Jack Kilby

For more information on Jack St. Clair Kilby, visit Britannica.com.

American electronics engineer (1923–2005)

The son of an electrical engineer from Jefferson City, Missouri, Kilby failed his entrance to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was drafted into the army, spending most of his time attempting to reduce the size of radio sets for jungle-warfare units. After demobilization, he was admitted to the University of Illinois. After graduating in 1947 he began work for Centralab, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, producing parts for television sets and hearing aids.

In 1952 Centralab decided to use the transistors recently developed by William Shockley and Kilby was sent to Bell Laboratories at Murray Hill, New Jersey, to learn about the new device. In 1958 he moved to Texas Instruments, Dallas, the firm that had had the foresight in 1954 to switch from germanium to silicon transistors. Engineers at TI, and elsewhere, had come up against the difficulty of fitting on a transistor the number of parts and connections demanded by their designs. It was here in July 1958, while the rest of the laboratory was on holiday, that Kilby came up with what was later termed ‘the Monolithic Idea’.

His basic intuition was that silicon alone could fill most electronic demands. Undoped, it was a resistor; as a p–n junction, a capacitor. It should be possible to build a whole circuit out of a single piece of material by using different doping levels; no connections would be called for. He built a test circuit and it worked. It was, in fact, the first integrated circuit. Kilby was awarded patent rights in 1967, having first fought off a challenge from Robert Noyce. On appeal the decision was reversed and, in 1968, the patent was awarded to Noyce.

Kilby also worked for Texas Instruments on the development of what was the first pocket calculator, the Pocketronic. It was launched on April 14 1971, weighed 2.5 pounds, cost £150, and could only perform the four main arithmetical functions. By this time Kilby had left TI in 1970 to work in Dallas as a self-employed inventor. He also served as a distinguished professor of electrical engineering at the University of Texas from 1978 to 1985.

American engineer Jack S. Kilby (born 1923) invented the integrated circuit, also known as the microchip, in 1958. His invention is the basis for a wide spectrum of personal electronic devices, including personal computers, calculators, cell phones, digital watches, video games, and DVDs. The microchip is also used in large-scale, high-tech designs, from medical diagnostic equipment to space exploration systems. Kilby's invention changed the face of modern electronics and his efforts have been recognized with numerous awards, including the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Kilby was born on November 8, 1923, in Jefferson City, Missouri, and he grew up in the small Kansas town of Grand Bend. Kilby's father ran a local power company there that served rural customers throughout western Kansas. When Kilby was in high school, an ice storm knocked down power lines in much of the area, and several amateur radio operators helped Kilby's father communicate with customers who lost their telephone service. This episode triggered Kilby's interest in electronics, and in 1941, after graduating from high school, he traveled to Boston, Massachusetts to take the entrance exam at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Kilby scored three points shy of the passing grade of 500, and enrolled instead in the University of Illinois. "They were interested in how well students were prepared for their very strenuous course. It was pretty clear I was not," Kilby recalled in 2001, in an interview with the Washington Times. "I don't know that it's any reflection on MIT or on me. It just reflected the state of affairs in 1941 with me."

Kilby had been at the University of Illinois only four months when the United States entered World War II. He enlisted in the Army, where he served in the Signal Corps and the Office of Strategic Services, a forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency, in India, Burma, and China. Kilby returned to the University of Illinois at the end of the war and completed his studies in electrical engineering in 1947. Interestingly, his course work did not include the study of solid-state electronics, the field in which he would make his name, although he did study vacuum tube technology, which was soon to become obsolete, largely due to Kilby's pending invention. He studied engineering physics as well.

