List of Irish battles

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This is a list of major military engagements throughout Irish history including:

Contents 1 Prehistoric era 2 5th century 3 6th century 4 7th century 5 8th century 6 9th century 7 10th century 8 11th century 9 12th century 10 13th century 11 14th century 11.1 Bruce Campaign 12 15th century 13 16th century 13.1 Mac an Iarla War 13.2 Desmond Rebellions 13.3 Spanish Armada 13.4 Nine Years' War 14 17th century 14.1 Irish Confederate Wars 14.2 Williamite War 15 18th century 15.1 United Irishmen Rebellion 16 19th century 16.1 Tithe War 16.2 Fenian Rising 17 20th century 17.1 Easter Rising, Irish War of Independence & Civil War, 1916-22 17.1.1 Easter Rising 17.1.2 Irish War of Independence 17.1.3 Irish Civil War 17.2 IRA Northern Campaigns 17.3 The Troubles 17.4 Irish Defence Forces peacekeeping 18 See also 19 Footnotes 20 References

Prehistoric era

5th century

• 457 - Ath Dara^{[citation needed]}
• 464 - First Battle of Dumha Aichir^{[citation needed]}
• 468 - Bri Ele^{[citation needed]}
• 470 - Second Battle of Dumha Aichir^{[citation needed]}
• 476 - First Battle of Granard^{[citation needed]}
• 478 - Ocha^{[citation needed]}
• 480 - Second Battle of Granard^{[citation needed]}
• 483 - Battle of Ochae^{[citation needed]}
• 489 - Tailtin^{[citation needed]}
• 491 - Cell Losnaid^{[citation needed]}
• 492 - Sleamhain, in Meath^{[citation needed]}
• 493 - Battle for the Body of St. Patrick^{[citation needed]}
• 494 - Ceann Ailbhe^{[citation needed]}
• 496 - Druim Lochmaighe^{[citation needed]}
• 497 - Inde Mor, in Crioch Ua nGabhla^{[citation needed]}
• 499 - Seaghais^{[citation needed]}

6th century

• 500 - Lochmagh^{[citation needed]}
• 501 - Freamhain, in Meath^{[citation needed]}
• 506 - Luachair^{[citation needed]}
• 507 - Druim Deargaighe^{[citation needed]}
• 513 - Battle of Dedna^{[citation needed]}
• 528 - Luachair^{[citation needed]}
• 531 - Claenloch^{[citation needed]}
• 537 - Sligeach^{[citation needed]}
• 544 - Cuil Conaire^{[citation needed]}
• 546 - Cuilne^{[citation needed]}
• 556 - Cuil Uinnsenn^{[citation needed]}
• 561 - Cul Dremne^{[citation needed]}
• 563 - Moin Dairi Lothar^{[citation needed]}
• 571 - Battle of Tola^{[citation needed]}
• 572 - Battle of Doete^{[citation needed]}
• 579 - Druim Mic Earca^{[citation needed]}
• 590 - Eadan Mor^{[citation needed]}
• 594 - Dun Bolg^{[citation needed]}
• 597 - Battle of Sleamhain^{[citation needed]}
• 598 - Eachros^{[citation needed]}

7th century

• 600 - Loch Semhedidhe^{[citation needed]}
• 601 - Battle of Slaibhre^{[citation needed]}
• 622 - Carn Fearadhaigh^{[citation needed]}
• 622 - Lethed Midinn^{[citation needed]}
• 624 - Ard Corainn^{[citation needed]}
• 626 - Leathairbhe^{[citation needed]}
• 628 - Ath Goan^{[citation needed]}
• 634 - Magh Rath^{[citation needed]}
• 645 - Carn Conaill^{[citation needed]}
• 648 - Cuil Corra^{[citation needed]}
• 656 - Fleasach^{[citation needed]}
• 660 - Ogamhain^{[citation needed]}
• 666 - Battle of Aine^{[citation needed]}
• 685 - Cenn Conn^{[citation needed]}
• 686 - Leach Phich^{[citation needed]}
• 688 - Imlech^{[citation needed]}
• 696 - Tulach Garraisg^{[citation needed]}

