jaggery

A block of Indian jaggery

Jaggery (also transliterated as jaggeree), guṛ (North India, Pakistan and Bangladesh), panela (Spanish South America), and queijada (Brazil) , is a traditional unrefined non-centrifugal sugar consumed in Asia, Africa and South America.^[1] It is made for direct consumption. This type of sugar is a concentrated product of cane juice without separation of the molasses and crystals, and can vary from golden brown to dark brown in color.^[2] It contains up to 50% sucrose, up to 20% invert sugars, moisture content of up to 20%, and the remainder made up of other insoluble matter such as ash, proteins and bagasse fibers.^[3]

Origins and production

Making jaggery in Myanmar near Mount Popa

Although the Merriam-Webster dictionary defines it as `unrefined sugar from palm sap', the word jaggery is used for the products of both sugarcane and the palm tree. The sugar made from the sap of the date palm is both more prized and less available outside of the districts where it is made. The sago palm and coconut palm are also now tapped for producing jaggery in southern India and Sri Lanka. In Mexico and South America, similar sugarcane products are known as "panela" or "piloncillo".

All types of the sugar come in blocks or pastes of solidified concentrated sugar syrup heated to 200°C. Traditionally, the syrup is made by boiling raw sugarcane juice or palm sap in a large shallow round-bottom vessel as shown here.

Cleaning of pans before making jaggery

The Indian state of Maharashtra is the largest producer and consumer of jaggery. In Maharashtra most vegetables curries and dals contain jaggery. Jaggery is specially used during Makar Sankranti for making sweetmeat called tilgul. In rural Maharashtra, water and a piece of jaggery is given when someone arrives home from working under a hot sun. Kakvi, a byproduct from production of jaggery, is also used in rural Maharashtra as a sweetener. It contains many minerals not found in ordinary sugar and is considered beneficial to health by the tradional medical system Ayurveda.^[4]

In addition, in the Indian state of Rajasthan, guṛ has a religious significance. Many of the festivals are incomplete without gur as it is offered to the deity during worship. Also, it is regularly consumed as a sweetener and is a part of many sweet delicacies such as gur ka chawal (rice with gur) which is a traditional Rajasthani dish.

In Myanmar, jaggery, known as htanyet (which means "toddy lick"), is harvested from toddy palm syrup. In central Myanmar and around Bagan (Pagan), toddy syrup is collected solely for the purpose of making jaggery. The translucent white syrup is boiled until it becomes golden brown, and then made into bite-sized pieces.

Uses

Jaggery is used as an ingredient in both sweet and savory dishes across India and Sri Lanka. For example, a pinch of jaggery is sometimes added to sambar, rasam and other gravies which are staples in India.

Jaggery is also added to lentil soups (dāl) to add sweetness to balance the spicy, salty and sour components, particularly in Gujarati cuisine called (gaur) add in cooking.

In Bengali cuisine it is referred as guṛ (Bengali গুড়), and is very common in making sweet dishes. Special sweet dishes are made by mixing jaggery with milk and coconut. Popular sweet dishes like Naru or Patisapta Pitha are made by mixing jaggery with coconut shreddings. Jaggery is also molded into novelty shapes as a type of candy.

Other uses include jaggery toffees and jaggery cake made with pumpkin preserve, cashew nuts, pea nuts and spices.

Jaggery may also be used in the creation of alcoholic beverages.^{[citation needed]}

Jaggery is also considered auspicious in many parts of India, and is eaten raw before commencement of good work or any important new venture.^{[citation needed]} The Muzaffarnagar District in Uttar Pradesh has the largest jaggery market in India, followed by Anakapalli of the Visakhapatnam District in Andhra Pradesh. These are the biggest and second biggest in the entire world. Kolhapur a district place in western Maharashtra is also famous for its variety which is yellow in color and is most sought after in Maharashtra. Jaggery from this place is exported.

Preparation of jaggery

In Myanmar jaggery is considered a sweet and is eaten by children and adults alike, usually in the afternoon along with a pot of green tea. It has been referred to locally as Burmese chocolate. Toddy palm jaggery is also sometimes mixed with coconut shreddings, jujube puree or sesame, depending on the area. This type of jaggery is also used in Burmese cooking, usually to add color and enrich the food.

Besides its uses as a food, jaggery may also be used to season the inside of tandoor ovens.^{[citation needed]}

Health benefits

Jaggery is a rich source of iron due to the process involved, using iron utensils.^{[citation needed]} It is considered by some to be a particularly wholesome sugar and, unlike refined sugar, it retains more mineral salts. Moreover, the process does not involve chemical agents. Indian Ayurvedic medicine considers jaggery to be beneficial in treating throat and lung infections; Sahu and Saxena^[5] found that in rats jaggery can prevent lung damage from particulate matter such as coal and silica dust. Gandhi felt that jaggery was healthier than refined sugar, as it was not introduced into the blood as rapidly.^[6] As such, he used it in his own personal diet and recommended it to use in his invented goat-milk diet (and all other diets/eating styles) as well.

Names of jaggery

Burmese jaggery at a market in Mandalay

(in alphabetical order of the name)

• Bella in Kannada
• Bellam (బెల్లం) in Telugu
• chakkara in Malayalam [made from palm wine]
• Gaur in Gujarati
• Guṛ (गुड़) in Hindi*
• Guḍ or guṛ (ਗੁੜ) in Punjabi
• Guḷ (गुळ) in Marathi* The words have roughly the same pronunciation in Hindi and Marathi with a slight emphasis on an l-like sound in Marathi.
• Goḍ in Konkani
• Gula Melaka in Malaysia
• Gur in Assamese, Bengali, Oriya and Urdu.
• Guur in Maithili
• Hakuru in Sinhalese [Sri Lanka]
• Htanyet in Burmese
• Panela and piloncillo in Latin America
• Panocha or Panutsa in the Philippines
• Rapadou in Haiti
• Papelón in Venezuela
• Rapadura in Brazil
• Raspadura in Cuba
• Gulla in Sanskrit
• Sharkara / Vellam in Malayalam [made from sugarcane]
• Tapa de Dulce in Costa Rica
• Valle Bella in Tulu
• Vellam or Manda(i)-Vellam or Chakkarai in Tamil
• Guda in Oriya

See also

• Palm sugar

References

• Brown sugar article http://itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/brown_sugar.pdf

External links

• IndiaCurry.com Gur Making
• Step by step illustrated process of jaggery manufacturing