Jetway

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Jet bridge
Stearns Airport Equipment passenger boarding bridges at Denver International Airport in Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.
Ancestor:	none
Related:	Loading bridge, Aerobridge/Airbridge
Descendant:	None
Carries:	Pedestrians
Span range:	40 ft (12.2 m)-140 ft (42.7 m)
Material:	Steel
Movable:	Yes
Design effort:	Low
Falsework required:	No
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A jet bridge (also termed loading bridge, aerobridge/airbridge, Jetway, or passenger boarding bridge) is an enclosed, movable connector which extends from an airport terminal gate to an airplane, thereby enabling passengers to board and disembark without having to go outside.^[1] Depending on building design, sill heights, fueling positions, and operational requirements, and may be fixed or a movable bridge, swinging radially or extending in length.^[1]

Jetway is a registered trademark. However, it is often used in North American parlance to refer generically to any bridge used to board an aircraft, regardless of manufacturer.

Prior to the introduction of jet bridges, passengers would normally board an aircraft by walking along the ground-level tarmac and climbing a set of movable stairs, or by descending airstairs, in aircraft so equipped. Airstairs are less used today, but mobile staircases or "ramp stairs" are still employed at many airports around the world, particularly at smaller airports, and at terminals supporting low cost carriers such as the Low Cost Carrier Terminal at Kuala Lumpur International Airport and the Budget Terminal at Singapore Changi Airport. In Europe, budget carrier Ryanair uses airstairs on all its routes.

Advantages

Loading bridges provide all-weather dry access to aircraft and enhance the security of terminal operations. They are often permanently attached at one end by a pivot (or "rotunda") to the terminal building and have the ability to swing left or right. The "cab", located at the end of the loading bridge, may be raised or lowered, extended or retracted, and may pivot, in order to accommodate aircraft of different sizes.^[1] These motions are controlled by an operator's station in the cab. The cab is provided with an accordion-like canopy, which allows the bridge to dock with aircraft with differing contours, and provide a nearly weather-proof seal. Additionally, many models offer leveling devices for the portion of the floor that makes contact with the aircraft; this allows passengers to slowly transition from level aircraft floor to sloping jet bridge floor.

Airbridges seen here at London Heathrow's Terminal 5, complete with advertising

Some airports with international gates, such as Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport, Hong Kong International Airport, Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Dubai International Airport, and Incheon International Airport have two bridges for larger aircraft with multiple entrances. In theory, this allows for faster boarding and disembarking of larger aircraft, though it's quite common to use one bridge for only passengers in first class and business class, while the other bridge is only for the use of passengers in economy class. With the arrival of the full double-deck airliners such as the Airbus A380, it is expected that each deck will have one or more loading bridges. Such connectors are being constructed at Kuala Lumpur International Airport and are already in use at Dubai International Airport, Sydney Airport, Singapore Changi Airport and Narita Airport with the A380.

Though loading bridges are usually permanently attached at their terminal-building end, leaving only the cab free to move, this is not always the case. Those at Melbourne Airport's international terminal are anchored in the middle and movable at either end – the terminal building-end can be raised or lowered to connect with either the departures level or the arrivals level of the terminal building.

Disadvantages

Loading bridges restrict aircraft parking to spots immediately adjacent to the terminal. Thus, some airports such as Bristol International Airport still use mobile staircases to facilitate boarding at hardstands (remote parking positions). Also, in some cases in winter, the loading bridge may get frozen to the aircraft. In this case, when the Jet Bridge retracts, it could damage the aircraft if that area has not been properly de-iced.

Loading bridges usually cost more to use than remote stands, so many low cost carriers (e.g. Ryanair, Easyjet and AirAsia) prefer not to use them.

When regional jets are used, jet bridges have another disadvantage by only letting one aircraft park at the gate at once. Several airlines have removed jet bridges at regional jet gates at airports such as Atlanta which are short on gates. When boarding on the tarmac, airlines can fit two or more regional jets per gate.

Use and appearance

Simple diagram of a jet bridge

At the airport terminal, the bridge is connected to a portal (called a "gate") in the terminal wall behind the gate desk. Once airplane boarding starts, passengers hand in their boarding passes to the gate's attendant, who lets them pass through.

Inside, the bridge looks much like a narrow but lighted hallway in an office building, without doors. Loading bridges usually have no windows, but glass walls are becoming more common. The walls are normally painted in accordance with airline standards, generally with relaxing colors. Some bridges have advertisements on interior or exterior walls.

By using a retractable tunnel design, loading bridges may retract and extend varying lengths. Some airports use fixed walkways to effectively extend the reach of a loading bridge. The fixed walkway extends out from the terminal building and connects to the loading bridge rotunda. Occasionally, fixed bridges lead to multiple loading bridges.

The cab of the loading bridge is raised and lowered in order to dock with aircraft of differing sill heights. The height of the cab is matched to the height of the aircraft door sill height. This often results in a slope along the length of the loading bridge.

Controls in older systems will contain a large number of individual motor control buttons, with efficient operation requiring a high degree of operator skill and experience. Modern control consoles will appear much more simple, with only a few buttons, a graphic display console, and a single multi-axis joystick, with an overall appearance similar to that of a Video game console in a video arcade.

Adaptation of airport equipment for all-weather ship access, Kobe, Japan	Interior of a modern ThyssenKrupp Airport Systems' glass walled bridge	Glass walled bridge at Adelaide Airport	Another similar bridge at Adelaide Airport
Older Jetway at MCO with ramp equipment below.	A short fixed bridge connected to a loading bridge at Sea-Tac Airport	Note outboard gantry and driving wheels on a modern ThyssenKrupp Airport Systems' PBB at Incheon Airport	Modern control console

References

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jet bridges

• Airstair
• Moveable bridge for a list of other movable bridge types
• Covered bridge