8th century

• 701 - Corann^{[citation needed]}
• 702 - Claen Ath^{[citation needed]}
• 713 - Cam Feradaig^{[citation needed]}
• 718 - Battle of Almhain^{[citation needed]}
• 719 - Delgean^{[citation needed]}
• 721 - Druim Fornocht^{[citation needed]}
• 724 - Cenn Deilgden^{[citation needed]}
• 727 - Magh Itha^{[citation needed]}
• 730 - Bealach Ele^{[citation needed]}
• 732 - Fochart^{[citation needed]}
• 733 - Battle of Ath Seanaith^{[citation needed]}
• 738 - Ceanannus^{[citation needed]}
• 744 - Ard Cianachta^{[citation needed]}
• 749 - Ard Naescan^{[citation needed]}
• 751 - Bealach Cro^{[citation needed]}
• 759 - Dun Bile^{[citation needed]}
• 762 - Caill Tuidbig^{[citation needed]}
• 769 - Bolg Boinne^{[citation needed]}
• 781 - Ath Liacc Finn^{[citation needed]}
• 787 - Ard Mic Rime^{[citation needed]}

9th century

• 800 - Ardrahan^{[citation needed]}
• 820 - Carn Conain^{[citation needed]}
• 845 - Dunamase^{[citation needed]}
• 848 - Battle of Skryne^{[citation needed]}
• 851 - Battle of Dundalk^{[citation needed]}

10th century

• 903 - Bealach Mughna^{[citation needed]}
• 915/916/917 - Battle of Confey (year uncertain)
• 919 - Battle of Dublin^{[citation needed]}
• 967/8 - Battle of Sulcoit
• 977/8 - Battle of Cathair Cuan
• 978 - Battle of Belach Lechta
• 980 - Battle of Tara
• 994 - Sack of Domhnach Padraig^{[citation needed]}
• 994 - Sack of Aenach Thete^{[citation needed]}
• 999 - Battle of Glenmama

11th century

• 1014 - Battle of Clontarf
• 1086 - Breach of Crinach^{[citation needed]}
• 1087 - Conachail, in Corann
• 1087 - Rath Edair^{[citation needed]}
• 1088 - Corcach^{[citation needed]}
• 1090 - Magh Lena, in Meath^{[citation needed]}
• 1094 - Bealach Gort an Iubhair^{[citation needed]}
• 1094 - Fidhnacha^{[citation needed]}
• 1095 - Ard Achad^{[citation needed]}
• 1098 - Fearsat-Suilighe^{[citation needed]}
• 1099 - Craebh Tulla^{[citation needed]}

12th century

• 1101 - Battle of Grianan^{[citation needed]}
• 1103 - Battle of Magh Cobha ^[1]
• 1132 - Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
• 1149 - Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
• 1151 - Battle of Móin Mhór
• 1169/05 - Beginning of the Norman invasion of Ireland
• 1169/05 - Battle of Duncormac, County Wexford - Norman victory over a combined Irish-Norse force
• 1169/05 - Siege of Wexford - Norman victory over a combined Irish-Norse force
• 1169/05 - Battle of Gowran
• 1170/05 - Battle of Dundonnell (aka Battle of Baginbun), County Wexford - Norman victory over a combined Irish-Norse force
• 1170/08 - Battle of Waterford - Norman victory over a combined Irish-Norse force
• 1170/09 - Sack of Dublin - Norman victory over a combined Irish-Norse force
• 1174 - Battle of Thurles
• 1192 - Aughera^{[citation needed]}

13th century

• 1224 - Sack of Ard Abla^{[citation needed]}
• 1225 - Sack of Loch Nen^{[citation needed]}
• 1225 - Sack of Ardrahan^{[citation needed]}
• 1230 - Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
• 1230 - Findcairn^{[citation needed]}
• 1232 - Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
• 1234 - Battle of the Curragh
• 1235 - Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
• 1247 - Siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe
• 1249 - First Battle of Athenry
• 1257 - Battle of Creadran Cille
• 1257 - Sack of Sligo^{[citation needed]}
• 1260 - Battle of Druim Dearg
• 1261 - Battle of Callann
• 1270 - Battle of Áth-an-Chip

