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Chloride is an ion. It cannot exist alone, but must be with some positive ion. Potassium chloride, sodium chloride, lithium chloride, copper (II) chloride, etc. are compounds and each has a certain density.

The density around a partial positive is typically less than the density around a partial negative. This is due to the ionization of the ion.

In the phenoxide ion the charge is delocalized by the resonance in the benzene ring.

There is no such delocalization in the ethoxide ion.

A calcium ion has two positive charges compared to only one for a sodium ion. Therefore, the positive charge density of a calcium ion is higher and correspondingly better able to increase the polarity of the covalent bonds in the water molecules, thereby the reducing the energy of the solution as a whole.