Explored New Technology

Upon graduation, Kilby took a job with Centralab, a Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based division of the Globe-Union Corporation. The company manufactured parts for hearing-aid, radio, and television circuits, and Kilby worked on technologically advancing these components. While working at Centralab he attended evening courses at the University of Wisconsin, earning his master's degree in electrical engineering in 1950. As Kilby's career began, the field of electronics was rapidly changing. Many electronic devices at the time, including televisions, radios, telephones, and computers, relied on vacuum-tube technology. The tubes, which resembled large light bulbs and operated in the same manner, with current passing through a filament, were expensive, bulky, and broke easily. "By the end of World War II, it was obvious that the cost, bulk and reliability of vacuum tubes would limit commercial and military electronic systems," Kilby observed in his Nobel lecture published in Nobel Lectures: Physics, 1996-2000. In 1948, scientists at Bell Laboratories invented a transistor made out of semiconductor material-elements such as silicon or germanium that conduct electricity at a rate midway between faster elements like silver or copper and insulators, which do not conduct electricity at all. The transistor was significantly smaller than the vacuum tube, as well as faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient.

Kilby had a chance to experiment with this and other developing technologies at Centralab, obtaining approximately one dozen patents during his tenure there. "Centralab was a fortunate choice for me, because they worked with hybrid circuits, an early form of miniaturization," Kilby recalled in his Nobel lecture. He began studying transistor technology at home and in 1951, Centralab sent him to a transistor symposium held by Bell Labs, which had begun licensing its technology. Kilby became the leader of a three-person team charged with incorporating transistors into Centralab products. While Centralab focused on the transistor's application to small devices, Kilby remained aware of the technology's broader possibilities. "It was clear . . . that major expenditures would soon be required, especially for the military market that was becoming a major opportunity," Kilby recalled in his Nobel lecture.

Invented Microchip

Kilby began looking for a new position where he could explore the developing technology more fully. In 1958, after turning down offers from IBM and Motorola, he accepted a position with Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, where he would be permitted to work on miniaturization full-time. He arrived at Texas Instruments just before a company-mandated two-week vacation for which he was not eligible. "When I started at TI in May of 1958, I had no vacation coming that year. So I worked through the period when about 90 percent of the workforce took what we called 'mass vacation,"' he recalled. "I was left with my thoughts and imagination." On July 24, 1958, Kilby described in his lab notebook what came to be known as the "Monolithic Idea." "It stated that circuit elements such as resistors, capacitors, distributed capacitors and transistors - if all made of the same material - could be included in a single chip," he explained in his lecture. Kilby's supervisor asked him to devise a prototype illustrating his idea and on September 12, 1958, Kilby successfully demonstrated his 7/16-inch by 1/16-inch silicon microchip, also known as an integrated circuit, to a group of company officials. Kilby later observed that being at an early stage in his career may have spurred his forward-thinking approach. "I was the ignorant freshman in the field," he told a contributor to the Washington Post. "I didn't know what everybody else considered impossible, so I didn't rule anything out."

Texas Instruments' application for a patent on Kilby's technology hit a snag when the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation filed a patent application for a similar device, developed by Robert Noyce, during the same time frame. The U.S. Court of Customs and Patent appeals settled the dispute in 1969, declaring that Texas Instruments would be paid for the design of the integrated circuit and Fairchild would be paid for the manufacturing process and interconnection techniques. Noyce went on to found the Intel Corporation and he and Kilby are largely regarded as coinventors of the microchip. Kilby has always remained congenial toward his colleague, who died in 1990. "While Robert and I followed our own paths, we worked hard together to achieve commercial acceptance for integrated circuits," he wrote in an autobiography posted on the Nobel Prize Web site. "If he were still living, I have no doubt we would have shared this prize."

Kilby has routinely downplayed his personal significance with regard to his invention, arguing that technology was already headed in the direction he followed. "There were various efforts to solve the electronic miniaturization problem at the time I invented the integrated circuit. Humankind eventually would have solved the matter, but I had the fortunate experience of being the first person with the right idea and the right resources available at the right time in history," he wrote in his autobiography.