14th century

Bruce Campaign

• 1315 - Battle of Carrickfergus^{[citation needed]}
• 1315 - Battle of the Moiry Pass (June)^{[citation needed]}
• 1315 - First battle of Dundalk (June)^{[citation needed]}
• 1315 - Battle of Connor (September)^{[citation needed]}
• 1315 - Second battle of Dundalk (November)^{[citation needed]}
• 1315 - Battle of Kells (December)
• 1316 - Battle of Skerries (January)
• 1316 - Second Battle of Athenry (August)
• 1318 - Battle of Dysert O'Dea (May)
• 1318 - Battle of Faughart (October)

---

• 1328 - Battle of Thomond^{[citation needed]}
• 1329 - Battle of Ardnocher
• 1330 - Battle of Fiodh-an-Átha
• 1333–1338 - Burke Civil War
• 1336 - Castlemore-Costello besieged and demolished by the King of Connacht^{[citation needed]}
• 1340 - Battle of the O Cellaig's^{[citation needed]}
• 1341 - Battle of the Clan Maurice^{[citation needed]}
• 1342 - Battle of Beal-atha-Slisen - King of Connacht defeats the King of Moylurg^{[citation needed]}
• 1343 - Battle of Hy-Many - MacFeorais and Clanricarde soundly defeat the Ui Maine. Achadhmona; battle between the O'Donnells, in Tirhugh
• 1345 - Battle of Lough Neagh - naval battle between Hugh O'Neill and the Clann Hugh Buidhe^{[citation needed]}
• 1346 - Calry-Lough-Gill - O Rourke soundly defeated by the O Connors. Brian Mag Mathgamna defeats and kills 300 English somewhere in Thomond^{[citation needed]}
• 1348 - Ballymote besieged and burned by MacDermot, O Connor defeated^{[citation needed]}
• 1349 - O Melaghlin of Meath defeated in battle by the English^{[citation needed]}
• 1355 - The English of West Connaught defeated Mac William Burke, and killed many of his people Clanricarde defeats the Mayo Bourkes and the Siol Anmchadha^{[citation needed]}
• 1356 - Baile-Locha-Deacair^{[citation needed]}
• 1358 - Hugh O Neill defeats the Fer Managh and Orial. O More defeats the English of Dublin in battle^{[citation needed]}
• 1359 - Ballyshannon^{[citation needed]}
• 1366 - Srath-Fear-Luirg^{[citation needed]}
• 1368 - Oriel^{[citation needed]}
• 1369 - Blencupa^{[citation needed]}
• 1369 - Lough Erne - English of Munster and Desmond soundly defeated by O Brian, possibly at Limerick^{[citation needed]}
• 1373 - Annaly^{[citation needed]}
• 1374 - Niall O Neill defeats the English^{[citation needed]}
• 1375 - Downpatrick - Niall O Neill defeats the English^{[citation needed]}
• 1377 - Clann-Cuilein - Clanricarde and his allies defeated^{[citation needed]}
• 1377 - Roscommon - Ruaidri O Conchobhair defeats the Mayo Burkes and the Ui Maine^{[citation needed]}
• 1379 - Dreach - O Neill Mor defeats Maguire^{[citation needed]}
• 1380 - Atha-leathann - Clanricarde defeated by Bourke of Mayo^{[citation needed]}
• 1381 - Athlone^{[citation needed]}
• 1383 - Trian Chongail - Hugh O Neill and Robin Savage kill each other in a cavalry charge^{[citation needed]}
• 1384 - Carrickfergus "burned by Niall O'Neill, who thereupon acquired great power over the English"^{[citation needed]}
• 1385 - Battle of Tochar Cruachain-Bri-Ele - O Conchobhair, King of Ui Falighe, soundly defeats the English of Meath
• 1389 - Caislen an Uabhair^{[citation needed]}
• 1391 - Bealach-an-Chrionaigh^{[citation needed]}
• 1392 - Ceann-Maghair^{[citation needed]}
• 1394 - Battle of Ros-Mhic-Thriúin
• 1395 - Cruachain - the King of Ui Failghe defeats an English expedition. O Donnell defeats and captures the sons of Henry O Neill^{[citation needed]}
• 1396 - Creag - O Conchobhair Roe defeats O Conchobhair Donn. O Tuathail of Lenister inflicts a severe defeat on the Anglo-Irish^{[citation needed]}
• 1396 - Sligo - O Donnell and O Connor besiege and burn the town^{[citation needed]}
• 1397 - Machaire Chonnacht^{[citation needed]}
• 1397 - Bun-Brenoige^{[citation needed]}
• 1398 - Eachdruim Mac n-Aodha - the O Tooles and O Byrnes defeat the Anglo-Irish, killing the Earl of March^{[citation needed]}
• 1398 - Magh-Tuiredh - O Conchobair Roe and allies defeated by McDonagh^{[citation needed]}
• 1399 - Battle of Tragh-Bhaile - the Anglo-Irish defeat the sons of Henry O Neill^{[citation needed]}

