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John Loudon McAdam

 
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: John Loudon McAdam
 
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(born Sept. 21, 1756, Ayr, Ayrshire, Scot. — died Nov. 26, 1836, Moffat, Dumfriesshire) Scottish inventor of the macadam road surface. He made an early fortune in his uncle's New York countinghouse (1770 – 83). Back in Scotland, he noted the poor condition of the highways near his estate and undertook experiments in road making. He recommended that roads be raised above the adjacent ground for good drainage and covered, first with larger stones and then with smaller stones, the whole mass to be bound with fine gravel or slag. In 1823 his views were officially adopted, and in 1827 he was appointed Britain's Surveyor General of Metropolitan Roads. Macadamization was quickly adopted in other countries and did much to facilitate travel and communication.

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British History: John Loudoun McAdam
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McAdam, John Loudoun (1756-1836). Road surveyor. Returning as a loyalist from New York in 1783, McAdam settled in Ayrshire, and managed the British Tar Company. His travels turned interest into profession, as he covered nearly 19, 000 miles in 1, 900 days on the road, 1798-1814, making the observations that formed his ‘principles’: employing small stones direct onto the subsoil as the method of making effective roads largely impermeable to water. McAdam secured appointment as surveyor-general of the Bristol roads from 1816, and unpopularly consolidated his dynasty across Britain: McAdam, three sons, four grandsons, and a brother-in-law held 136 surveyorships in England and 8 in Scotland, 1816-61. His fame led to the use of the term ‘macadamize’ as early as 1824.

 
Spotlight: John Loudon McAdam
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From our Archives: Today's Highlights, September 21, 2005

Thanks to John Loudon McAdam, born on this date in 1756, we travel along smoothly-paved roads. A Scottish engineer, McAdam set himself to trying to improve England's poor roads. He came up with the idea of raising the path's surrounding ground and layering rocks and gravel which were then compacted with a roller, to form a "macadam" road. The first road in America to be macadamized was the National Road (later called the Cumberland Road), that eventually ran from Cumberland, MD, to St. Louis, MO.
 
Wikipedia: John Loudon McAdam
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For other persons named John McAdam, see John McAdam (disambiguation).
John Loudon McAdam
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John Loudon McAdam
Personal information
Name John Loudon McAdam
Nationality Scottish
Birth date September 21, 1756
Date of death November 26, 1836
Work
Significant advance "macadamisation"

John Loudon McAdam (September 21, 1756 – November 26, 1836) was a Scottish engineer and road-builder. He invented a new process, "macadamisation", for building roads with a smooth hard surface that would be more durable and less muddy than soil-based tracks.

Modern road construction still reflects McAdam's influence. Of subsequent improvements, the most significant was the introduction of tar (originally coal tar) to bind the road surface's stones together – "tarmac" (for Tar Macadam) – followed later by the use of hot-laid tarred aggregate or tar-sprayed chippings to create better road metalling. More recently, oil-based asphalt laid on reinforced concrete has become a major road surface, but its use of granite or limestone chippings still recalls McAdam's innovation.

Contents

Early life

McAdam was born in Ayr, Scotland.[1] He was the youngest of ten children and second son of the Baron of Waterhead. The family name had traditionally been McGregor, but was changed to McAdam (claiming descent from the Biblical Adam) for political reasons in James I's reign.[2] He moved to New York in 1770 and, as a merchant and prize agent during the American Revolution, made his fortune working at his uncle's counting house. He returned to Scotland in 1783 and purchased an estate at Sauchrie, Ayrshire.

Road builder

McAdam became a trustee of the Ayrshire Turnpike in 1783 and became increasingly involved with day-to-day road construction over the next 10 years. In 1812 he moved to Bristol, England and he became general surveyor for the Bristol Corporation in 1804. He put forward his ideas in evidence to Parliamentary enquiries in 1810, 1819 and 1823.[3] In two treatises written in 1816 and 1819 (Remarks on the Present System of Road-Making and Practical Essay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of Roads) he argued that roads needed to be raised above the surrounding ground and constructed from layered rocks and gravel in a systematic manner.

McAdam had also been appointed surveyor to the Bristol Turnpike Trust in 1816, where he decided to remake the roads under his care with crushed stone bound with gravel on a firm base of large stones. A camber, making the road slightly convex, ensured rainwater rapidly drained off the road rather than penetrate and damage the road's foundations. This construction method, the greatest advance in road construction since Roman times, became known as "macadamization", or, more simply, "macadam".

The macadam method spread very quickly across the world. The first macadam road in North America, the National Road, was completed in the 1830s and most of the main roads in Europe were macadamized by the end of the nineteenth century.

Although McAdam was paid £5,000 for his Bristol Turnpike Trust work and made "Surveyor-General of Metropolitan Roads" in 1820, professional jealousy cut a £5,000 grant for expenses from the Parliament of the United Kingdom to £2,000 in 1827. His efficient road-building and management work had revealed the corruption and abuse of road tolls by unscrupulous Turnpike Trusts, many of which were run at a deliberate loss despite high toll receipts.

Death and descendants

McAdam died in Moffat, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. One of John Loudon McAdam’s descendants was the World War Two general, Sir Richard McCreery. His mother was Emilia McAdam, a direct descendant of the engineer.

Notes

  1. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J. (May 2007). "McAdam, John Loudon". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 
  2. ^ Lay, M G (1992). Ways of the World. Sydney: Primavera Press. pp. 401. ISBN 1875368051.  pp74-75
  3. ^ Ley (1992), p77

References

  • Devereux, Roy (1936). John Loudon McAdam: Chapters in the History of Highways. London: Oxford University Press.

External links

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Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 2006 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
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From Today's Highlights
September 21, 2005

Throughout the centuries there were men who took first steps down new roads, armed with nothing but their own vision.
- Ayn Rand

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