The integrated circuit had immediate applications for the U.S. military, which had long sought miniaturized technology for its projects. Both the Apollo lunar mission and the Minuteman missile utilized Kirby's invention, although he has expressed some ambivalence over the use of his invention to build weapons. "Military applications played a major role in the development of electronics," Kirby observed in his Nobel lecture. "I think the Nobel Peace Prize is important, because it honors people who work to bring peace. And peace means we can use electronics to benefit mankind rather than wage war." Kilby and his supervisors set out to demonstrate the usefulness of the microchip in the commercial realm, and in 1965 Texas Instruments debuted the first pocket calculator. "We began to work on that to expand the market for integrated circuits and it was very successful," Kilby recalled in an interview posted on the Texas Instruments Website. The first calculators sold for $400 or $500. Today, the microchip is used in a wide array of both personal and large-scale electronics and has enabled the ever-expanding field of wireless communications by supporting laptop computers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, and other portable communications devices.

Awarded Nobel Prize

Kilby continued to pursue new projects both independently and at Texas Instruments, including an electronic check writer, a paging system, and a solar energy system on which he worked for about seven years until the project was abandoned, and by 2000 held more than 50 patents. In 1978, he was appointed professor of electrical engineering at Texas A&M University, where he remained until 1984. Kilby retired from Texas Instruments in the 1980s but remained affiliated with the company as a research consultant. He was inducted into the National Inventors' Hall of Fame in 1982 and the Engineering and Science Hall of Fame in 1988. "Seeing your name alongside the likes of Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, and the Wright Brothers is a very humbling experience, and I appreciate these and the other honors very much," he remarked in his Nobel autobiography.

Although he has always worked as an engineer and not a physicist, in 2000 Kilby shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Russian physicist Zhores I. Alferov and American physicist Herbert Kroemer, who refined semiconductor technology. "The Nobel Prize is further recognition that Jack Kilby invented the future when he invented the integrated circuit," Texas Instruments C.E.O. Tom Engibous remarked in a statement published on the company's Website. "He exemplifies the spirit of innovation and sharing that has driven Texas Instruments since the company's founding."

In his Nobel lecture, Kilby stated that he had not set out to revolutionize his field. "In 1958, my goals were simple: to lower the cost, simplify the assembly, and make things smaller and more reliable. Although I do not consider myself responsible for all of the activity that has followed it has been very satisfying to witness the integrated circuit's evolution," he remarked. "I am pleased to have had even a small part in helping turn the potential of human creativity into practical reality."

Books

Nobel Lectures: Physics, 1996-2000, World Scientific Publishing, 2002.

Periodicals

Interactive Week, April 2, 2001.

Washington Post, December 10, 2000.

Washington Times, November 8, 2001.

Online

"Jack S. Kilby - Autobiography," Nobel Prize Website,http://www.nobelprize.org/ (December 7, 2004).

Texas Instruments Web site,http://www.ti.com (December 7, 2004).

Jack Kilby
Born	November 8, 1923(1923-11-08) Jefferson City, Missouri, USA
Died	June 20, 2005 (aged 81) Dallas, Texas, USA
Nationality	United States
Fields	Physics, Electrical engineering
Institutions	Texas Instruments
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics IEEE Medal of Honor

Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8, 1923 - June 20, 2005) was a Nobel Prize laureate in physics in 2000 for his invention of the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at Texas Instruments (TI). He is also the inventor of the handheld calculator and thermal printer.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Awards and honors 3 See also 4 External links 4.1 Kilby patents 5 References

Biography

Kilby's life began in Great Bend, Kansas where he grew up and attended school. He graduated from Great Bend High School. Road signs at the entrances to the town commemorate his time there, and the Commons Area at Great Bend High School has been named The Jack Kilby Commons Area.

Kilby received his bachelor of science degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he is an honorary member of Acacia Fraternity. In 1947, he received a degree in Electrical Engineering. He obtained his master of science in Electrical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1950, while simultaneously working at Centralab in Milwaukee.