15th century

• 1400 - Dunamon.^{[citation needed]}
• 1406 - Battle of Cluain Immorrais
• 1444 - Duibhthrian; Sligo burned by the O Donnells, Maguires and O Connors.^{[citation needed]}
• 1446 - Cuil Ua bh-Fionntain^{[citation needed]}
• 1449 - Muintir-Maelmora^{[citation needed]}
• 1452 - Cloch-an-bhodaigh; Coirrshliabh na Seaghsa^{[citation needed]}
• 1453 - Ardglass (naval battle)^{[citation needed]}
• 1454 - Inis^{[citation needed]}
• 1455 - Athlone: The castle of Athlone was taken from the English, having been betrayed by a woman who was in it.
• 1456 - Cuil Mic an Treoin (Friday 18 May)^{[citation needed]}
• 1457 - Druim da Ethiar^{[citation needed]}
• 1460 - Corca Bhaiscinn (naval battle)^{[citation needed]}
• 1461 - Ceann Maghair^{[citation needed]}
• 1462 - Waterford taken by the Butlers in a war with the FitzGeralds.^{[citation needed]}
• 1464 - Sliabh Lugha^{[citation needed]}
• 1465 - Carn Fraoich^{[citation needed]}
• 1466 - Offaly; Anglo-Irish army defeated by O Connor^{[citation needed]}
• 1467 - CrosMoighe-Croin^{[citation needed]}
• 1468 - Beann-uamha; Scormor, in Clann Chathail mic Murray^{[citation needed]}
• 1469 - Baile-an-Duibh; The Defeat of Glanog^{[citation needed]}
• 1473 - Doire-Bhaile-na-Cairrge^{[citation needed]}
• 1475 - Baile-Locha-Luatha^{[citation needed]}
• 1476 - Beal Feirste (Belfast)^{[citation needed]}
• 1478 - Sligo, and the siege of Carrig Lough Ce^{[citation needed]}
• 1482 - Ath-na-gCeannaigheadh^{[citation needed]}
• 1483 - Traghbhaile of Dundalk^{[citation needed]}
• 1484 - Moin-Ladhraighe^{[citation needed]}
• 1486 - Tirawley^{[citation needed]}
• 1488 - two sieges of Carraig Lough Ce^{[citation needed]}
• 1489 - Belfast castle demolished by O Donnell; Ballytober Bride sacked by O Connor Roe^{[citation needed]}
• 1490 - Maigh Croghan^{[citation needed]}
• 1493 - Glasdromainn; Beanna Boirche;^{[citation needed]}
• 1494 - O Donnell besieges Sligo for several months in the summer, but is unsuccessful^{[citation needed]}
• 1495 - O Donnell besieges Sligo again; battle of Beal an Droichit; siege of Ballyshannon; battle of Termon-Daveog^{[citation needed]}
• 1497 - Bealach-Buidhe; Beal Ath Daire.^{[citation needed]}
• 1498 - Cros-Caibhdeanaigh. Dungannon.^{[citation needed]}
• 1499 - Tulsk. First recorded death in Ireland from a bullet.^{[citation needed]}

16th century

• 1504 - Battle of Knockdoe - Fitzgeralds of Kildare defeat the Clanricarde Burkes
• 1522 - Battle of Knockavoe - Clash between O'Donnells and O'Neills
• 1534 - Battle of Salcock Wood- A force from Dublin is defeated by a coalition of the O'Tooles and Fitzgerald supporters.^[2]
• 1534 - Siege of Dublin Castle by 'Silken' Thomas Fitzgerald in Kildare
• 1535 - Siege of Maynooth Castle, the chief residence of Fitzgerald, by English forces ^[3]
• 1539 - Battle of Bellahoe Ford - A force led by Leonard Grey routs an O'Donnell/O'Neill force^[4]
• 1565 - Battle of Glentasie - Shane O'Neill defeats the MacDonnells of Clan Iain Mor
• 1565 - Battle of Affane - Fitzgeralds of Desmond defeated by Butlers of Ormond
• 1567 - Battle of Farsetmore - Shane O'Neill defeated by O'Donnell clan
• 1570 - Battle of Shrule^{[citation needed]}
• 1586 - Battle of Ardnaree - Mercenary Scots entering Connacht are surprised and destroyed by Bingham's army^[5]

