| Jicarilla | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abáachi mizaa | ||
| Spoken in | USA | |
| Region | New Mexico | |
| Total speakers | 812 (1990) | |
| Language family | Dené-Yeniseian
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | None | |
| ISO 639-2 | ||
| ISO 639-3 | apj | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Jicarilla (called Abáachi mizaa in Jicarilla) is an Eastern Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Jicarilla Apache.
Contents |
Phonology
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. |
Consonants
Jicarilla has 34 consonants:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | plain | labial | |||||
| Stop | voiced | d | ||||||
| unaspirated | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | |||
| aspirated | tʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |||||
| ejective | tʼ | kʼ | ||||||
| Affricate | unaspirated | ts | tɬ | tʃ | ||||
| aspirated | tsʰ | tɬʰ | tʃʰ | |||||
| ejective | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | h | |
| voiced | z | ʒ | ɣ | ɣʷ | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||||
- What has developed into /d/ in Jicarilla corresponds to /n/ and /ⁿd/ in other Southern Athabaskan languages (e.g. Navajo and Chiricahua).
Vowels
Jicarilla has 16 vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | ||
| Close | oral | i (ɪ) | iː | ||||
| nasal | ĩ (ɪ̃) | ĩː (ɪ̃ː) | |||||
| Close-mid | oral | e | eː | o (ʊ) | oː | ||
| nasal | ẽ | ẽː | õ | õː | |||
| Open | oral | a (ə) | aː | ||||
| nasal | ã | ãː | |||||
All vowels may be
- oral or nasal
- short or long
The long high front oral vowel is phonetically higher than its nasal and short counterparts ([iː] vs. [ɪ, ɪ̃, ɪ̃ː]). The short back vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ([ʊ] vs. [oː, õ, õː]). The short low vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ([ə] vs. [aː, ã, ãː]).
Nasal vowels are indicated by underlining in the Jicarilla orthography.
Tone
Jicarilla has three different tones: high, low, and falling.
High tone is indicated with an acute accent. Low tone is unmarked. Falling tone is indicated by a sequence of acute-accented vowel and an unmarked vowel.
- high tone: tsé (rock), dééh (tea)
- low tone: ts’e 'sagebush', jee 'pitch'
- falling tone: zháal (money), ha’dáonáa (how?)
Sample text
| Abáchii miizaa | English Translation |
|---|---|
| Shíí Rita shíízhii. Lósii’yé shii’deeshchíí shíí á’ee néésai. Shiika’éé na’iizii’íí nahiikéyaa’íí miiná’iisdzo’íí éí yaa shishíí. Shii’máá éí gé koghá’yé sidá nahaa daashishíí. Shiidádéé naakii. Dáłaa’é éí édii. Dáłaa’é éí dá aada’é miigha. Shiishdázha dáłánéé. Ałtso nada’iizii. Łe’ dá á’ee Lósii’ee daamigha. Isgwéela’yé naséyá, éí Lósii’ee naséyá dá áństs’íísédá. Łe’gó Santa Fe’yé dáłaa’é hai shee goslíí á’ee. Łe’gó Ináaso’yé éí kái’ii hai shee goslíí.... | My name is Rita. I was born and grew up in Dulce. My father worked to take care of our land. My mother stayed home and took care of all of us. I had two sisters. One of them is deceased. The other lives far from here. I have many younger sisters. They all work. Some of them live in Dulce. When I was a youngster, I went to school in Dulce. Then I lived for a year in Santa Fe. Later I lived three years in Ignacio.... |
Bibliography
- Goddard, Pliny E. (1911). Jicarilla Apache texts. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History (Vol. 8). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
- Opler, Morris. (1941). A Jicarilla expedition and scalp dance. (Narrated by Alasco Tisnado).
- Opler, Morris. (1942). Myths and tales of the Jicarilla Apache Indians.
- Opler, Morris. (1947). Mythology and folk belief in the maintenance of Jicarilla Apache tribal endogamy.
- Phone, Wilma; & Torivio, Patricia. (1981). Jicarilla mizaa medaóołkai dáłáéé. Albuquerque: Native American Materials Development Center.
- Phone, Wilhelmina; Olson, Maureen; & Martinez, Matilda. (2007). Dictionary of Jicarilla Apache: Abáachi Mizaa Iłkee' Siijai. Axelrod, Melissa; Gómez de García, Jule; Lachler, Jordan; & Burke, Sean M. (Eds.). UNM Press. ISBN 0826340784
- Tuttle, Siri G.; & Sandoval, Merton. (2002). Jicarilla Apache. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32, 105-112.
- Wilson, Alan, & Vigil Martine, Rita. (1996). Apache (Jicarilla). Guilford, CT: Audio-Forum. ISBN 0-88432-903-8. (Includes book and cassette recording).
Links
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