In mid-1958, Kilby was a newly employed engineer at Texas Instruments who did not yet have the right to a summer vacation. He spent the summer working on the problem in circuit design that was commonly called the "tyranny of numbers" and finally came to the conclusion that manufacturing the circuit components in mass in a single piece of semiconductor material could provide a solution. On September 12 he presented his findings to the management, which included Mark Shepherd, of Texas Instruments: he showed them a piece of germanium with an oscilloscope attached, pressed a switch, and the oscilloscope showed a continuous sine wave, proving that his integrated circuit worked and thus that he solved the problem. U.S. Patent 3,138,743 for "Miniaturized Electronic Circuits", the first integrated circuit, was filed on February 6, 1959. Along with Robert Noyce (who independently made a similar circuit a few months later), Kilby is generally credited as co-inventor of the integrated circuit.

In addition to the integrated circuit, Kilby also is noted for patenting the electronic portable calculator and the thermal printer used in data terminals. In total, he held about 60 patents.

From 1978 to 1985, he was Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering at Texas A&M University. In 1983, Kilby retired from Texas Instruments.

Jack Kilby's original integrated circuit

Kilby died June 20, 2005 when he was 81, in Dallas, Texas, following a brief battle with cancer.

On December 14, 2005,Texas Instruments created the Historic TI Archives. The Jack Kilby family donated his personal manuscripts and his personal photograph collection to Southern Methodist University. The collection will be cataloged and stored at DeGolyer Library, SMU.

Included in the two collections is the world’s richest history in technology and engineering.^{[citation needed]} Among the items are numerous firsts: the integrated circuit, the commercial transistor, the electronic calculator, the single-chip microprocessor, early digital watches, and early cell phone technologies. The Library of Congress houses the majority of the papers of Jack Kilby.

In 2008, the SMU School of Engineering, with the DeGolyer Library and the Library of Congress, hosted a yearlong celebration of the 50th anniversary of the birth of the digital age with Jack Kilby’s Nobel Prize-winning invention of the integrated circuit. Symposia and exhibits will examine the many ways in which technology and engineers have shaped the modern world. Jack Kilby was a holder of an honorary Doctorate of Science from SMU and longtime associate of SMU through the Kilby Foundation.

Awards and honors

Recognition of Kilby’s outstanding achievements have been made by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), including award of Fellow grade in 1966, the David Sarnoff Medal in 1966, co-recipient of the IEEE Cledo Brunetti award in 1978, The IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984 and the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1986. He was co-recipient of the Franklin Institute’s Stuart Ballentine Medal in 1966. In 1982 and 1989, he received the Holley Medal from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME.) He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and received the Academy’s Vladimir K. Zworykin Award in 1975, was co-recipient of the NAE’s Charles Stark Draper Prize in 1989.The Kilby Award Foundation was founded in 1990 in his honor.

He is also the recipient of the nation’s most prestigious honors in science and engineering: the National Medal of Science in 1969 and the National Medal of Technology in 1990. In 1982, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

In 1993 he was awarded the prodigious Kyoto Prize by the Inamori Foundation. He was awarded both the Washington Award, administered by the Western Society of Engineers and the Eta Kappa Nu Vladimir Karapetoff Award in 1999. In 2000, Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his breakthrough discovery, and delivered his personal view of the industry and its history in his acceptance speech.

Kilby holds nine honorary doctorate degrees from Universities including Southern Methodist University, University of Miami, The University of Illinois, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Texas A & M, Yale and Rochester Institute of Technology October 14, 1986. A copy of this degree can be viewed in the Archives of the Wallace Library on RIT campus. The National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) awarded Kilby with a certificate of Honorary Professorship in 1998. He also received the Alumni Honor Award from the College of Engineering of the University of Illinois in 1971, and the Distinguished Alumni Award from the University in 1973.

The Kilby Center, TI's research center for silicon manufacturing, is named after him.

The Jack Kilby Computer Centre at the Merchiston Campus of Edinburgh Napier University in Edinburgh is also named in his honor.^[1]

See also

• Geoffrey Dummer, the British engineer who first conceptualised the idea of the integrated circuit.

