Sir John Ross Marshall, GBE, CH, (March 5, 1912 –
August 30, 1988), generally known as Jack Marshall, was a
New Zealand politician. After spending twelve years as Deputy Prime Minister, he served as Prime Minister for most of 1972.
Early life
Marshall was born in Wellington. He grew up in Wellington,
Whangarei, and Dunedin, attending Whangarei High School and
Otago Boys' High School. He was noted for his ability at sports, particularly rugby.
After leaving high school, Marshall studied law at Victoria University College (now
Victoria University of Wellington). He gained a LLB in 1934 and a LLM in
1935. He also worked part-time in a law office.
In 1941, with the advent of World War II, Marshall entered
the army, and received officer training. In his first few years of service, he was posted to Fiji,
Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and the
Solomon Islands, eventually reaching the rank of Major.
During this time he also spent five months in the United States at a marine staff school in Virginia. At the start of
1945, Marshall was assigned to a unit sent to reinforce New Zealand forces in the Middle East. This unit later participated in the battle of the Senio river and the liberation of
Trieste.
Political career
After the war, Marshall briefly established himself as a barrister, but was soon persuaded
to stand as the National Party's candidate for the new Wellington seat of Mt
Victoria in the 1946 election. He won the seat by 911 votes. He was,
however, nearly disqualified by a technicality — Marshall was employed at the time in a legal case for the government, something
which ran afoul of rules barring politicians from giving business to their own firms. However, because Marshall had taken on the
case before his election (and so could not have influenced the government's decision to give him employment), it was obvious that
there had been no wrongdoing. As such, the Prime Minister, Peter Fraser of the
Labour Party, amended the regulations.
Marshall's political philosophy, which was well-defined at this stage, was a mixture of liberal and conservative values. He was opposed to laissez-faire capitalism, but was equally opposed to the
redistribution of wealth advocated by socialists — his vision was of a property-owning society
under the benign guidance of a fair and just government.
Marshall's politeness and courtesy were well known, and
he was sometimes nicknamed "Gentleman Jack". He disliked the aggressive style of some politicians, preferring a calmer, less
confrontational approach. These traits were sometimes perceived as weakness by his opponents. Marshall was a strong believer in
common sense and pragmatism, and he disliked what he
considered populism in other politicians of his day.
Cabinet Minister
In the 1949 election, Marshall kept his seat. The National Party
gained enough seats to form a government, and Sidney Holland became Prime Minister.
Marshall was elevated to Cabinet, gaining ministerial responsibility for the State
Advances Corporation. He also became a direct assistant to Holland.
After the 1951 election, Marshall became Minister of Health
(although he also retained responsibility for State Advances until 1953). In the 1954 election, his Mt Victoria seat was abolished, and he successfully stood for
another Wellington electorate, Karori. After the election, he lost the Health portfolio, instead becoming Minister of Justice and
Attorney General. In these roles, he supported the retention of the death penalty for
murder - New Zealand's last execution was carried out in 1957,
during Marshall's time in office. He also supported the creation of a separate Court of Appeal.
When Sidney Holland became ill, Marshall was part of the group that persuaded him to step down. Keith Holyoake became Prime Minister. Marshall contested the deputy leadership, managing to defeat
Jack Watts for this post.
- See also: First National
Government of New Zealand
Deputy Prime Minister
- See also: Second National
Government of New Zealand
Shortly after the leadership change, National lost the 1957
election to Labour's Walter Nash. Marshall, therefore, became deputy leader of the
Opposition. The Nash government did not last long, however - its drastic
measures to counter an economic crisis proved unpopular. Marshall was later to admit that the crisis had been prompted by a
failure to act by the National government, although other members of the National Party dispute this assertion. Labour lost the
1960 election, and National returned to power.
Marshall once again became Deputy Prime Minister. He also took up several other positions, including ministerial
responsibility for justice industries and commerce, and overseas trade, immigration, and customs. One of his major achievements
was the signing of trade arrangements with Australia and the United Kingdom. Marshall also supported the abolition of compulsory union membership, which had been a National Party election policy - when the government eventually decided
not to push forward with the change, Marshall's relations with some of his collegaues were strained.
Marshall was a leading proponent for the retention of capital punishment for
murder. However, Labour's Sir Arnold Nordmeyer was
opposed, and Rob Muldoon crossed the floor to
vote with Labour to abolish it.
Marshall became increasingly overworked as time went on, with Holyoake giving him more and more cabinet responsibilities.
Marshall was also put under considerable pressure by ongoing labour disputes, which he took a significant role in resolving.
Marshall's relationship with Robert Muldoon, the Minister of Finance, grew very tense, with Marshall resenting Muldoon's open
interference in the labour negotiations. Marshall was also responsible for establishing the Accident Compensation Corporation, something which he regarded as one of his greatest
achievements.
Prime Minister
On 7 February 1972, Holyoake stepped down as leader of the
National Party and as Prime Minister. Marshall contested the leadership against Robert Muldoon, and won. Muldoon became Deputy
Prime Minister. Marshall was keen to reorganize the government, believing that it had become stagnated and inflexible. The
public, however, were tired of the long-serving National government, considered the reforms insufficient. In the 1972 election, Norman Kirk's Labour Party was
triumphant. Marshall became leader of the Opposition.
Later life
On 4 July 1974, Marshall was informed that a leadership
challenge was imminent. Aware that much of his support had drained away, Marshall resigned, and Muldoon became leader. Marshall's
decline was primarily the result of his inability to damage the highly popular Norman Kirk — Marshall's quiet style did not fit
well with the aggressive tactics that National needed.
Marshall retired at the 1975 elections, having received a
knighthood (GBE) the previous year. He
remained active in the National Party organization, however, and was highly respected for his many years of service. Marshall
became increasingly critical of Muldoon, accusing him of being overly aggressive and controlling. Marshall also opposed Muldoon's
highly controversial decision to allow a visit by an apartheid rugby union team from South
Africa.
During his life Marshall wrote and published several children’s books, his memoirs and a law book and later became highly
active in various charities and cultural organizations, including the New Zealand
Chess Association (now Federation).[1] Many of these were related to his strong Christian faith. Marshall died in England on 30 August 1988, en route to a conference of the United Bible Societies.
External link
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