John Coleman Bennett

The American Protestant social ethicist John Coleman Bennett (1902-1995) was a leading Christian thinker of the century who applied ethical principles to urgent issues of modern society.

John Coleman Bennett was born on July 22, 1902, in Kingston, Ontario, to American parents. He was educated at Williams College, Massachusetts, Oxford University, and Union Theological Seminary in New York City.

Academic Career

Bennett spent his entire career as a seminary teacher, beginning at Union Seminary in 1927. From 1930 to 1938 he taught at Auburn Theological Seminary in New York. In 1931 he married Anna Louesa McGrew; they had two sons and a daughter. Bennett's first book, Social Salvation (1935), was followed by Christianity - And Our World (1936). The former set forth his lifelong conviction that the problems of society must be an integral part of Christian thinking; the latter championed the existence of a universal or "common" morality upon which specifically Christian ethics builds and to which it can appeal.

Between 1938 and 1943 Bennett taught at the Pacific School of Religion, Berkeley, California. In 1939 he was ordained a Congregational minister. He published Christian Realism in 1941. Its title epitomizes Bennett's approach to social ethics: his conviction that the biblical-Christian perspective on the role of the individual in society is profoundly realistic, avoiding utopian optimism by its grasp of human sinfulness and avoiding fatalistic pessimism by its confidence in human dignity and possibilities under God.

In 1943 Bennett returned to teach at Union Theological Seminary. The first holder of the Reinhold Niebuhr professorship of social ethics (1960-1970), he became dean of the faculty in 1955 and was president of the seminary from 1964 until his retirement in 1970. He received several honorary doctorates from colleges and seminaries. Bennett wrote most of his books during this long tenure. Among them are Christian Ethics and Social Policy (1946), Christianity and Communism Today (1948; rev. 1960), The Christian as Citizen (1955), Christians and the State (1958), Nuclear Weapons and the Conflict of Conscience (editor; 1962), When Christians Make Political Decisions (1964), Christian Social Ethics in a Changing World (editor; 1966), and Foreign Policy in Christian Perspective (1966).

Participation in Ecumenical Movement

Bennett was prominent in the ecumenical movement. He was an official leader in deliberations on the church and the social order at the Amsterdam (1948), Evanston (1954), and New Delhi (1961) assemblies of the World Council of Churches, and he served the National Council of Churches of Christ in the Unites States in various positions. While at Union, Bennett fostered alliances with theological seminaries of various faiths, including the Jewish Theological Seminary and the Woodstock Theological Seminary, a Roman Catholic institution.

Political Activism

With his distinguished friend and colleague Reinhold Niebuhr, Bennett founded the influential journal Christianity and Crisis in 1941 and continued as its editor for many years. He became politically engaged as vice-chairman of the Liberal party in New York State (1955-1965) and, in 1960, as a leading Protestant defender of John F. Kennedy's candidacy against those who feared a Roman Catholic president. His involvement in political and social issues extended to participation in the civil rights movement, protests against the war in Vietnam, opposition to the use of nuclear weapons, and, late in his life, advocacy of gay and lesbian rights within the church. Bennett's final book The Radical Imperative was published in 1975, although he continued to contribute articles to Christianity and Crisis until 1993. Bennett died April 27, 1995.

Further Reading

Bennett's career is assessed in David H. Smith, The Achievement of John C. Bennett (1970), and Robert Lee, The Promise of Bennett: Christian Realism and Social Responsibility (1969). An obituary tribute by Leon Howell appeared in The Christian Century (May 24, 1995).

Mathematician, industrial research director, and author of books on parapsychology and the paranormal. He was born in London, England, on June 8, 1887, and was educated at Kings College School, London; the Royal Military Academy at Wool-wich; the School of Military Engineering at Chatham; and the School of Oriental Studies, London. He had an outstanding career as a scientist, and in his mature years served as chair and director of the Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy, and the Sciences, (1946-59).

Bennett took a special interest in the work and teachings of Georgei I. Gurdjieff and after Gurdjieff's death he helped launch the British section of the Subud movement at the headquarters at Coombe Springs, Kingston-on-Thames, England. He wrote a number of books including an autobiography, Witness (1962). Although Bennett's major interest was in the philosophy and techniques of Gurdjieff, he also drew upon other techniques of human transformation and self-awareness, the Shivapuri Baba (a Nepalese saint), dervish dancing, and Sufism. Bennett was particularly concerned with group dynamics in the fields of communication and education.

In 1962-63, Bennett visited Shivapuri Baba (then 136 years old) in the Himalayas, a trip described in his 1965 book, Long Pilgrimage. Both Bennett and his wife, Elisabeth, then entered the Catholic faith (see Bennett's Spiritual Psychology [1964]), following contact with the author Sayed Idries Shah, to whose movement the institute donated its estate at Coombe Springs.

This was subsequently sold. In 1971 another estate was acquired in Sherborne, Gloucestershire, and the International Academy for Continuous Education was set up "to achieve, in a short space of time, the effective transmission of a whole corpus of practical techniques for self-development and self-liberation, so that people could learn effectively to direct their own inner work and to adapt to the rapid changes in the inner and outer life of man." This program included a synthesis of such disciplines as mantra yoga, Gurdjieff movements, Sufi teachings, prayers, and dervish dances. Eventually the Sufi community Beshara took over the academy.

Foreseeing chaos, Bennett advocated the establishment of self-sufficient communities of people initiated in the technique of creative transformation whereby the individual transcends almost totally the preoccupation with self to avoid complete elimination. The first such community was established at Clay-mont, West Virginia, near Washington, D.C.

Bennett died on December 13, 1974. His work is carried on in the United States by the Claymont Society for Continuous Education, Box 122, Charlestown, WV 25414. In Great Britain his disciples may be contacted at Daglingworth Manor, Daglingworth, Gloucester GL7 7AH, England.

Sources:

Bennett, John. Creative Thinking. Sherbourne, U.K.: Coombe Springs Press, 1964.

——. John G. Bennett's Talks on Beezlebub's Tales. Compiled by A. G. E. Blake. York Beach, Maine: S. Weiser, 1988.

——. Enneagram Studies. York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 1983.

——. Gurdjieff: Making a New World. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.

——. Is There "Life" on Earth? Santa Fe, N.Mex.: Bennett Books, 1989.

——. Long Pilgrimage: Shivapuri Baba. Clearlake, Calif.: Dawn Horse Press, 1983.

——. Spiritual Psychology. Lakemont, Ga.: CSA Press, 1974.

——. Witness. New York: Dharma Book Co., 1962.