Mac an Iarla War

• 1572 - First Sack of Athenry^{[citation needed]}
• 1573 - Beal an Chip^{[citation needed]}
• 1577 - Second Sack of Athenry^{[citation needed]}
• 1577 - Siege of Loughrea^{[citation needed]}
• 1579 - Lisdalon^{[citation needed]}
• 1580 - Sack of Loughrea^{[citation needed]}
• 1580 - Cill Tuathail^{[citation needed]}

Desmond Rebellions

First Desmond Rebellion (1569–1573)

• 1569 - Siege of Kilkenny^{[citation needed]}
• 1569 - First Battle of Killamock^{[citation needed]}
• 1571 - Second Battle of Kilmallock ^[6]

Second Desmond Rebellion (1579–1583)

• 1579 - Aenachbeg^{[citation needed]}
• 1579 - Sack of Youghal^{[citation needed]}
• 1579 - Sack of Kinsale^{[citation needed]}
• 1580 - Battle of Glenmalure
• 1580 - Siege of Carrigafoyle Castle
• 1580 - Siege of Smerwick
• 1582 - Allhallowtide^{[citation needed]}

Spanish Armada

• 1588 - Crown mobilisation to capture survivors

Nine Years' War

• 1595 - Battle of Clontibret
• 1596 - Third Sack of Athenry
• 1596 - Siege of Galway, Sack of Bohermore
• 1597 - Battle of Casan-na-gCuradh
• 1597 - Battle of Carrickfergus
• 1598 - Battle of the Yellow Ford
• 1599 - Siege of Cahir Castle
• 1599 - Battle of Wicklow
• 1599 - Battle of Curlew Pass
• 1600 - Battle of Moyry Pass
• 1601- Battle of Castlehaven
• 1601 - Battle of Kinsale
• 1602 - Siege of Dunboy

17th century

• 1608- Battle of Kilmacrennan: Ends Cahir O'Doherty's brief rebellion.^[7]

Irish Confederate Wars

• 1641 - Battle of Julianstown
• 1642 - Battle of Swords ^[8]
• 1642 - Battle of Liscarroll
• 1642 - Battle of Kilrush
• 1642 - Battle of Glenmaquin
• 1642 - Sack of the Claddagh
• 1642 - Siege of Limerick 1642
• 1643 - Battle of New Ross (1643)
• 1643 - Battle of Castlelyons ^[9]
• 1643 - Battle of Portlester ^[10]
• 1643 - Siege of Forthill
• 1645 - Siege of Duncannon
• 1646 - Battle of Benburb
• 1647 - Battle of Dungans Hill
• 1647 - Sack of Cashel
• 1647 - Battle of Knocknanauss
• 1649 - Battle of Rathmines
• 1649 - Siege of Drogheda
• 1649 - Sack of Wexford
• 1649 - Siege of Waterford
• 1649 - Battle of Arklow/Glascarrick
• 1649 - Battle of Lisnagarvey
• 1649 - Siege of Derry (1649)
• 1650 - Siege of Kilkenny ^[11]
• 1650 - Siege of Clonmel
• 1650 - Battle of Tecroghan
• 1650 - Battle of Scarrifholis
• 1650 - Siege of Charlemont
• 1650 - Battle of Macroom
• 1650 - Battle of Meelick Island
• 1651 - Siege of Limerick (1650–1651)
• 1651 - Battle of Knocknaclashy
• 1652 - Siege of Galway

Williamite War

• 1689 - Break of Dromore
• 1689 - Siege of Derry
• 1689 - Battle of Newtownbutler
• 1690 - Capture of Sligo^{[citation needed]}
• 1690 - Battle of the Boyne
• 1690 - Siege of Limerick (1690)
• 1690 - Siege of Cork
• 1690 - Siege of Kinsale (1690)^{[citation needed]}
• 1691 - Siege of Athlone
• 1691 - Capture of Athenry^{[citation needed]}
• 1691 - Siege of Galway
• 1691 - Siege of Limerick (1691)
• 1691 - Battle of Aughrim