External links

Wikinews has related news: Jack Kilby, Nobel laureate and inventor of integrated circuit, dies at 81

• "Jack St. Clair Kilby: A Man of Few Words", biography by Ed Millis.
• "Jack St. Clair Kilby", biography by Texas Instruments.
• Oral history interview with Jack S. Kilby at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Interview covers Kilby's entire career, including his education, work experiences at Centralab, where he worked with Alfred Khouri and Robert Wolff, and Texas Instruments (TI) under Willis Adcock. Kilby discusses TI's development and manufacturing of integrated circuits. He discusses his involvement in the development of the first hand-held calculator at TI. Discusses semiconductor developments at Fairchild Corporation and his independent work after leaving TI in 1970.
• "Jack Kilby, Touching Lives on Micro and Macro Scales - By T.R. Reid", The Washington Post (June 2005).
• Obituary: The Economist, Jul 7th 2005
• Nobelprize.org posts Mr Kilby’s Nobel lecture
• Jack S. Kilby, Autobiography in English
• Jack S. Kilby Patents
• Inventors of the Modern Computer
• Nobel Prize in Physics 2000
• Kilby statue in Great Bend
• Biography of Kilby from IEEE
• The Chip That Jack Built, a short film by public television station KERA profiling Kilby

Kilby patents

• U.S. Patent 2,892,130 Plug-in Circuit Units, filed December 1953, issued June 1959, assigned to Globe-Union, Inc.
• U.S. Patent 3,072,832 Semiconductor Structure Fabrication, filed May 1959, issued January 1963
• U.S. Patent 3,115,581 Miniature Semiconductor Integrated Circuit, filed May 1959, issued December 1963
• U.S. Patent 3,138,721 Miniature Semiconductor Network Diode and Gate, filed May 1959, issued June 1964
• US Patent 3138743 Miniaturized Electronic Circuits, filed February 6, 1959, issued June, 1964
• U.S. Patent 3,138,744 Miniaturized Self-contained Circuit Modules, filed May 1959, issued June 1964
• U.S. Patent 3,435,516 Semiconductor Structure Fabrication, filed May 1959, issued April 1969
• U.S. Patent 3,496,333 Thermal Printer, filed October 1965, issued February 1970
• US Patent 3819921 Miniature Electronic Calculator, originally filed September 1967, issued June 1974

References

1. ^ "[http://www.educationuk.org/pls/hot_bc/bc_profile.page_pls_profile_details?x=162606942903&y=0&a=0&z=14982&p_lang=31&sec_id=67 Edinburgh Napier University - Virtual Tour]". educationuk.org. http://www.educationuk.org/pls/hot_bc/bc_profile.page_pls_profile_details?x=162606942903&y=0&a=0&z=14982&p_lang=31&sec_id=67. 

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v • d • e IEEE Medal of Honor 1976-2000 H. Earle Vaughan (1977) · Robert Noyce (1978) · Richard Bellman (1979) · William Shockley (1980) · Sidney Darlington (1981) · John Tukey (1982) · Nicolaas Bloembergen (1983) · Norman F. Ramsey (1984) · John Roy Whinnery (1985) · Jack Kilby (1986) · Paul Lauterbur (1987) · Calvin Quate (1988) · C. Kumar Patel (1989) · Robert G. Gallager (1990) · Leo Esaki (1991) · Amos E. Joel, Jr. (1992) · Karl Johan Åström (1993) · Alfred Y. Cho (1994) · Lotfi Asker Zadeh (1995) · Robert Metcalfe (1996) · George H. Heilmeier (1997) · Donald Pederson (1998) · Charles Concordia (1999) · Andrew Grove (2000) Complete roster: 1917–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present

