The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), an agency of the United
Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development
of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters are located
in the Quartier International of Montreal, Canada.
The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, prevention of unlawful interference,
and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. In
addition, the ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries
signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation,
commonly known as the Chicago Convention. See
NTSB, TSB, AAIB,
BFU, and BEA.
The ICAO should not be confused with the International Air Transport
Association (IATA), a trade organization for airlines also headquartered in Montreal.
ICAO Codes
Both ICAO and IATA have their own airport and airline code systems. ICAO uses 4-letter airport codes and 3-letter airline codes. IATA is scheduled to eventually switch its codes to the ICAO standard. [citation needed] In the continental United States,
the ICAO codes are usually the same as the IATA code, with a prefix of "K" — LAX is KLAX. Canada follows a similar pattern, where
a prefix of "C" is usually added to an IATA code to find the ICAO code — YEG is CYEG. In the rest of the world, the codes are
unrelated, as the IATA code is phonic and the ICAO code is location-based; for example, Charles de Gaulle ICAO:LFPG,
IATA:CDG.
ICAO is also responsible for issuing alphanumeric aircraft type codes that contain 3 or 4 characters. These codes provide the identification that is typically
used in flight plans. An example of this is the Boeing
747 that would use (depending on the variant) B741, B742, B743, etc.
ICAO provides telephony designators to aircraft operators worldwide. These consist of the
three-letter airline identifer and a one- or two-word designator. They are usually, but not always, similar to the aircraft
operator name. Thus the identifer for Aer Lingus is EIN and the designator is
Shamrock, while Japan Airlines International is JAL and Japan Air .
Thus, a flight by Aer Lingus numbered 111 would be written as "EIN111" and pronounced "Shamrock One-Eleven" on the radio, while a
similarly numbered Japan Airlines flight would be written as "JAL111" and pronounced "Japan Air One-Eleven".
ICAO maintains the standards for aircraft registration ("tail numbers"),
including the alphanumeric codes that identify the country of registration.
ICAO statute
The 9th edition of the Convention on International Civil
Aviation includes modifications from 1948 up to year 2006 . The ICAO refers to its current edition of the Convention as
the statute, and designates it as ICAO Doc 7300/9.
The Convention has 18 Annexes. These Annexes are listed by title in the article Convention on International Civil Aviation.
ICAO standards
The ICAO also standardizes certain functions for use in the airline industry, such as the Aeronautical Message Handling System AMHS; this probably makes it a
standards organization.
The ICAO defines an International Standard Atmosphere (also known
as ICAO Standard Atmosphere), a model of the standard variation of
pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity with altitude in the
Earth's atmosphere. This is useful in calibrating instruments and designing
aircraft.[1]
The ICAO standardizes machine-readable
passports world-wide.[2] Such
passports have an area where some of the information otherwise written in textual form is
written as strings of alphanumeric characters, printed in a manner suitable for optical character recognition. This enables border controllers and other law enforcement
agents to process such passports quickly, without having to input the information manually into a computer. ICAO publishes Doc
9303, Machine Readable Travel Documents, the technical standard for machine-readable passports. [3] A more recent standard is for biometric passports. These contain biometrics to authenticate the
identity of travellers. The passport's critical information is stored on a tiny RFID computer chip, much like information stored on smartcards. Like some smartcards, the passport book design calls for an embedded contactless chip that is
able to hold digital signature data to ensure the integrity of the passport and the
biometric data.
Regions and regional offices
The ICAO has seven regional offices serving nine regions:
- 1. Asia and Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
- 2. Middle East, Cairo, Egypt
- 3. Western and Central Africa, Dakar, Senegal
- 4. South America, Lima, Peru
- 5. North America, Central America and Caribbean, Mexico City, Mexico
- 6. Eastern and Southern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- 7. Europe and North Atlantic, Paris, France
ICAO Leadership
List of Secretaries General
- Albert Roper (1944-1951)
- Carl Ljungberg (1952-1959)
- Ronald MacAllister Macdonnell (1959-1964)
- Bernardus Tielman Twigt (1964-1970)
- Assad Kotaite (1970-1976)
- Yves Lambert (1976-1988)
- Shivinder Singh Sidhu (1988-1991)
- Philippe Rochat (1991-1997)
- Renato Claudio Costa Pereira (1997-2003)
- Taïeb Chérif (2003-Present)
List of Council Presidents
ICAO and Climate Change
Emissions from international aviation are specifically excluded from the targets agreed under the Kyoto Protocol. Instead, the
Protocol invites developed countries to pursue the limitation or reduction of emissions through the International Civil Aviation
Organisation (ICAO). ICAO’s environmental committee continues to consider the potential for using market-based measures such as
trading and charging, but this work is unlikely to lead to global action. It is currently developing guidance for states who wish
to include aviation in an emissions trading scheme (ETS) to meet their Kyoto commitments, and for airlines who wish to
participate voluntarily in a trading scheme. It is also looking at guidance on how charges can be applied to aircraft greenhouse
gas emissions, although a recent ICAO Resolution prevents states from introducing a scheme for international aviation before
2007.
Emissions from domestic aviation are included within the Kyoto targets agreed by countries. This has led to some national
policies such as fuel and emission taxes for domestic air travel in the Netherlands and Norway respectively. Although some
countries tax the fuel used by domestic aviation, there is no duty on kerosene used on international flights. (Aviation
Environment Federation [1])
See also
References
- ^ ICAO, Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere
(extended to 80 kilometres (262 500 feet)), Doc 7488-CD, Third Edition, 1993, ISBN 92-9194-004-6
- ^ International Civil Aviation
Organization. Machine Readable Travel Documents
(MRTD). ICAO MRTD website. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. This website aggregates a number
of ICAO documents and conference announcements related to MRTDs.
- ^
International Civil Aviation
Organization (2006), Doc
9303, Machine Readable Travel Documents (Sixth ed.), <http://mrtd.icao.int/content/view/33/202/>. Retrieved on 2007-09-10
External links
be-x-old:Міжнародная арганізацыя грамадзянскай авіяцыі
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