, it is hoped, sufficiently analogous and intelligible. It is calculated to express, in a more significant way, the branch of law which goes commonly under the name of the law of nations.[3] The word was adopted in French in 1801.[4] Thomas Erskine Holland noted in his article on Bentham in the 11th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica that "Many of Bentham's phrases, such as 'international,' 'utilitarian,' 'codification,' are valuable additions to our language; but the majority of them, especially those of Greek derivation, have taken no root in it."
Meaning in particular fields
- In team sports, "international" is a match between two national teams, or two players capped by a national team.
- In politics, "The International" may refer to a political international.
- In linguistics, an international language is one spoken by the people of more than one nation, usually by many. Also called world language. English, Spanish, French and Arabic are considered to be world languages.[5]
- In interlinguistics, international often has to do with languages rather than nations themselves. An "international word" is one that occurs in more than one language. These words are collected from widely spoken source or control languages, and often used to establish language systems that people can use to communicate internationally, and sometimes for other purposes such as to learn other languages more quickly. The vocabulary of Interlingua has a particularly wide range, because the control languages of Interlingua were selected to give its words and affixes their maximum geographic scope.[6] In part, the language Ido is also a product of interlinguistic research.
- In arts, an international art movement is an art movement with artists from more than one country, usually by many. Some international art movements are Letterist International, Situationist International, Stuckism International.
"International" is not the same as "global"; the latter implies "one world" as a single unit, while "international" recognizes the differences between different places.
See also
- Globalization
- Multinational Corporation
- Multinational State
- Supranational
- United Nations
- World community
References
- ^ The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
- ^ The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary.
- ^ Le Nouveau Petit Robert 2010.
- ^ Language Map
- ^ Gode, Alexander, Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1951.
External links
Sources
- Ankerl, Guy. Global communication without universal civilization. INU societal research. Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5.
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Translations:
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International
Dansk (Danish)
adj. - international, mellemfolkelig, mellemstatslig, udlands-
n. - international (person med tilhørsforhold til to lande), til flere lande)
Nederlands (Dutch)
internationaal, speler in nationale ploeg, interland, interlandwedstrijd, de internationale
Français (French)
adj. - international
n. - (Sport) match international, joueur international
Deutsch (German)
n. - Internationale, Länderspiel, Nationalspieler
adj. - international
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (αθλοπ.) διεθνής (παίκτης), (με κεφαλαίο) (ιστ.) η (Σοσιαλιστική) Διεθνής
adj. - διεθνής
Italiano (Italian)
internazionale
Português (Portuguese)
n., -
adj. - internacional
Русский (Russian)
международный, Интернационал
Español (Spanish)
adj. - internacional
n. - partido internacional, jugador internacional, internacional, Internacional (asociación socialista mundial)
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - (deltagare i ) internationell tävling, landskamp, landslagsspelare
adj. - internationell, världs-, utrikes, lands- (sport)
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
国际的, 世界的, 国际性组织, 国际比赛
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
adj. - 國際的, 世界的
n. - 國際性組織, 國際比賽
한국어 (Korean)
adj. - 국제의, 국제간에 정해진
n. - 국제 경기 출전자, 국제 노동자 동맹
日本語 (Japanese)
adj. - 国際の, 国際的な
n. - 国際競技出場者, 国際労働運動機関, 国際労働者同盟, インターナショナル, 国際試合
idioms:
- international match 世界対戦
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) سباق عالمي, الأمميه ( منظمه للأحزاب الإشتراكيه والشيوعيه), لاعب عالمي (صفه) دولي, عالمي
עברית (Hebrew)
adj. - בינלאומי
n. - תחרות בינלאומית, משתתף בתחרות בינלאומית
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The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Columbia Encyclopedia
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/.
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Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: History
The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Edited by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Joseph F. Kett, and
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