v • d • e National Medal of Science laureates   Behavioral and social science 1960s 1964: Roger Adams · Othmar H. Ammann · Theodosius Dobzhansky · Neal Elgar Miller 1980s 1986: Herbert A. Simon 1987: Anne Anastasi · George J. Stigler 1988: Milton Friedman 1990s 1990: Leonid Hurwicz · Patrick Suppes 1991: Robert W. Kates · George A. Miller 1992: Eleanor J. Gibson 1994: Robert K. Merton 1995: Roger N. Shepard 1996: Paul A. Samuelson 1997: William K. Estes 1998: William Julius Wilson 1999: Robert M. Solow 2000s 2000: Gary Becker 2001: George Bass 2003: R. Duncan Luce 2004: Kenneth Arrow 2005: Gordon H. Bower   Biological sciences 1960s 1963: C. B. van Niel 1964: Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965: Francis P. Rous · George G. Simpson · Donald D. Van Slyke 1966: Edward F. Knipling · Fritz Albert Lipmann · William C. Rose · Sewall Wright 1967: Kenneth S. Cole · Harry F. Harlow · Michael Heidelberger · Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968: Horace Barker · Bernard B. Brodie · Detlev W. Bronk · Jay Lush · Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969: Robert Huebner · Ernst Mayr 1970s 1970: Barbara McClintock · Albert B. Sabin 1973: Daniel I. Arnon · Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. 1974: Britton Chance · Erwin Chargaff · James V. Neel · James Augustine Hannon 1975: Hallowell Davis · Paul Gyorgy · Sterling Brown Hendricks · Orville lvin Vogel 1976: Roger C.L. Guillemin · Keith Roberts Porter · Efraim Racker · E. O. Wilson 1979: Robert H. Burris · Elizabeth C. Crosby · Arthur Kornberg · Severo Ochoa · Earl Reece Stadtman · George Ledyard Stebbins · Paul Alfred Weiss 1980s 1981: Philip Handler 1982: Seymour Benzer · Glenn W. Burton · Mildred Cohn 1983: Howard L. Bachrach · Paul Berg · Wendell L. Roelofs · Berta Scharrer 1986: Stanley Cohen · Donald A. Henderson · Vernon B. Mountcastle · George Emil Palade · Joan A. Steitz 1987: Michael E. Debakey · Theodor O. Diener · Harry Eagle · Har Gobind Khorana · Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988: Michael S. Brown · Stanley N. Cohen · Joseph L. Goldstein · Maurice R. Hilleman · Eric R. Kandel · Rosalyn S. Yalow 1989: Katherine Esau · Viktor Hamburger · Philip Leder · Joshua Lederberg · Roger W. Sperry · Harland G. Wood 1990s 1990: Baruj Benacerraf · Herbert W. Boyer · Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. · Edward B. Lewis · David G. Nathan · E. Donnall Thomas 1991: Mary Ellen Avery · G. Evelyn Hutchinson · Elvin A. Kabat · Salvador Luria · Paul A. Marks · Folke K Skoog · Paul C. Zamecnik 1992: Maxine Singer · Howard M. Temin 1993: Daniel Nathans · Salome G. Waelsch 1994: Thomas Eisner · Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995: Alexander Rich 1996: Ruth Patrick 1997: James D. Watson · Robert A. Weinberg 1998: Bruce Ames · Janet Rowley 1999: David Baltimore · Jared Diamond · Lynn Margulis 2000s 2000: Nancy C. Andreasen · Peter H. Raven · Carl Woese 2001: Francisco J. Ayala · Mario R. Capecchi · Ann M. Graybiel · Gene E. Likens · Victor A. McKusick · Harold Varmus 2002: James E. Darnell · Evelyn M. Witkin 2003: J. Michael Bishop · Solomon H. Snyder · Charles Yanofsky 2004: Norman E. Borlaug · Phillip A. Sharp · Thomas E. Starzl 2005: Anthony Fauci · Torsten N. Wiesel 2006: Rita R. Colwell · Nina Fedoroff · Lubert Stryer 2007: Robert J. Lefkowitz · Bert W. O'Malley   Chemistry 1980s 1982: F. Albert Cotton · Gilbert Stork 1983: