jackal

Jackal
A black-backed jackal at Cape Cross, Namibia
A side-striped jackal
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Genus:	Canis in part
Species
golden jackal, Canis aureus side-striped jackal Canis adustus black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas

Although the word jackal has been historically used to refer to many small- to medium-sized species of the wolf genus of mammals, Canis, today it most properly and commonly refers to three species: the black-backed jackal and the side-striped jackal of sub-Saharan Africa, and the golden jackal of northern Africa and south-central Eurasia. The Black-backed and Side-striped Jackals are more closely related to each other than they are to the Golden Jackal, which is closer to wolves, dogs, and coyotes.

Jackals and coyotes (sometimes called the "American jackal")^[1]) are opportunistic omnivores; predators of small- to medium-sized animals and proficient scavengers. Their long legs and curved canine teeth are adapted for hunting small mammals, birds, and reptiles, and their large feet and fused leg bones give them a physique well-suited for long-distance running, capable of maintaining speeds of 16 km/h (9.9 mph) for extended periods of time. Jackals are crepuscular, most active at dawn and dusk.

Their most common social unit is that of a monogamous pair which defends its territory from other pairs by vigorously chasing intruding rivals and marking landmarks around the territory with their urine and feces. The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults which stay with their parents until they establish their own territories. Jackals may occasionally assemble in small packs, for example to scavenge a carcass, but they normally hunt either alone or in pairs.

Etymology

The English word "jackal" derives from Persian شغال shaghāl, via Turkish çakal,^[2] ultimately from Sanskrit शृगाल śṛgāla.^[3][4]

Taxonomy and relationships

The golden jackal is more closely related to wolves and coyotes than to other jackal species.

The taxonomy of the jackals has evolved with scientific understanding about how they are related on the canid family tree.

Similarities between jackals and coyotes led Lorenz Oken, in 1816, in the third volume of his Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, to place these species into a new separate genus, Thos, after the classical Greek word θώς "jackal", but his theory had little immediate impact on taxonomy at the time. Angel Cabrera, in his 1932 monograph on the mammals of Morocco, questioned whether or not the presence of a cingulum on the upper molars of the jackals and its corresponding absence in the rest of Canis could justify a subdivision of the genus Canis. In practice, Cabrera chose the undivided-genus alternative and referred to the jackals as Canis instead of Thos.^[5]

Oken's Thos theory was revived in 1914 by Edmund Heller, who embraced the separate genus theory. Heller's names and the designations he gave to various jackal species and subspecies live on in current taxonomy, although the genus has been changed from Thos to Canis.^[5]

Modern research has clarified the relationships among the "jackal" species. Despite their similarities, jackals do not all stem from the same branch on the canid family tree. The side-striped jackal and black-backed jackal belong to a branch of canids that includes the dhole and African wild dog, while golden jackal, on the other hand, belongs to a branch which includes the Ethiopian wolf, the coyote, and Canis lupus, the grey wolf/domestic dog.^[6]

The intermediate size and shape of the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) has at times caused it to be regarded as a jackal, and so have been called the "red jackal" or the "simian jackal", but they are have more often been considered and called "wolves".

Interbreeding with dogs

Breeding experiments in Germany with breeding poodles and golden jackals can produce hybrids. The results showed that, unlike wolf-dog hybrids, jackal-dog hybrids show a decrease in fertility, significant communication problems, and an increase of genetic disorders after three generations of interbreeding, much like coydogs.^[7]

Relationships with humans

Folklore, mythology and literature

• Foxes and Jackals are often depicted as clever sorcerers in Eastern myths.
• Anubis (Ancient Greek: Ἄνουβις) is the Egyptian name for a jackal-headed god associated with mummification and the afterlife in ancient Egyptian religion.
• The jackal (likely the golden jackal, given its present range) is mentioned approximately 14 times in the Bible. It is frequently used as a literary device to illustrate desolation, loneliness and abandonement, with reference to its habit of living in the ruins of former cities and other areas abandoned by humans.
• Serer religion and creation mythology posits that, the jackal was the first thing created by the supreme deity of the Serer people - Roog.^[8]

Species

Species	Trinomial authority	Description	Range
Side-striped jackal Canis adustus	Sundevall, 1847	Primarily residing in wooded areas, unlike other jackal species, it is the least aggressive of the jackals, rarely preying on large mammals.[9]	Central and southern Africa
Golden jackal Canis aureus	Linnaeus, 1758	The heaviest of the jackals, it is the only species to subsist outside of Africa. Although often grouped with the other jackals, genetic and morphological research indicate the golden jackal is more closely related to the gray wolf and the coyote.[10][11]	Northern Africa, southeastern Europe, the Middle East, western Asia, and South Asia
Black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas	Schreber, 1775	The most lightly-built jackal, this is considered to be the oldest living member of the genus Canis.[12] It is the most aggressive of the jackals, having been known to attack animal prey many times its own weight, and it has more quarrelsome intrapack relationships[13]	Southern Africa and eastern coast of Kenya, Somalia, and Ethiopia

Footnotes

References

• The New Encyclopedia of Mammals edited by David Macdonald, Oxford University Press, 2001; ISBN 0-19-850823-9
• Cry of the Kalahari, by Mark and Delia Owens, Mariner Books, 1992.
• The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores, by David MacDonald, BBC Books, 1992.
• Foxes, Wolves, and Wild Dogs of the World, by David Alderton, Facts on File, 2004.

External links

• AWF.org^{[dead link]}, Jackal: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
• Additional information