18th century

• 1760 - Battle of Carrickfergus - Carrickfergus seized by the French for five days.
• 1795 - Battle of the Diamond - a sectarian faction fight in County Armagh, that led to the founding of the Orange Order

United Irishmen Rebellion

• 24 May - Ballymore-Eustace, Naas, Prosperous, Kilcullen
• 25 May - Carlow
• 26 May - Tara Hill
• 27 May - Oulart Hill
• 28 May - Enniscorthy
• 30 May - Three Rocks
• 1 June - Bunclody
• 4 June - Tuberneering
• 5 June - New Ross
• 7 June - Antrim
• 9 June - Saintfield
• 9 June - Arklow
• 13 June - Ballinahinch
• 19 June - Ovidstown
• 20 June - Foulksmills
• 21 June - Vinegar Hill
• 30 June - Ballyellis
• 27 August - Castlebar
• 5 September - Collooney
• 7 September - Ballinamuck

Several fragments of the rebel armies of the Summer of 1798 survived to fight on both in the hope of the rebellion breaking out again and of French aid. The main guerrilla groupings were:

• June - November 1798 - Joseph Holt
• 23 July 1803 - Robert Emmet
• 1798 -1803 - Michael Dwyer
• 1798 - 1804 - James Corocoran

19th century

Tithe War

• 1831–1836 - a period of rural insurgency over the payment of tithes to the Established Church.

Fenian Rising

• 1867 - an abortive attempt at a nationwide rebellion by the Irish Republican Brotherhood.

20th century

Easter Rising, Irish War of Independence & Civil War, 1916-22

Only the major engagements of this period are listed below.

Easter Rising

• 1916 - Easter Rising

Irish War of Independence

• 1920 November 2 - Battle of Ballinalee
• 1921 February 1 - Clonfin Ambush
• 1921 February 25 - Coolavokig Ambush
• 1921 March 19 - Crossbarry Ambush

Irish Civil War

• 1922 - Battle of Dublin
• 1922 - Irish Free State offensive
• 1922 - Battle of Kilmallock

IRA Northern Campaigns

• 1942–1944 - First (unsuccessful) guerrilla campaign by the Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)
• 1956–1962 - Second (unsuccessful) guerrilla campaign by the Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)

The Troubles

• 1969 - Battle of the Bogside
• 1970 - Falls Curfew

Irish Defence Forces peacekeeping

• 1960 - Niemba Ambush - Irish platoon ambushed by Baluba tribesmen in the Congo
• 1961 - Siege of Jadotville - 150 Irish peacekeepers hold out for four days under siege by upwards of four thousand Kataganians in the Congo, while Irish and Swedish troops attempt to break thought to them.
• 1961 - Second Battle for the Tunnel - Irish 36th Battalion capture a vital communications link in Elisabethville, Congo.
• 1980 - Battle of At Tiri, South Lebanon. Between Irish and other UNIFIL troops and South Lebanon Army.
• 2004 - Gbapa, Nimba county, Liberia - Irish Army Ranger Wing rescue villagers from Government of Liberia (GOL) forces.^[12]

See also

• List of wars in Ireland
• List of Irish rebellions
• Military history of Ireland

Footnotes

References

1. ^ Bartlett, A Military History of Ireland, Ch 3, pg 59
2. ^ Bartlett, A Military History of Ireland, Ch 6, pg 129
3. ^ Bartlett, A Military History of Ireland, Ch 6, pg 130
4. ^ Lennon, Sixteenth-Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest, pg 151
5. ^ Lennon, Sixteenth-Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest, pg 255
6. ^ Connolly, Contested Island, pg 267
7. ^ Connolly, Contested Island, pg 276
8. ^ Tinniswood, The Verneys, pg 180
9. ^ C. P. Meehan, Confederation of Kilkenny, pg 72
10. ^ Meehan, Confederation of Kilkenny, pg 76
11. ^ Scott-Wheeler, Cromwell in Ireland, pg 135
12. ^ Brady, Tom. "Security Editor". Irish Independent. Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/world-news/africa/crack-troops-rescue-hostages-from-gunmen-in-daring-raid-187696.html. Retrieved 1 December 2011. 

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