Roald Hoffmann · George C. Pimentel · Richard N. Zare 1986: Harry B. Gray · Yuan Tseh Lee · Carl S. Marvel · Frank H. Westheimer 1987: William S. Johnson · Walter H. Stockmayer · Max Tishler 1988: William O. Baker · Konrad E. Bloch · Elias J. Corey 1989: Richard B. Bernstein · Melvin Calvin · Rudoph A. Marcus · Harden M. McConnell 1990s 1990: Elkan Blout · Karl Folkers · John D. Roberts 1991: Ronald Breslow · Gertrude B. Elion · Dudley R. Herschbach · Glenn T. Seaborg 1992: Howard E. Simmons, Jr. 1993: Donald J. Cram · Norman Hackerman 1994: George S. Hammond 1995: Thomas Cech · Isabella L. Karle 1996: Norman Davidson 1997: Darleane C. Hoffman · Harold S. Johnston 1998: John W. Cahn · George M. Whitesides 1999: Stuart A. Rice · John Ross · Susan Solomon 2000s 2000: John D. Baldeschwieler · Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001: Ernest R. Davidson · Gabor A. Somorjai 2002: John I. Brauman 2004: Stephen J. Lippard 2006: Marvin H. Caruthers · Peter B. Dervan 2007: Mostafa A. El-Sayed   Engineering sciences 1960s 1962: Theodore von Karman 1963: Vannevar Bush · John Robinson Pierce 1964: Charles S. Draper 1965: Hugh L. Dryden · Clarence L. Johnson · Warren K. Lewis 1966: Claude E. Shannon 1967: Edwin H. Land · Igor I. Sikorsky 1968: J. Presper Eckert · Nathan M. Newmark 1969: Jack St. Clair Kilby 1970s 1970: George E. Mueller 1973: Harold E. Edgerton · Richard T. Whitcomb 1974: Rudolf Kompfner · Ralph Brazelton Peck · Abel Wolman 1975: Manson Benedict · William Hayward Pickering · Frederick E. Terman · Wernher von Braun 1976: Morris Cohen · Peter C. Goldmark · Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979: Emmett N. Leith · Raymond D. Mindlin · Robert N. Noyce · Earl R. Parker · Simon Ramo 1980s 1982: Edward H. Heinemann · Donald L. Katz 1983: William R. Hewlett · George M. Low · John G. Trump 1986: Hans Wolfgang Liepmann · T. Y. Lin · Bernard M. Oliver 1987: Robert B. Bird · H. Bolton Seed · Ernst Weber 1988: Daniel C. Drucker · Willis M. Hawkins · George W. Housner 1989: Harry George Drickamer · Herbert E. Grier 1990s 1990: Mildred S. Dresselhaus · Nick Holonyak Jr. 1991: George Heilmeier · Luna B. Leopold · H. Guyford Stever 1992: Calvin F. Quate · John Roy Whinnery 1993: Alfred Y. Cho 1994: Ray W. Clough 1995: Hermann A. Haus 1996: James L. Flanagan · C. Kumar N. Patel 1998: Eli Ruckenstein 1999: Kenneth N. Stevens 2000s 2000: Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001: Andreas Acrivos 2002: Leo Beranek 2003: John M. Prausnitz 2004: Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005: Jan D. Achenbach · Tobin J. Marks 2006: Robert S. Langer 2007: David J. Wineland   Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences 1960s 1963: Norbert Wiener 1964: Solomon Lefschetz · H. Marston Morse 1965: Oscar Zariski 1966: John Milnor 1967: Paul Cohen 1968: Jerzy Neyman 1969: William Feller 1970s 1970: Richard Brauer 1973: John Tukey 1974: Kurt Gödel 1975: John W. Backus · Shiing-Shen Chern · George Dantzig 1976: Kurt Otto Friedrichs · Hassler Whitney 1979: Joseph Leo Doob · Donald E. Knuth 1980s 1982: Marshall Harvey Stone 1983: Herman Goldstine · Isadore Singer 1986: Peter Lax · Antoni Zygmund 1987: Raoul Bott · Michael Freedman 1988: Ralph E. Gomory · Joseph B. Keller 1989: Samuel Karlin · Saunders MacLane · Donald C. Spencer 1990s 1990: George F. Carrier · Stephen Cole Kleene · John McCarthy 1991: Alberto Calderón 1992: Allen Newell 1993: Martin David Kruskal 1994: John Cocke 1995: Louis Nirenberg 1996: Richard Karp · Stephen Smale 1997: Shing-Tung Yau 1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999: Felix Browder · Ronald R. Coifman 2000s 2000: John Griggs Thompson · Karen K. Uhlenbeck 2001: Calyampudi R. Rao · Elias M. Stein 2002: James G. Glimm 2003: Carl R. de Boor 2004: Dennis P. Sullivan 2005: Bradley Efron 2006: Hyman Bass 2007: Leonard Kleinrock · Andrew J. Viterbi   Physical sciences 1960s 1963: Luis W. Alvarez 1964: Julian Schwinger · Harold Clayton Urey · Robert Burns Woodward 1965: John Bardeen · Peter Debye · Leon M. Lederman · William Rubey 1966: Jacob Bjerknes · Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar · Henry Eyring · John H. Van Vleck · Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967: Jesse Beams · Francis Birch · Gregory Breit · Louis Hammett · George Kistiakowsky 1968: Paul Bartlett · Herbert Friedman · Lars Onsager · Eugene Wigner 1969: Herbert C. Brown · Wolfgang Panofsky 1970s 1970: Robert H. Dicke · Allan R. Sandage · John C. Slater · John A. Wheeler · Saul Winstein 1973: Carl Djerassi · Maurice Ewing · Arie Jan Haagen-Smit · Vladimir Haensel · Frederick Seitz · Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen · Paul Flory · William Alfred Fowler · Linus Carl Pauling · Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975: Hans A. Bethe · Joseph Hirschfelder · Lewis Sarett · E. Bright Wilson · Chien-Shiung Wu 1976: Samuel Goudsmit · Herbert S. Gutowsky · Frederick Rossini · Verner Suomi · Henry Taube · George Uhlenbeck 1979: Richard P. Feynman · Herman Mark · Edward M. Purcell · John Sinfelt · Lyman Spitzer · Victor F. Weisskopf 1980s 1982: Philip W. Anderson · Yoichiro Nambu · Edward Teller · Charles H. Townes 1983: E. Margaret Burbidge · Maurice Goldhaber · Helmut Landsberg · Walter Munk · Frederick Reines · Bruno B. Rossi · J. Robert Schrieffer 1986: Solomon Buchsbaum · Horace Crane · Herman Feshbach · Robert Hofstadter · Chen Ning Yang 1987: Philip Abelson · Walter Elsasser · Paul C. Lauterbur · George Pake · James A. Van Allen 1988: D. Allan Bromley · Paul Ching-Wu Chu · Walter Kohn · Norman F. Ramsey · Jack Steinberger 1989: Arnold O. Beckman · Eugene Parker · Robert Sharp · Henry Stommel 1990s 1990: Allan M. Cormack · Edwin M. McMillan · Robert Pound · Roger Revelle 1991: Arthur L. Schawlow · Ed Stone · Steven Weinberg 1992: Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993: Val Fitch · Vera Rubin 1994: Albert Overhauser · Frank Press 1995: Hans Dehmelt · Peter Goldreich 1996: Wallace S. Broecker 1997: Marshall Rosenbluth · Martin Schwarzschild · George Wetherill 1998: Don L. Anderson · John N. Bahcall 1999: James Cronin · Leo Kadanoff 2000s 2000: Willis E. Lamb · Jeremiah P. Ostriker · Gilbert F. White 2001: Marvin L. Cohen · Raymond Davis Jr. · Charles Keeling 2002: Richard Garwin · W. Jason Morgan · Edward Witten 2003: G. Brent Dalrymple · Riccardo Giacconi 2004: Robert N. Clayton 2005: Ralph A. Alpher · Lonnie Thompson 2006: Daniel Kleppner 2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove · Charles P. Slichter

Persondata
NAME	Kilby, Jack
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	invented the integrated circuit
DATE OF BIRTH	November 8, 1923
PLACE OF BIRTH	Jefferson City, Missouri, USA
DATE OF DEATH	June 20, 2005
PLACE OF DEATH	Dallas, Texas, USA

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